Humanities and Social Sciences

Prawo Morskie

Content

Prawo Morskie | 2007 | No XXIII

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The author first analyzes in detail the range and form of normalizations of scientific-technical issues in the new maritime law known as the UN Convention of Montego Bay of 1982. A substantial impetus for the compromise solutions taken in this convention was the divergence of priorities between highly-developed and developing countries that occurred at the III Maritime Law Conference. In the second section of the article, the author discusses and comments on issues of the protection of rights to industrial property according to the principles of the TRIPS accords determined at the Marrakesh round of the GATT-WTO. In his analysis, the author also takes into consideration selected aspects of European Union legislation, the modernizing licensing of transfer technology, and EU policy that supports marine research and the exploitation of the so-called "deep resources”. Thus, the article presents and emphasizes new aspects of maritime scientific-technical cooperation and transfer technology which had yet to be analyzed from this aspect in the Polish legal literature regarding maritime law.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Leonard Łukaszuk
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Writing a critical analysis of European maritime policy is a challenge. Without taking into consideration past experience and observing present trends, this great undertaking may not produce the desired effects. The picture that presents itself today is one of a variety of different means that are striving to achieve ‘ fragmentary ” goals. The vision of maritime policy, however, must be characterized by cohesion. In her article, the author addresses the so-called Green Book of EU Marine Policy, and this is likely the first Polish publication on this topic. Effective integrated marine policy for the exploitation of marine resources based on maintaining equilibrium between the preservation of the values and goodness of the seas and oceans and meeting the economic needs of many communities must be developed in a timely manner. This is why European maritime policy must concur with the goals of the International Maritime Organization.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Dorota Pyć
ORCID: ORCID
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The direct impetus for international cooperation on creating international legislation to regulate the legal status of sea and ocean bottoms lying outside of national jurisdiction was the presentation made at the First UN Committee by the Maltese Ambassador, A. Pardo. In 1967, he called for the establishment of new legal measures for these regions and for them to be recognized as ucommon human heritage. On December 17, 1970, the General Assembly of the UN voted in favor (108 ayes and 14 abstentions) of the declaration of principles regarding sea and ocean bottoms and undergrounds that are outside of national jurisdiction. On December 10, 1982, the UN Convention, which restrictively regulates the exploration and exploitation of deep-sea bottoms, was ratified with a majority of votes from developing nations. On July 28, 1994, the General Assemble of the UN voted in favor of a resolution regarding agreement for the implementation of part XI of the UN Convention on marine law of December 10, 1982 (known as the New York Accord).

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Robert Tarnacki
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The author defines the following: terrorist act; terrorism; ecological terror; terrorist threats; illegal use of terror; terrorist acts in internal and international law. The article discusses terrorism in light of Polish and European law and ecological safety and terrorism (eco-terrorism). Issues o f ecological safety in Europe were addressed in Helsinki in 1975 at the meeting of nations participating in the Conference on Safety and Co-operation in Europe. In the twenty-first century, the general regulations regarding fighting terrorism are applied to ensure ecological safety. Specifically, this refers to the European convention on fighting terrorism laid out in Strasbourg on January 27, 1977 under the auspices of the Council of Europe. The author addressed the issue of actions taken by radical ecologists within the framework of the activities of non-governmental ecological organizations. Actions of a terrorist character undertaken at sea are also discussed. Establishing a contiguous marine coastal zone is an effective method for fighting terrorism.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Janina Ciechanowicz-McLean
ORCID: ORCID
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In an effort to fight terrorism, the author proposes applying the visit and search law not only on the high seas but also in territorial waters. This is a controversial viewpoint as current international law does not permit this law to be applied at all in case of terrorist threats. Additionally, territorial waters come under the exclusive jurisdiction of coastal countries. The full implementation into practice of a common, internationally accepted definition of terrorism should not be anticipated in the nearest future. The author of the article discusses the Rome Convention of 1988 on counteracting illegal acts that threaten the safety of ocean-going vessels, which was laid out following the attack staged by Palestinian terrorists on the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro in October 1985.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Makowski
ORCID: ORCID
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Organized security groups are operational on board some commercial vessels. These are professional units comprised of personnel whose only duties are to ensure that the overall physical safety of the vessel is maintained. Since maritime law does not take a position regarding such services, it can be concluded that the formation and maintenance of them is legal. Nevertheless, in order for potential actions taken by such groups to be acknowledged as legal, they must not exceed repelling direct attacks on the guarded vessel. It is not likely that attempts will be made in the nearest future to bring this issue under the detailed regulation of international law. The principles guiding the actions o f security groups are governed by the laws of the country of the ship’s flag. The role of the security officer has increased significantly within the hierarchy of the ship’s command. On the majority of large passenger vessels this is now a full-time position, and the person in charge of security is directly subordinate to the captain.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Kubiak
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The coming into force of the regulations of the ISPS code was cause for significant hope. The new safety system based on the ISPS code created an international framework for cooperation aimed at detecting threats and undertaking appropriate preventative measures within the scope of protecting vessels, ports, and port facilities against potential terrorist attacks. Additionally, the ISPS code should have ensured the effective and rapid flow of all information regarding threats. During the implementation of the new safety system, many legal and practical problems arose which rendered the effectiveness of the system highly doubtful. The continuing inflation of regulations and the bureaucracy of the entire system will lead to the conclusion that the regulations of the ISPS code are de facto a system of 'paper safety' the implementation and maintenance of which are costly and incommensurable to the benefits of applying the new safety standards.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Mateusz Romowicz
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The aim of this article is not to consider the need for the ratification of specific international agreements, but it is rather an attempt to determine the consequences of potential ratification with respect to the contents of maritime code regulations. It seems that reference to the resolutions of a given convention by maritime code regulations is generally a better solution. This permits avoiding distortion in the content of international agreements. Nonetheless, these principles should not be applied always or arbitrarily. It may occur that, in a specific instance, it is better to try to incorporate the resolutions of a given convention into the contents of the maritime code. The fundamental conclusion drawn by the author of the article is that there is no need to change the maritime code when new international conventions are ratified.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Adamczak
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

At the current stage of information technology development there is no need, as yet, to modify Polish norms referring to the maritime transport of cargo. Information technology can be applied without limitation. Therefore, the maritime code modeled on RHV normalizations can remain without alteration and maintain the consistence of solutions in both international and domestic law.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Maria Dragun-Gertner
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

This article addresses a new type of agreement that entitles classification institutions to execute certain functions of the maritime administration. In the maritime trade, classification institutions, in addition to their classification and assessment activities, are assuming increasingly certain public functions that are executed under the supervision of maritime administration bodies. This supervision is ensured above all by two legal institutions: aprobation and authorization. The significance of the aprobation process for classification institutions may be apparent in the fact that aprobation if conducted by the European Commission. In evaluating the character of the agreement entered into by the Minister of Marine Management with aprobation classification institutions, the author of the article emphasizes a series of particular traits of the agreement that stem from the infiltration of elements of both public and private law. The author postulates the creation of a new category of agreement, that of so-called public contracts.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Mirosław H. Koziński
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Classification societies are part of the world's safety system on the seas, and currently there are in excess of fifty in operation. Ten of the largest organizations belong to the International Association of Classification Societies. They determine classes and conduct reviews of about 90% of global merchant tonnage engaged in commercial activities throughout the world. The primary aim of the classification system is to improve the safety of human life and goods at sea by ensuring that vessel technical state is adequate. Vessel classification is based on an agreement entered into between the classification institute and the vessel owner. This agreement defines the obligations of the parties and sets forth regulations regarding responsibility. The country of the ship's flag is foremost responsible for safety at sea. Unfortunately, some countries fail at meeting this obligation and do not want or are unable to guarantee that their vessels meet international standards. In order to close this loophole, port inspections were put into force. Countries conducting port inspections of vessels should cooperate with the country of the ship’s flag and classification institutions.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Dorota Lost-Siemińska
ORCID: ORCID
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

For a long period of time, EU policy regarding petroleum pollution was based on supporting projects undertaken on the international forum and to encourage member states to ratify conventions put forward by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The catastrophe of the tanker Erika, which was sailing under the Maltese flag, indicated that these measures were insufficient. On March 21, 2000, the European Commission introduced a set of legal proposals that was known commonly as the ERIKA I packet. These regulations came into force in June 2003. The European Commission introduced the ERIKA II packet in December 2000, but it met with only partial approval from member states. In accordance with earlier announcements, the ERIKA III packet was introduced on November 23, 2005. This is the subsequent step in creating “a defense mechanism to defend Europe from accidents at sea and from environmental pollution". None of seven proposals has yet to be accepted. The three ERIKA packages comprise a multifaceted response from the EU regarding the growing threat of petroleum pollution.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Zuzanna Pepłowska
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The author of this article has previously addressed the topic of what constitutes a vessel in American jurisprudence based on the case of Willard Stewart v. Dutra Construction Company (Prawo Morskie, vol. 21, 2005). The text discusses the verdict of the Supreme Court of the United States of America, which was faced with deciding whether the dredger on which Willard Stewart worked was a vessel or not. The initial and appellate court verdicts declared that the dredger was not a vessel. The Supreme Court of the United States came to a different verdict. The "Super Scoop ” dredger was declared to be a vessel. This was because this device was used to transport the crew and tools over water to the worksite, where the device was anchored to the bottom and left there to drill a tunnel. It was also able to navigate waters. In this case, the Supreme Court laid out the widest possible definition of a vessel as well as a very wide definition of sailor. The court's decision is undoubtedly advantageous for many employees.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata A. Nesterowicz
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The maritime conference is defined loosely as an association of ship owners acting on the basis of agreements usually through an organized secretariat that serves a defined maritime route or group of routes under commonly defined conditions of maritime transport. New shipping accords determine not only tariffs, but also routes, delivery services, the types of agreements entered into, and transport capability. Maritime and land carriers and transporters, which until recently, handled the various stages of the transport process, found themselves in direct competition on either the entire transport route or part of it with multimodal carriers. The direction of the communal development of maritime shipping prompted the application of three fundamental regulations: freedom of negotiation; principles for maintaining the confidentiality of agreements the principles of limited freedom in coordinating activities.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Iwona Zużewicz-Wiewiórowska
ORCID: ORCID
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The existing status of the Vistula Lagoon and the Vistula Spit and the stable status of Polish-Russian agreements supplemented with regulations from the early 1990s raise doubts on the Polish side. The proposed canal that will cut across the Vistula Spit will also run through terrain that is under the special protection of both internal and European laws (Natura 2000). Currently, from a legal perspective, it is difficult to predict the successful outcome of the undertaking. The very decision to build a canal should be preceded by in-depth studies of the profitability of such an undertaking. This refers to the unique natural values of the Vistula Lagoon and the Spit. This may also present certain complications in Polish-Russian relations.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Janusz-Pawletta

Instructions for authors

Prawo Morskie (Maritime Law) - Guidelines for authors of scientific texts

1. All scientific texts, including (but not limited to) research articles and judicial commentaries (glossa), must include distinct introduction and conclusion sections.

2. The title should be followed by the abstract and keywords. For texts that are not in English, the bibliography should be followed by the title of the text in English, the English keywords and an English abstract at the end.

3. Sources cited in the bibliography should be grouped by type: scholarly literature, legal acts, list of case law, Internet sources.

4. Text volume: min. 20,000 characters, max. 40,000 characters.

5. Page settings: standard margins in MS Word – top, bottom, right and left margins of 2.5 cm.

6. Main text: Times New Roman 12 pt. font, 1.5-line spacing, double-sided alignment. Eliminate any double spaces, commas, and periods, any multiple carriage returns, manually entered new lines, manually entered hyphenations, etc.

7. Paragraphs should begin in the same way in all articles.

8. Spacing between words: always a single space.

9. For the article title and sub-titles on all levels: the font size and type, positioning within the column of text, method of highlighting, numbering (if any), paragraph spacing above and below should be uniform across all articles in accordance with the journal/publication template. In collective works, subtitles of each level should be marked uniformly in all articles by the scientific editor submitting files for typesetting and breaking.

10. Keywords: the placement and form of the keywords in each article should comply with the journal/publication template.

11. Footnotes should be unified and inserted automatically using the MS Word function: "References" → "Insert footnote", without additional space. Please use automatic footnote numbering with superscript Arabic numerals. An exception to this rule is the asterisk (the “*” sign), which can be used in the case of information about the author of an article, in a collective work, or to distinguish between textual (source) and authorial footnotes in edited editions of historical documents.

12. In footnotes referring to sources previously cited, use the Latin abbreviations (op. cit., idem, ibidem, etc.).

13. In the file submitted, all places that will ultimately contain hyperlinks should be so marked – in particular, all ORCID numbers, DOI addresses, and E-MAIL addresses should be properly linked.

14. No space should precede the following characters: period, comma, semicolon, colon, closing parenthesis, closing quotation marks, footnote reference, percent sign, degrees sign.

15. No space should follow the following characters: opening parenthesis, opening quotation marks. In abbreviations such as: p. (page), vol. (volume), etc., there should always be a space after the period.

16. Slashes should not be used with the function of parentheses.

17. Texts in English should use “curly English quotation marks”. Texts in other languages should use the appropriate quotation marks for the language, e.g. Polish texts should use „Polish quotation marks”, French texts should use « French quotation marks », German texts should use „German quotation marks“ etc.

18. For English texts, please use “double curly quotation marks” as the first level, and ‘single curly quotation marks’ for quotations inside quotations. In Polish texts, please use: „these quotation marks” as the first level, followed by «these quotation marks» for quotations inside quotations, and lastly ‘these quotation marks’ for third-level embedded quotations.

19. Do not use a prime character (`) in place of an apostrophe (’).

20. For foreign-language text, please use the correct characters with diacritical marks (e.g. à, á, â, ã, ä).

21. In Polish texts, single-letter words such as a, w, or i that fall at the end of the line do not need to be manually moved to the next line of text – the professional typesetting software will determine their location in the typeset text.

22. Please use highlighting consistently throughout the work. Ordinary highlighting (e.g. the use of italics or underlining) does not require special character styles to be defined.

23. Dates should be written in a standardized form throughout a given work (e.g., 10.03.2021).

24. Numerical expressions indicating a range or approximate magnitude should be consistently separated by a dash throughout the publication (e.g., 1914-1918, 18th-19th century, pp. 5-8, 5-8 percent).

25. Neither a hyphen (-) or n-dash (–) should be used in place of the minus sign (−).

26. The bibliography should be standardized throughout the work according to the article/publication template.

27. Affiliations of individual article authors: standardized and placed in the source file according to the publication template standardized for all authors.


Additional materials attached to the transmitted text

1. All tables, figures, charts, graphs, diagrams, or illustrations should be placed in their intended position within the text, or submitted as a separate file together with a detailed description: article number, table/drawing number, etc., i.e.:
• drawings, charts, diagrams – should be drawn up and submitted as electronic source files in formats from MS Windows environment software (e.g. Word, Excel, Corel 11, Photoshop, etc.), as printouts, or as original drawings of good quality,
• photos – should be submitted as original photographs, digital camera files with the highest possible resolution (tif, jpg), or scans with a minimum resolution of 300 dpi,
• tables – should be placed in the text or a separate document (if there are many), do not use embellishments, background colors.

2. All supplementary materials should be accompanied by descriptions regarding their positioning within the column of text and base size, plus any framing guidelines, captions, titles, numbers. Figures and tables should be placed in the main text, close to the place where they are referenced, or on separate pages in numbered order, while indicating in the text the approximate location where they should appear. Please remember to make drawings according to the following guidelines:
• they must be legible and clear,
• their descriptions should be standardized and adapted to their size,
• drawings should not have a border or a shaded gray background,
• on graphs, drawings and diagrams, textual description should be simplified to the necessary minimum,
• all explanations should be placed in the caption, or in the legend under the figure,
• if possible, drawings, charts, and diagrams should be submitted in the original version as source files,
• all graphics supplied in raster formats (.jpg, .tif, .png) should be sized to achieve a base resolution of 300 dpi, as files with lower resolution will prevent proper printing.

3. Across all articles, a uniform separation of text and descriptions, uniform numbering of drawings, formulas and tables, and a uniform scale of drawings should be maintained.

Template of the article intended for publication in Prawo Morskie (Maritime Law)

Publication Ethics Policy

Principles of publication ethics

The editors of Prawo Morskie (Maritime Law) strictly adhere to the principles of responsibility and ethics recommended by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) for all parties involved in the publication process and take all possible measures against any abuse.


1. Responsibilities of the editorial staff

1.1 Principle of impartiality and fairness. Submitted scientific texts are evaluated on the basis of content only, without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, citizenship or political ideology.

1.2 Publication decisions. The Editor-in-Chief is responsible for deciding which of the submitted articles should be published. The decision to accept or reject a scientific text for publication is made by the Editor-in-Chief based on reviews assessing its content, originality, novelty, clarity and relevance to the scope of the journal. In making decisions, the Editor-in-Chief may consult the Scientific Council. The Editor-in-Chief is obliged to comply with applicable laws on defamation, copyright infringement and plagiarism, and to bear full responsibility for decisions regarding the publication of scientific texts.

1.3 Principle of confidentiality. The Editor-in-Chief and the Scientific Council must ensure that all materials submitted for publication remain confidential at the review stage. They must not disclose any information about the submitted manuscript to anyone other than the authors, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisors (e.g., translators), and the publisher.

1.4 Disclosure and conflict of interest. Unpublished articles, excerpts from articles, or materials contained therein may not be used by the editorial staff for their own research without written permission from the authors.

1.5 Maintaining the integrity of the scientific output. The editorial staff will guard the integrity of the published academic output, by issuing corrections, additions and references as necessary. At the same time, the editors will make every effort to detect any inappropriate research or publications. Plagiarism and works based on false data are unacceptable. The Editor-in-Chief should take appropriate action when there are ethical objections with respect to a submitted paper or published article. In justified cases, the editorial staff may publish corrections, clarifications, appeals and apologies.

1.6 Withdrawal of published articles. The Editor-in-Chief of the journal will consider retracting a published scientific text: if there is evidence indicating that the research results presented in it are untrustworthy, if it has been previously published elsewhere without proper reference, permission or justification (cases of redundant publication), if the work constitutes an act of plagiarism or is based on unethical research. The published retraction notice should be linked to the retracted scientific text (naming the title and authors in the title of the retraction), clearly identify the text being retracted, and indicate who is retracting it. Retraction notices should always include a justification for the retraction, stating the reason, in order to distinguish an unintentional error from misconduct. Retracted scientific texts will not be removed from printed copies of the journal or from electronic archives, but their retracted status will be indicated as clearly as possible.


2. Responsibilities of authors

2.1 Standards for publishing research results. Authors of articles presenting the results of original research should provide an accurate description of the work that was performed and an objective discussion of its significance. Baseline data should be accurately presented in the article. The article should provide enough details and references to allow others to verify the claims made. Any fabrication or presentation of false or inaccurate research results constitutes unethical behavior and will result in the rejection of the manuscript or the retraction of the published article.

2.2 Originality and plagiarism. Authors should ensure that they have written fully original papers, and if they have made any use of the work and/or words of others, this must be clearly marked with a citation. Plagiarism is not acceptable.

2.3 Multiple or simultaneous publications. Authors should not publish a manuscript describing the same research in more than one journal. However, in exceptional and justified cases, the editorial staff of Prawo Morskie (Maritime Law) will consider publishing a text that has already been published previous, provided that it was addressed to a different audience and in a different language.

2.4 Authorship. Works published in Prawo Morskie (Maritime Law) must be published under the names of individuals who are indeed their authors and responsible for their content. Any persons whose participation in the creation of the submitted work is negligible (for example, limited to the provision of research materials) may be mentioned in the acknowledgments, but must not be listed among the authors. In case of doubt, the editorial staff may for further clarification regarding the individual contributions to the creation of the paper made by the individual persons listed as authors. The authors should also disclose, in a footnote or in the acknowledgments, information about individuals and institutions that contributed to the work through substantive, material or financial contributions. The corresponding author submitting a paper for publication should make sure that only the relevant co-authors are listed in the paper and that they have all seen and approved the final version of the paper and agreed to submit it for publication. Cases of scientific dishonesty will be documented and disclosed.

2.5 Attribution of sources. Authors should take care to properly label the results of other researchers’ work. In view of this, they should cite any and all publications from which they drew information or ideas when writing their own scientific text.

2.6 Significant errors in published works. When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his own published work, it is his duty to immediately notify the editor or publisher of the journal and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the text.


3. Responsibilities of reviewers

3.1 Contribution to editorial decisions. Scientific reviews assist the editorial staff in making editorial decisions and provide assistance to authors in improving their scientific texts.

3.2 Timeliness. Any reviewer who feels incompetent to review a paper submitted to him, or who knows that timely completion of the review will be impossible, should notify the editor thereof and withdraw from the review process.

3.3 Confidentiality. Each entire manuscript received for review is treated as a confidential document. It must not be shown to or discussed with anyone except the individuals so authorized by the Editor-in-Chief.

3.4 Objectivity standards. Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism targeted against the author(s) themselves is inappropriate. Reviewers should express their views clearly, by means of appropriate factual arguments.

3.5 Acknowledgment of sources. Any significant similarity between the reviewed work and any other published article or any duplication should be reported to the editor. Reviewers should identify any relevant published works that have not been duly cited by the authors.

3.6 Disclosure and conflict of interest. Information or ideas obtained through the review process must be treated as confidential and may not be used by the reviewer for personal gain. Reviewers should not undertake the evaluation of manuscripts which involve conflicts of interest arising from their own collaboration or other relationships with any author, private entities or institutions involved in the development of the scientific text. Authors have the right to address reviewer criticisms.

Peer-review Procedure

Review procedure:

1. All scientific texts, including research articles and judicial commentaries (glossa), submitted to the editors of Prawo Morskie (Maritime Law) are subject to a double-blind peer-review procedure.

2. Each scientific text is evaluated by independent experts in the relevant specialty.

3. The editors will make every effort to select reviewers who have no professional or private relationship with any author of the text under review.

4. Reviewers are required to provide an objective assessment of the submitted scientific text.

5. Reviewers are obliged to disclose any and all discovered irregularities, in particular any kind of plagiarism or self-plagiarism.

6. The review must be submitted in writing and must include a clear evaluation of the submitted scientific text.

7. Reviewers are asked to evaluate whether a scientific text is eligible for publication. This evaluation is made based on the following criteria:
- novelty of the topic addressed;
- consideration of the most recent literature on the subject; the use of appropriate methodology;
- and the text’s impact on the current state of research in the field of maritime law, the law of the sea, marine environmental law, or sustainable development and the socioeconomic environment.

8. Scientific texts referred for review are treated as confidential materials.

9. The identity of reviewers remains anonymous throughout the procedure.

10. The authors are obliged to participate in the review process, in particular to accommodate or respond to the suggested corrections, and to remedy any and all error brought to light.

11. In each printed volume of Prawo Morskie (Maritime Law) and on the website, the editors will publish a list of reviewers who collaborated with the journal in connection with a given volume.

Plagiarism Policy

The journal Prawo Morskie (Maritime Law) strictly adheres to the principles of scientific transparency and integrity.

We therefore will accept no forms of plagiarism, ghostwriting, or honorary authorship. In order to prevent such practices, relevant provisions have been included into the agreements signed with authors.

This page uses 'cookies'. Learn more