Applied sciences

Metrology and Measurement Systems

Content

Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2025 | vol. 32 | No 4

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Abstract

To enhance measurement efficiency for herringbone gear deviations, this study leverages the fundamental principle of tooth surface generation through helical and involute line families to systematically establish a mathematical model of tooth surface incorporating Herringbone Gear Characteristic Vertex-P (HGCV-P) parametric deviations. Based on this foundation, an innovative four-section tooth pitch method was proposed for HGCV-P deviation measurement, and a corresponding measurement system was developed. First, two cross-sections (within the evaluation range) on the upper gear for tooth pitch measurement should be selected, then the same method applied to measure two cross-sections on the lower gear; finally, the measured points are transformed into a two-dimensional coordinate system through coordinate transformation to calculate the HGCV-P deviation. The experimental results demonstrate the total HGCV-P centring deviation ���� = 0.0288 and the mean HGCV-P deviation ������ = 0.0243, showing fundamental consistency with the results [19]. The research findings elucidate the correlation between HGCV-P deviations and the transmission stability of herringbone gears, providing critical information for gear optimisation design. Furthermore, the proposed HGCV-P measurement protocol significantly enhances the inspection efficiency of herringbone gears, establishing a novel inspection methodology to advance manufacturing precision.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yadong Zhang
1
Jianhua Wang
1
Yunbo Shen
1
Peili Yin
1

  1. School of Mechatronic Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710021, China
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Abstract

E-Czas Radio is a service for distributing official Polish time data using a long-wave AM broadcast transmitter operating at 225 kHz. Although the system is still being developed, it already offers the possibility of distributing time with accuracy exceeding the operator’s initial declarations. However, an independent assessment of the quality of time dissemination and the possible accuracy of end-user device synchronisation will be required to verify the system assumptions and estimate the system performance characteristics. Therefore, a set of measuring receivers for detecting time messages and measuring the message time of arrival has been built at the Gdansk University of Technology. This paper presents the proposed method for signal processing and message time detection, along with the results of preliminary tests on the quality of time and frequency sources used as references for the evaluation of e-Czas time data and the relative errors of message detection times between different receivers.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Sadowski
1

  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Department of Radiocommunication Systems and Networks, ul. Narutowicza 11/12,80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract

A precise frequency stability measurement technology is proposed that utilises group periodic phase synchronisation of signals with varying frequencies. By quantifying the results of phase comparisons between different frequency signals and analysing these quantised outcomes, high-precision frequency measurements can be achieved. The phase coincidence points between the two comparison signals serve as the start and stop signals for the counter, where the time interval between identical phase coincidence points represents a complete cycle. Through the detection and analysis of phase coincidence points, the ±1 word counting error is eliminated, thereby enhancing the speed of frequency measurement. Employing the Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology simplifies the measurement apparatus and reduces development costs. Experimental results demonstrate that this method achieves a frequency stability of 10−13 at 1s. Compared to traditional frequency measurement technologies, this approach offers significant advantages in terms of power consumption, equipment size, and measurement rate, making it crucial for high-tech applications such as Beidou satellite positioning, precision timing, high-precision time-frequency transmission and comparison, and scientific metrology.
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Authors and Affiliations

Baoqiang Du
1
Zilin Liu
1
Xiang Wang
1

  1. Hunan Normal University, School of Information Science and Engineering, Changsha, 410081, China
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Abstract

For decades, the deconvolution analysis of the thermoluminescence glow curve has been assessed using the figure of merit (FOM). In the present study, it has been shown that the FOM is not sufficient to assess the deconvolution analysis of TL glow curves. An alternative criterion has been proposed based on the uncertainty of the deconvolution analysis. A comparison between the proposed criterion and the FOM was conducted using theoretical simulations and experimental results. It has been shown that the developed criterion can provide detailed information about the fitting quality for each region in the glow curve as well as give an overall assessment of the deconvolution process. The uncertainty of deconvolution analysis using the general-order kinetics has been estimated for various glow curves. The TL-SDA toolkit has been updated to include the feature of evaluating the uncertainty of the deconvolution process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Amr M. Sadek
1 2
Turki S. AlQahtani
3
Yahya Mobarki
4
Teodoro Rivera-Montalvo
5
Maha A. Farag
2
George Kitis
6

  1. General Administration of Testing Laboratories, Saudi Standards for Metrology and Quality Organization (SASO), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  2. Department of Metrology of Ionizing Radiation, National Institute for Standards (NI]S), Giza, Egypt
  3. General Administration of Testing Laboratories, Saudi Standards for Metrology and Quality Organization (SASO),Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  4. Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Commission (NRRC), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  5. Research Center in Applied Science and Advanced Technology-Legaria, IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
  6. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Physics, Section of Nuclear Physics and Elementary ParticlePhysics, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Abstract

Monitoring the properties of beer at the production stage is one of the key factors affecting the quality of the final product. The chemical composition, the reactions that take place, and the microorganisms that enable its production change the electrochemical properties of beer. Therefore, monitoring them on an ongoing basis can contribute to increasing convenience and certainty as to the correctness of the entire process. One of the methods that allows measurements of the electrical properties of matter in situ is impedance spectroscopy. To support beer production, especially in craft breweries, an attempt was made to design, launch, and test a system that is highly scalable and universal, as it can be used both for measurements and process control. The Distributed Measurement System presented in the article fulfils all the aforementioned conditions. The laboratory measurement results were compared with those obtained by using a specialised system for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Macioszek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Powroźnik
2
Sylwia Andrzejczak-Grządko

  1. University of Zielona Gora, Faculty of Computer, Electrical and Control Engineering, Institute of Metrology, Electronics and Computer Science, ul. prof. Z. Szafrana 2, 65-516 Zielona Gora, Poland
  2. University of Zielona Gora, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell biology, Department of Biotechnology, ul. prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Gora, Poland
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Abstract

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of pipe infrastructures is of paramount importance to prevent catastrophic failures induced by defects such as corrosion. Conventional damage identification methodologies are frequently faced with challenges, including baseline dependency, limitations inherent in single-sensor data, and considerable economic expenditure. This paper presents a novel, baseline-free, multi-modal damage identification methodology developed for Level 3 assessment of multiple damages, encompassing their detection, localisation, and quantification. Initially, Level 1 damage identification is accomplished through observation of the Regional Resonance Pair (RRP) phenomenon. Subsequently, potential damage regions are predicted by a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) model that uses vibration modal frequencies, generating a Macro-F1 score of 0.8131 on the test set; this prediction is then integrated with a high-precision local point cloud, acquired via Line Structured Light (LSL) technology, to achieve precise Level 2 damage location, with a reported error as low as 1.78%. Following localisation, Level 3 quantification of the damage is performed using point cloud registration, fusion, and voxelisation techniques, enabling accurate prediction of damage volume with a quantification error of merely 2.47%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mingyuan Wang
1
Yiqing Gu
1
Yaokai Li
1
Jiuhong Jia
1
Shan-Tung Tu
1

  1. Key Laboratory of Pressure Systems and Safety, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Abstract

The article presents a new version of the hydrostatic method for determining bulk density. A spring balance was designed and constructed for measuring the bulk density of porous samples using the liquid displacement method (Archimedes’ principle). In the innovative spring balance, a weight-to-frequency converter based on an LC oscillator was used, in which the sensor consists of springs that simultaneously serve as the source of inductance in the oscillator’s resonant circuit. Changes in inductance caused by the variation in the spring length under the load of the weighed object result in a change in oscillation frequency. The spring balance design is characterized by great simplicity, and the converter has a high sensitivity at the level of 10−5. In this work, the bulk density of reference samples, both porous and non-porous, was investigated. The results of bulk density measurements for aluminium block and porous sandstone were compared with values obtained from professional pycnometers, namely, the helium AccuPyc 1340 and the quasi-liquid (powder) GeoPyc 1360 (Micromeritics Instrument Corporation, United States). The results confirm the full suitability of the spring balance for the intended purpose.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Nurkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Tram
1
Barbara Dutka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Strata Mechanics Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Reymonta 27, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The industrial production of parts with precision holes for various applications requires high manufacturing accuracy. The dimensional verification of precision holes with complex geometry remains a critical challenge in modern manufacturing, particularly in ensuring reliability and process efficiency. ExistingCMMprocedures are largely optimised for circular holes and lack validated methodologies for complex-shaped apertures. A new methodology for assessing the dimensional accuracy and inspection efficiency of epicycloid-shaped holes using CMMs is proposed: manufacturing surface samples with epicycloid-shaped holes using a Water Jet machine, conducting measurements on a ZEISS CONTURA CMM, optical validating measurement accuracy using microscopy on a Keyence VHX system and processing data through image segmentation of the hole, analysing results, and establishing dependencies of measurement accuracy and time on operational parameters. The dependencies of the mean deviation of epicycloid-shaped hole dimensions on the stylus movement speed and the number of measurement points have been established. Key findings indicate that the speed of the stylus significantly influences the accuracy of the measurement, while the number of probing points plays a secondary role. To address the limitations of conventional evaluation techniques, a new geometric complexity coefficient is proposed to quantify deviations from ideal shapes. This coefficient comprehensively characterises deviations from the ideal geometric shape and includes the length of the curve that forms the hole. The proposed methodology enables the optimisation of measurement parameters for complex-shaped holes and improves inspection efficiency on industrial production lines. This approach contributes original insights into the metrological assessment of non-standard geometries, addressing a significant gap in existing literature.
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Authors and Affiliations

Serhii Kharchenko
1
Sylwester Samborski
2
Aleksander Czajka
2
Michał Leleń
2
Adam Wójtowicz
3 4
Mariusz Kłonica
2
Jakub Rzeczkowski
2

  1. Lublin University of Technology, Department of Applied Mechanics, ul. Nadbystrzycka 38 D, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
  2. Lublin University of Technology, Department of Production Engineering, ul. Nadbystrzycka 38 D, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
  3. Central Office of Measures, Department of Time and Length Metrology, Laboratory of Precise Geometric Measurements, ul. Elektoralna 2, 00-139 Warszawa, Poland
  4. Cracow University of Technology, CUT Doctoral School, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Laboratory of Coordinate Metrology, al. Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Accurate measurement of low-frequency vibration parameters is critical for assessing the performance, stability, and dynamic characteristics of mechanical systems. This study proposes a monocular visionbased method for non-contact measurement of motion parameters in low-frequency shakers. The proposed method utilizes high-contrast sinusoidal fringe markers and high-resolution image acquisition to track fringe density variations caused by periodic out-of-plane motion. To enhance frequency estimation accuracy and mitigate spectral leakage, we introduce an improved time-shifting correction method, which features adaptive time-lapse selection and statistical outlier elimination to improve spectral resolution and robustness. Using a calibrated imaging model, the extracted fringe density signals are further processed to derive precise displacement and acceleration values. An experimental platform is established to validate the proposed method against conventional methods based on grating ruler displacement sensors and accelerometers. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves high measurement accuracy, with displacement amplitude errors confined within 0.5% and total harmonic distortion values in acceleration measurements below 0.1. Additionally, the proposed method also exhibits excellent stability across a range of low-frequency scenarios. These findings confirm that the proposed method offers a reliable and non-contact alternative for low-frequency vibration measurement, holding strong potential for advancing applications in structural health monitoring, dynamic system diagnostics, and non-destructive testing.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yunpeng Wang
1
Xiongheng Cao
2
Hongjiang Chen
2
Kui Gan
2
Shanshan Wu
2
Deguang Wang
1

  1. Guizhou University, School of Electrical Engineering, Guiyang 550025, China
  2. Hunan Institute of Metrology and Test, Changsha 410007, China
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Abstract

Ultra-high-dose rate (FLASH) radiotherapy is a promising cancer treatment method in which high doses of radiation are delivered in a very short time, minimising damage to healthy tissue while effectively targeting tumour cells. In this study, the IORT AQURE accelerator was used in FLASH mode to irradiate breast cancer cells. Dosimetric verification was carried out to confirm the quality of the beam used in the study and to control the doses (5, 10, and 15 Gy) administered to the cells. Gamma index analysis confirmed the accuracy of dose distribution, with results exceeding 96% for all cell samples. Radiobiological testing demonstrated a 90% reduction in the viability of HCC38 breast cancer cells at a dose of 15 Gy. These results validate the film dosimetry for controlling the beam and doses and the use of the AQURE accelerator in the FLASH mode for preclinical research and confirm its potential for future preclinical studies and clinical applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandra Lenartowicz-Gasik
1 2
Paulina Osuchowska
3
Agnieszka Misiarz
1
Wojciech Soroka
1
Elżbieta Anna Trafny
3
Zygmunt Mierczyk
3
ORCID: ORCID
Jacek Rzadkiewicz
1

  1. National Centre for Nuclear Research, ul. Andrzeja Sołtana 7, 05-400 Otwock, Poland
  2. University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, ul. Ludwika Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
  3. Biomedical Engineering Centre, Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

In the first part of this paper, we measured the frequency stability of widely available software-defined radio (SDR) platforms. The second part focuses on the problem of modeling the frequency instability of these devices, which is necessary in the process of designing new applications using simulation studies. This modeling is based on the measurement results obtained in the first part. For this purpose, the nature of changes in the instantaneous frequency of the received signal as a function of time is analysed, separating them into two parts, i.e., a slow-changing trend and a fast-changing random component. A method of estimating the trend and fitting the normal distribution to fast frequency fluctuations is proposed to model the instantaneous frequency changes for several popular SDRs (including ADALM-PLUTO, B200mini, bladeRF, and USRP). The assumption about normal distribution for fast fluctuations is verified using the chi-square test. The models obtained enable the generation of signals in simulation studies that realistically represent the frequency variability observed in the measurements. The proposed approach enables simulation tests on SDR-based solutions, considering the impact of frequency instability without conducting long-standing or complex laboratory experiments.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kacper Bednarz
1
Jarosław Wojtuń
1
Jan M. Kelner
1
Cezary Ziółkowski
1
Czesław Leśnik
2

  1. Military University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Institute of Communications Systems, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw
  2. Military University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Institute of Radioelectronics, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw

Instructions for authors



Sample article with Author guidelines



Author guidelines



Types of contributions

Metrology and Measurement Systems welcomes submissions of the following article types:

• invited special issue or review papers presenting the current stage of the knowledge within scope of the journal (about 20 edited pages, approximately 3000 characters each),
• research papers reporting high-quality original scientific or technological advancements (max. 12 pages),
• papers based on extended and updated contributions presented at scientific conferences (max. 12 pages),
• short notes, i.e. book reviews, conference reports, short news (max. 2 pages).


Manuscript preparation

General The text of a manuscript should be written in clear and concise English. The camera-ready format – with attached separate files containing illustrations, tables and photographs – is required. A cover letter with clear explanation of scientific novelty of the paper is strongly recommended. Papers based on extended and updated contributions presented at scientific conferences, or strongly related to previous authors’ works, must be accompanied with a cover letter file, which should explain in details changes made in the manuscript in comparison with the original conference paper and highlight the novelty in reference to other authors’ works.
The main text of a manuscript should be printed on an A4 page (with margins of 2.5 cm) using Times New Roman style with a font size of 12 pt; the paragraphs should start with the indentation of 5 mm, and titles should be written in bold. That text can be divided into sections (numbered 1, 2, …), first-order subsections (numbered 1.1., 1.2., …, written in italics), and – if needed – second-order subsections (numbered 1.1.1., 1.1.2., …, written same as first-order subsections). The only acceptable manuscript formats are in Microsoft Word (.doc, .docx).

The Editor encourages the Authors of submitted papers who are not English native speakers, to use a language service checking the language correctness not only with respect to grammar, but also in the way of presentation of research results accepted by renowned publishers, e.g. presented on the website of the European Association of Science Editors. The Editor encourages the Authors of submitted papers who are not English native speakers, to use a language service checking the language correctness not only with respect to grammar, but also in the way of presentation of research results accepted by renowned publishers, e.g. presented on the website of the European Association of Science Editors.


Figures
Figures (illustrations, photographs) and tables, provided in the camera-ready form suitable for reproduction (which may include reduction), should be additionally submitted (one per page), larger than the final size. While preparing figures we encourage to start with defining expected size and minimum font size that fit to all graphics in the manuscript – using the same style in all of your graphics visually improves the article. Final figure formats must be in one of the following: (vectors) .eps, .pdf, .ai or .cdr, and (bitmaps) .bmp, .gif, .tif or .jpg.
As far as plots, block diagrams, schematics etc. are concerned, we suggest to use one of vector formats to improve quality and scalability. Figures in vector formats must be saved using RGB colours and with fully white background (0% K). Hidden layers are unacceptable. Minimum line thickness printed in a single colour is 0.25 pt (0.09 mm), and 1 pt (0.36 mm) when using more colours. Typically we suggest 0.2-0.5 mm but in particular cases the range 0.1–1.0 mm will be accepted. Lines in plots should be distinguished not only by using different colours but also using different line types and markers, if needed.


Equation
All equations must be numbered consecutively throughout the text. Each equation should be preceded and followed by a 6-point spacing. Punctuate equations when they are part of a sentence. Equation numbers should be enclosed in parentheses. Equations should be prepared with the use of MathType or Microsoft Equation editors. The type size in the equation is the same as for the text. To make your equations more compact, you may use the appropriate mathematical symbols or expressions. The symbols used in an equation have to be defined before that equation or immediately after it. Use italics for variables (e.g. i, x, n), physical quantity symbol (e.g. voltage U, temperature T), letter pointers and general function symbols. Do not use italics for constants, indexes, minimum, maximum and trigonometric functions, mathematical operators, differentials, etc. To refer to the equation use “(1)”, not “Eq. (1)” or “equation (1)”, except at the beginning of a sentence where “Equation (1)” should be used. We recommend to use International System of Units SI i.e. metre-kilogram-second system of units. As a decimal separator dot should be used in the entire manuscript (text, figures, tables).


References
The paper has to be clearly positioned in the context of relevant literature in the field of measurements and instrumentation. Note that lack of references from the main field of Metrology and Measurement Systems interest may suggest that the content of manuscript does not exactly correspond to the scope of metrological journals. It may reduce possibility that a proposed paper will be read by audience society. In such a case our Editorial Board may suggest to send the manuscript to a more appropriate journal. Also note that the use of possibly up-to-date references may indicate importance of your work. Table below gives examples of some relevant and renewable journals related to widely understood metrology.


Journal

Publisher

ISSN

Metrologia

IOP Publishing

0026-1394

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

IEEE

0018-9456

Measurement

Elsevier

0263-2241

Measurement Science and Technology

IOP Publishing

0957-0233

Metrology and Measurement Systems

PAS

0860-8229

Review of Scientific Instruments

IOP Publishing

0034-6748

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

IEEE

1557-9948

IET Science, Measurement & Technology

IET

1751-8822

Journal of Instrumentation

SISSA, IOP Publishing

1748-0221

Measurement Science Review

Walter de Gruyter

1335-8871

IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine

IEEE

1094-6969

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences

PAS

2300-1917

Opto-Electronics Review

PAS

1896-3757

IEEE Sensors Journal

IEEE

1558-1748

Sensors

MDPI

1424-8220




References should be inserted in the text in square brackets, i.e. [1]; their list, numbered in citation order, should appear at the end of the manuscript. The format of the references should follow the APA 7th edition formatting style, i.e.: for an journal paper – surname(s) and initial(s) of author(s), year in brackets, title of the paper, full journal name, volume, issue (in brackets) and page numbers. Put all author names unless there are more than 20. Otherwise, after the first 19 authors’ names, use an ellipsis in place of the remaining author names. Then, end with the final author’s name (do not place an ampersand before it).


Submission process
Manuscript should be submitted via the Internet Editorial System (IES) – an online submission and peer review system. In order to submit the manuscript via the IES, the authors (first-time users) must create an author account to obtain a user ID and password required to enter the system. The submission of the manuscript in a single file, i.e. “Article File” containing the complete manuscript (with all figures of high quality and tables embedded in the text), is preferred. All figures have to be uploaded in separate files. The generated PDF file has to be approved. The PDF file has lower quality of the embedded figures to limit its size only.
The submission of a manuscript means that its content has not been published previously, it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and that – if accepted – it will not be published elsewhere. The Author hereby grants the Polish Academy of Sciences (the Journal Owner) the license for commercial use of the article according to the Open Access License ( CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which has to be signed before publication. The copyright form is available in the IES.
The Authors are urged to suggest 4 to 5 reviewers in their application (with names, affiliations and addresses) with whom the Editorial Board could co-operate while processing the paper. Proposed reviewers should be experts deeply involved in issues related to the subject matter of the paper and they are intended to come from different universities or research centres.
Each submitted manuscript is subject to a single-blind peer-review procedure, and the publication decision is based on the reviewers’ comments. If necessary, the authors may be invited to revise their manuscripts. On acceptance, manuscripts are subject to editorial amendment to exactly fit the journal style.
An essential criterion for the evaluation of submitted manuscripts is their potential impact on the research field, measured by the number of repeated quotations. Such papers are preferred at the evaluation and publication stages.
Proofs will be sent to the corresponding author by e-mail and should be returned within 48 hours from receipt. The publication in the journal is free of charge. A sample copy of the journal will be sent to the corresponding author free of charge. For colour pages the authors will be charged at the rate of 160 PLN or 80 EUR per page. The payment to the bank account of the main distributor (given in “Subscription Information”) must be completed before the date indicated by the Editorial Office.


Other information
It is possible to include supplementary files related to the article content, such as e.g. developed databases. These files can be then used by other researchers to compare their algorithms using the same input data. For more details about supplementary files please contact the Editorial Board: metrology@wat.edu.pl. The biographical statements, at the very end of the article, are not obligatory, however, they are kindly recommended. Each statement should include the author’s full name and brief personal history focused on areas of research and scientific achievements. The biographical statement may not exceed 100 words and should be written using Times New Roman style with a font size of 8 pt.
The publication of your article is a great achievement but then it needs to be further promoted to make it more visible to the research community. Responsibility for this task lies with the Authors and our Editorial Board. We guarantee free access to the article in the Journals PAN of the Polish Academy of Science, including articles in Early Access form (published just after acceptance decision), indexing in popular and renewable databases (e.g. Thomson Scientific Master Journal List, Elsevier’s Scopus, Google Scholar). Furthermore, selected articles are highlighted on the journal website and are reprinted for promotion at conferences and other events. The Authors can share the final form of the article on various social networks and research-sharing platforms, such as Twitter, Facebook, Linkedin, ResearchGate, Academia.edu, SciProfiles. They are also encouraged to update personal and institutional webpages by adding the title and a link of the article. Feel free also to share your work with your colleagues using any other methods that do not conflict with the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.
For more detailed description about how to write a paper for the Metrology and Measurement Systems journal please look at the Author guidelines for manuscript preparation. We strongly recommend using this file as a template for manuscript preparation.


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