@ARTICLE{Symonides_Janusz_Problems_2013,
 author={Symonides, Janusz},
 number={No XXIX},
 pages={153-176},
 journal={Prawo Morskie},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2013},
 publisher={Oddział PAN w Gdańsku},
 abstract={Climate change and the warming of the Arctic opens up new possibilities for the development of international shipping in the region. Currently, there are two routes shortening considerably the distance between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean compared to current connections through the Panama Canal and Suez. One of these routes is called the Northwest Passage runs through the Canadian Archipelago and the other Northern Sea Route runs along the coast of Siberia. Using them provides significant reduction of travel time, giving savings in fuel consumption and therefore means less greenhouse gas emissions. Are the legislative regulations on the status of these sea routes taken by Canada and Russia in accordance with the provisions of the Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982? Can they be qualified as internal waterways? Does the use of straight lines to determine baselines and territorial sea boundary is consistent with the Convention? Is the threat to the marine environment sufficient to justify the restriction of freedom of navigation in the exclusive economic zone? Serious doubts raises too far-reaching interpretation art.234. Positions taken by Canada and Russia have been criticized by the U.S. and the European Union. The international navigation in the Arctic, including opening up the long-term possibility of a new passage through the North Pole is not amatter to be decided exclusively by coastal states, it is a matter of concern to the whole international community. It is the global issue in which regulation, in cooperation with IMO, should participate all States, including particularly interested Asian countries.},
 type={Artykuły / Articles},
 title={Problems and controversies regarding the implementation and interpretation of the convention on the law of the sea on issues of freedom of navigation in the Arctic},
 URL={http://www.journals.pan.pl/Content/93285/mainfile.pdf},
}