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Tailings from sand and gravel processing plants as the potential source of gold

Jan Wierchowiec

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2008 | No 4 | 133-147

Keywords Sand and gravel plants tailings heavy minerals Knelson concentrator placer gold

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Abstract

Tailings produced during the manufacture of aggregates in the Rakowice sand and gravel plant (Middle Bóbr River valley, SW Poland) were characterized in the paper. A 3.0 inches laboratory Knelson concentrator was used to evaluate the recovery of free gold from tailings collected from the sand and gravel processing plant. Gravity recoverable gold (GRG) was determined using the difference between the gold content in the Knelson feed and the tails. Analysis of several samples collected from different types of tailings revealed the average content of 0.27 ppm of gold and recoveries ofgold between 85-98% in the concentrates. The sand and gravel deposits are thus potential sources of gold and other economic heavy minerals, mainly of ilmenite and titanomagnetite, as well as small amounts of zircon, monazite and rutile. The annual deposition of about 6 kg of Au and 1000 Mg of other heavy minerals in the tailing pond during the last 5 years of the Rakowice Mine operation has been assessed.

Authors and Affiliations

Jan Wierchowiec

Sorption of pure components and mixtures CO2 and CH4 on hard coals

Grażyna Ceglarska-Stefańska Katarzyna Zarębska Janina Wolszczak

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2008 | No 4 | 113-121

Keywords Hard coal sorption of CO2 CH4 sorption of mixture sequestration

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Abstract

The paper compiles the results of laboratory tests conducted to highlight the various aspects related to CO2 sequestration in coal seams. It is therefore worthwhile to gather the information available on the interactions of CO2 with coals and the effects of CO2 on coals' properties in order to attempt a prediction of the long-term effects of sequestration. Underground storage of CO2 allows for emission reduction, awaiting the development of other sources of energy. CO2 can be stored in deep and permeable rocks isolated by overlying impermeable rock strata. In order to predict the CO2 storage capacity of a candidate coal seam and to model its long-term stability, physical properties of the coals must be known accurately. Thus, the sorption isotherms of CO2 on coal need to be treated carefully in order to obtain the desired information. The experiments were run on a low-rank coal samples (VM 33.4%)in the form of plates 15 x 15 x 5 mm. The experiments were conducted following the standard volumetric method at the temperature 298K, using the volumetric method. Tested sorbates were pure gases: CO2 and CH4 and their mixtures in variable proportions. The considered pressure range was 0--4 MPa. Sorption data and chromatographic analyses of gas mixture released during desorption reveal a clear dependence between the actual proportions of the mixture in the ampoule and the composition of desorbed gas. Low concentration of CO2 in the initial mixture causes the desorbed gas mixture to be enriched in CH4, evidencing a preferential sorption of CO2. The factor controlling the selective sorption of gases is the microstructure of coal types in the sample, as they display various porosity and swelling rate due to the presence of gases in the porous structure. Strong and specific interactions were observed between the sorbate and pores as well as stresses due to the swelling of the coal matrix, so their influence on the gas transport processes must be accounted for whilst modelling the gas storage and methane recovery operations.

Authors and Affiliations

Grażyna Ceglarska-Stefańska

Katarzyna Zarębska

Janina Wolszczak

Properties ofwet fly ash suspensions seasoned in hard coal mine underground

Zygmunt Piotrowski

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2008 | No 4 | 113-121

Keywords Fine grained waste underground mining mining technology fly ash-water suspensions

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Abstract

Hard coal mining industry in Poland is one of the biggest recipients of fly ashes produced by the power industry. They are used in the form of aqueous suspensions in various mining technologies on the basis of environmental and technical requirements defined in adequate regulations and standard PN/G-1 I O 11. The standard sets requirements for material samples after 28 days of seasoning. There is a lack of studies which evaluate properties of samples seasoned for a longer period of time, especially in natural conditions. The author received samples from 7 mines. The samples were excavated after a few years of staying underground. They were tested in the laboratory after adequate preparation. The test results are presented in the paper.

Authors and Affiliations

Zygmunt Piotrowski

Long term stability evaluation of natural gas storage caverns

Jarosław Ślizowski Jan Walaszczyk

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2008 | No 4 | 83-100

Keywords underground storage convergence rock salt massif effort

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Abstract

Underground natural gas storage in salt caverns is the most efficient method of gas storage. Since geological and mining-engineering conditions of Polish rock-salt formations are not favourable, it is essential to specify technical parameters for each cavern independently. Stability assessment of particular cavern should include the following issues: rock salt massif strength ratio at the cavern wall, range of cavern influence and rate of cavern convergence depending on cavern loading scenario and mostly on minimal and maximal storage pressure. The paper presents analysis of the above mentioned aspects on the example of hypothetical cavern, in the case of boundary conditions, similar to typical gas storage cavern being operated in the Mogilno salt dome. The major influence on cavern stability have undefined so far rheological properties of rock salt massif, therefore in the article 4 different sets of Norton creep law parameters used in models have been analyzed. Two variants of model load, corresponding to minimal and maximal interaction of neighbouring caverns have been considered. The calculations included two kinds of cavern loading scenarios: scenario for theoretical purposes, aimed to define minimal storage pressure and scenario typical to storage cavern operation. Due to lack of explicit criteria describing long term stability of rock salt, rock salt massif strength ratio at the cavern wall was estimated on the basis of 3 independent criteria. Analysis of the calculation results showed that greater influence on stress-strain distribution of rock salt massif demonstrate creeping low, than boundary conditions. Besides, the high value of power coefficient describing stress influence in Norton creep law is not safe to estimate strain rate of rock-salt massif and cavern convergence. The calculations pointed out that micro-fracturing process in rock salt massif may occur at pressure value lower than predicted by micro-fracturing tests carried out in boreholes. Independently from the above conclusion, in the case of caverns located in homogenie part of the Mogilno salt dome, it is possible to decrease a minimal storage pressure, regardless of current technical projects. However, it is not clear that this improvement could be favourable from the point of view of effective, long-term storage capacity. Only a detailed analysis of exploitation scenario would give the answer.

Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Ślizowski

Jan Walaszczyk

Surface and groundwater fluctuation in Solina and Myczkowce dam reservoirs region

Karolina Wojtuszewska

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2007 | No 3 | 119-134

Keywords Water Storage Reservoirs Solina-Myczkowce surface and groundwater tablefluctuation water environment

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Abstract

The main goal of the paper was the evaluation of the Solina and Myczkowce Water Storage Reservoirs influence on water environment after over 30 years of functioning. It presents the characteristic of both reservoirs and water dams (gravity - Solina and rock-filled - Myczkowce), taking into account their main functions and geological-hydrogeological conditions. During the Master's Thesis practice (September 2003) the author measured the level of ground water table in 58 dug wells around the reservoirs. The measurements were used to create a map of Quaternary groundwater horizon. The main water !low is directed towards the lakeside. One can observe the drainage character of rivers and streams. Further research work was based on Solina-Myczkowce Hydropower Plants' database for the period of 1995-2001. The author presented the surface water fluctuation of Solina and Myczkowce reservoirs and the San river above and below the reservoirs, as well as groundwater table fluctuation in 3 monitoring wells. Following, both high and low waters are synchronous, and the fluctuation of the San river is smooth below the reservoirs. One can observe a great influence of the large reservoir, which provides water regulation. Due to low land development of the area groundwater table fluctuations are barely noticeable and no hydrogeological damages have been reported.

Authors and Affiliations

Karolina Wojtuszewska

CO2 impact on reservoir rocks due to estimate their utility for carbon dioxide geological sequestration

Radosław Tarkowski Barbara Uliasz-Misiak

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2007 | No 3 | 109-117

Keywords CO2 geological sequestration mineralogy reservoir rocks reservoir geology geochemistry

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Abstract

There have been presented results of research on reservoir rock reaction to CO2, obtained so far, due to estimate their use for carbon dioxide geological sequestration needs. Execution of laboratory test on CO2 influence on rock samples from chosen Mesozoic aquifers, in deposit conditions (pressure, temperature, presence of brine) have been suggested. The research results should allow to define substantial rock features and to display problems combined with mutual influence and reaction between CO2, rock and brine, when injecting carbon dioxide into a reservoir. Results of laboratory experiments used as a part of input data in digital simulation and modeling of mineral-solution reaction equilibria, employing the PHREEQC software, should allow to render precisely real processes occurring in geological structure when injecting carbon dioxide.

Authors and Affiliations

Radosław Tarkowski

Barbara Uliasz-Misiak

The ways of solving non-linear decision problems through application of optimal production plans for mines

Dariusz Fuksa

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2007 | No 3 | 97-108

Keywords Post-Optimal analysis algorithm Simplex

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Abstract

This article showed examples of using the post-optimal analysis method to illustrate the possibilities of adjusting formally optimal production plans of coalmines to actual market conditions. The presented examples of correct production plans, achieved with the use of the Simplex algorithm, are accomplished without the utilization of optimization procedures, and with parallel elimination of non-linear optimization problem.

Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Fuksa

The assessment of environmental risk on the areas degraded by the landfills

Jerzy Mikołajczak

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2006 | No 4 | 67-74

Keywords Neutralization ofwastes landfills impact of landfills mathematical models environmental risk assessment

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Abstract

The amount of knowledge and tools to make the environmental risk assessment of old landfills and polluted industrial areas has already been very large. The tools of such activities applied in the United States and Great Britain can be found on the internet websites www.nap.edu and some publications on the website of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (www.cpa.gov) arc available free of charge. The selection of the applied algorithms, parameters and scale of grades depends on the available data or the possibilities of obtaining them, which is practically impossible for most landfills in Poland. To estimate the risk and classify the objects requiring repairing measures, a mathematical formula has been created for Poland. To define the nuisance made by landfills for the environment two parameters were introduced: -parameter ofwaste accumulation UN, defined as the ratio ofthe synthetic environmental risk index (R) to the amount of deposited wastes, -parameter of the neutralization ofwastes U u, defined as the ratio of the synthetic environmental risk index (R) to the number of residents sending wastes to the landfill.

Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy Mikołajczak

Biodegradation of selected pollutants in sludge

Radmila Kucerova

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2006 | No 4 | 61-65

Keywords Wastewater sludge contamination biodcgradation aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons

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Authors and Affiliations

Radmila Kucerova

Methods of data collection about foreign markets for minerals

Andrzej Podobiński

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2006 | No 4 | 51-60

Keywords Marketing research marketing research plan foreign markets mining company export

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Abstract

The paper outlines the direct and indirect methods of gathering information about foreign markets forminerals. The division of information sources into internal (within the companies) and external ones (outside the company) is taken into account. Furthermore, the categories ofdomestic and foreign sources ofinformation are considered. The sources and methods ofgathering information arc reviewed, revealing a number ofdiverse methods. When used properly, they ensure that all vital information is available to mining companies.

Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Podobiński

Foreign market research as the key element in the export of minerals

Andrzej Podobiński

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2006 | No 4 | 43-49

Keywords Marketing research foreign market analysis mining industry marketing strategy marketing management minerals export

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Abstract

In order to ensure successful exports of minerals and metals the current information is required about the situations on the importers' markets. Properly conducted foreign market research facilitates the data collection, at the same time minimising the risks due to exporters' mistakes and helping formulate an effective marketing strategy. Table I shows the main categories of exporters' decisions: those relating to production, exports, promotion, financial and marketing management. The rows show the key aspects of marketing research. It is readily apparent that these decisions depend on the marketing research. However, insufficient awareness of the importers' demands and the competition on the foreign markets may lead to the situation where companies lose the deal or come to limit their export levels.

Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Podobiński

On practical ℎ-observer design for nonlinear non-autonomous dynamical systems with disturbances

Manel Alaya Hanen Damak Nizar Hadj Taieb Mohamed Ali Hammami

Archives of Control Sciences | 2024 | vol. 34 | No 4 | 881–895 | DOI: 10.24425/acs.2024.153106

Keywords practical ℎ-observer Lipschitz analysis Lyapunov method Practical ℎ-stability

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Abstract

In this paper, a particular form of practical ℎ-observers for piecewise continuous Lipschitz, one-sided piecewise continuous Lipschitz systems and quasi-one-sided piecewise continuous Lipschitz systems is extended to nonlinear non-autonomous dynamical systems with disturbances. With the notion of practical ℎ-stable functions, the obtained state estimates are used for an eventual feedback control, and the practical separation principle is tackled. An example is given to show the applicability of the main result.

Authors and Affiliations

Manel Alaya

1

Hanen Damak

2

e-mail: hanen.damak@yahoo.fr

ORCID:

Nizar Hadj Taieb

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mohamed Ali Hammami

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, Department of Mathematics, University of Sfax, Tunisia
Preparatory Engineering Institute of Sfax, Department of Mathematics, University of Sfax, Tunisia

Second-order maximum principle controlled weakly singular Volterra integral equations

Jasarat J. Gasimov Nazim I. Mahmudov

Archives of Control Sciences | 2024 | vol. 34 | No 4 | 863–880 | DOI: 10.24425/acs.2024.153105

Keywords second-order maximum principle singular Volterra integral equation optimalcontrol Pontryagin’s maximum principle

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Abstract

This work studies a class of singular Volterra integral equations that are (controlled) and can be applied to memory-related problems. For optimum controls, we prove a second-order Pontryagin type maximal principle.

Authors and Affiliations

Jasarat J. Gasimov

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Nazim I. Mahmudov

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Mathematics, Eastern Mediterranean University, Mersin 10, 99628, T.R. North Cyprus, Turkey

Quality monitoring of hybrid welding processes: A comprehensive review

Solomon Habtamu Tessema Dariusz Bismor

Archives of Control Sciences | 2024 | vol. 34 | No 4 | 833–861 | DOI: 10.24425/acs.2024.153104

Keywords hybrid welding defect detection quality monitoring artificial intelligence digital twins

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Abstract

Hybrid welding processes have gained significant attention due to their high efficiency and exceptional welding properties. However, there are still significant technological challenges in achieving consistent quality and suppressing welding defects. To overcome this challenge, researchers have focused on the integration of visual analysis techniques, numerical simulation techniques, and advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) and digital twins. This comprehensive review synthesizes current knowledge on quality monitoring in hybrid welding, encompassing an overview of hybrid welding processes, quality assurance, monitoring techniques, key performance indicators, and advancements in monitoring techniques. Furthermore, the review highlights the integration of sensor data with AI/ML algorithms and digital twin technologies, enhancing the capabilities of quality monitoring systems. Notably, the review emphasizes the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) and digital twin technologies into quality monitoring frameworks. Artificial intelligence/Machine learning enables real-time analysis of welding parameters and defect detection, while digital twins offer virtual representations of physical welding processes, facilitating predictive maintenance and optimization. The findings underscore the crucial role of sensor technology, AI/ML, and digital twin integration in enhancing defect detection accuracy, improving welded joint quality, and control in hybrid welding. In addition to improving the quality of welded joints, this integration paves the way for further developments in welding technology.

Authors and Affiliations

Solomon Habtamu Tessema

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Dariusz Bismor

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Department of Measurements and Control Systems, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Internal model control based sliding mode controller design for unstable second order delayed processes with a case study on CSTR

Mohammed Hasmat Ali Md Nishat Anwar

Archives of Control Sciences | 2024 | vol. 34 | No 4 | 805–831 | DOI: 10.24425/acs.2024.153103

Keywords internal model control sliding mode unstable processes second order with deadtimeprocesses CSTR

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Abstract

Controlling the unstable processes is challenging since one or more poles are located on the right side of the s-plane. The existence of dead time in these systems makes control much more difficult. In this paper, internal model control based sliding mode control has been proposed for the control of unstable processes with dead time. Two sliding surfaces based on PID and PIDPI are used to design of the proposed controller. The parameters of continuous and discontinuous control law are obtained using differential evolution optimization technique. An objective function is constituted in terms of performance measure (integral absolute error) and control effort measure (total variation of controller output). Illustrative examples demonstrate the superiority of the proposed controller over earlier reported work in this realm, especially in terms of load disturbance rejection. A case study on temperature management of a continuous stirred tank reactor during an irreversible exothermic process also serves to highlight the applicability of the proposed system. Furthermore, robustness of the proposed controller is also investigated by inclusion of perturbations in the parameters. The obtained results clearly show how well the suggested controller works.

Authors and Affiliations

Mohammed Hasmat Ali

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Md Nishat Anwar

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Patna, India

Geodesic path planning characteristics of the reconfigurable 1-S robot workspaces for hyperbolic, elliptical, and Euclidean geometries

Haydar Sahin

Archives of Control Sciences | 2024 | vol. 34 | No 4 | 777–803 | DOI: 10.24425/acs.2024.153102

Keywords Riemann curvature tensor geodesic equations robot workspace path planning Dirac vector Clifford algebra

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Abstract

The path-planning strategies are implemented by establishing the Riemann curvature tensor and geodesic equations of the 1-S robot workspace. This paper’s originality lies in formulation of the parametric 1-S robotworkspace for path planning, which is based on the differential geometry of the geodesic and Riemann curvature equations. The novel results in defining the path plan with diffeomorphic and expandable trajectories with zero and negative sectional curvatures are encouraging, as shown in the research article’s result sections. The constant negative, constant positive, and zero sectional curvatures produce hyperbolic, elliptical, and Euclidean geometries. The workspace equation, derived using Lie algebra, defines the parameters of u₁, u₂, u₃, and u₄ to obtain the shortest distances in path planning. The geodesic equations determine the shortest distances in the context of Riemann curvature tensor equations. These parameters from the workspace equation (α₁, α₂, θ₁, r₁) are used in the geodesic and Riemann curvature tensor equations. The results show that one needs to choose the most convenient parameters of the mechanism for path-planning capabilities. Both the topology of the mechanism, which is 1-S herein and the parameters of the workspaces should be selected for the pre-defined trajectories of the path planning, as shown in the results. The reconfigurable robots have many mechanism topologies to transform.

Authors and Affiliations

Haydar Sahin

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

İstanbul Gedik University, Mechatronics Engineering, 34953 Kartal Türkiye

Performance analysis on an integrated three-area thermal AGC system with various wind velocities considering HCSA-optimized PI-TIDN Controller

Naladi Ram Babu Tirumalasetty Chiranjeevi Ramesh Devarapalli Fausto Pedro García Márquez

Archives of Control Sciences | 2024 | vol. 34 | No 4 | 755–776 | DOI: 10.24425/acs.2024.153101

Keywords hybrid crow search algorithm wind turbine system high voltage direct current link thermal unit sensitivity analysis

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Abstract

This article investigates the impact of a high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) link and a wind turbine system (WTS) on the dynamics of a three-area thermal automatic generation control (AGC) system. A novel controller, the cascade of proportional-integral (PI) and tiltintegralderivative (TID) with filter coefficient (N) (PI-TIDN) controller is projected. The WTS units are subjected to various wind velocity scenarios, including fixed and random wind velocities. The controller parameters are concurrently enhanced using the hybrid crowsearch algorithm (HCSA). The system dynamics corresponding to the PI-TIDN controller are superior to those of PIDN and TIDN controllers. Additionally, studies with different wind velocities demonstrate that responses with fixed wind velocities are better than those with random wind velocities. Moreover, integrating WTS units with the thermal system improves dynamics compared to the thermal system alone. It is also apparent that the parallel AC-HVDC system enhances dynamics. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis exposes that the PI-TIDN controller values at nominal settings are vigorous and do not require retuning.

Authors and Affiliations

Naladi Ram Babu

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Tirumalasetty Chiranjeevi

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ramesh Devarapalli

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Fausto Pedro García Márquez

4

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Aditya University, Surampalem, Andhra Pradesh, India
Department of Electrical Engineering, Rajkiya Engineering College Sonbhadra, U.P., India
Department of Electrical/Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Indianoil Odisha Campus, Bhubaneswar 751013, India
Ingenium Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain

Optimal control problems on the co-adjoint Lie groupoids

Ghorbanali Haghighatdoost

Archives of Control Sciences | 2024 | vol. 34 | No 4 | 715–742 | DOI: 10.24425/acs.2024.153099

Keywords optimal control problem invariant control system Hamiltonian system co-adjoint Lie groupoid

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Abstract

In this work we study the invariant optimal control problem on Lie groupoids.We show that any invariant optimal control problem on a Lie groupoid reduces to its co-adjoint Lie algebroid. In the final section of the paper, we present an illustrative example.

Authors and Affiliations

Ghorbanali Haghighatdoost

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Mathematics, Azarbaĳan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran

A new chaotic hyperjerk system with four quadratic nonlinearities, its bifurcation analysis, multistability, circuit design and complete synchronization design via active backstepping control

Sundarapandian Vaidyanathan Aceng Sambas Irene M. Moroz Chittineni Aruna Mohamad Afendee Mohamed Arun Sundaram

Archives of Control Sciences | 2024 | vol. 34 | No 4 | 697–713 | DOI: 10.24425/acs.2024.153098

Keywords chaotic systems chaos hyperjerk systems bifurcation analysis circuit design backstepping control synchronization

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Abstract

In this research work, we propose a new four-dimensional chaotic hyperjerk system with four quadratic nonlinearities. We carry out a detailed bifurcation analysis and derive conditions for the existence of a Hopf bifurcation for the new hyperjerk system. A linear analysis shows that there is only a unique trivial equilibrium state, whose stability depends solely on the parameter p. The only bifurcation possible is a Hopf bifurcation when p = 2. This is verified from bifurcation transition diagrams.We derive new results showing multistability and the existence of coexisting attractors for the new chaotic hyperjerk system. Using MultiSim, a new electronic circuit is designed for the new chaotic hyperjerk system with four quadratic nonlinearities. Finally, we present a control application for the proposed chaotic hyperjerk system with four quadratic nonlinearities. Using active backstepping control, we design a new controller that achieves complete synchronization for the master-slave chaotic hyperjerk systems with four quadratic nonlinearities.

Authors and Affiliations

Sundarapandian Vaidyanathan

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Aceng Sambas

3 4

e-mail:

ORCID:

Irene M. Moroz

5

e-mail:

ORCID:

Chittineni Aruna

6

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mohamad Afendee Mohamed

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Arun Sundaram

7

e-mail:

ORCID:

Centre for Control Systems, Vel Tech University, 400 Feet Outer Ring Road, Avadi, Chennai-600062, Tamil Nadu, India
Faculty of Information and Computing, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia
Faculty of Informatics and Computing, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak, 21300, Terengganu, Malaysia
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Tasikmalaya, Jawa Barat 46196, Indonesia
Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, ROQ, Oxford Ox2 6GG, UK
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, KKR & KSR Institute of Technology and Sciences, Vinjanampadu, Vatticherukuru Mandal, Guntur-522017, Andhra Pradesh, India
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jerusalem College of Engineering, Narayanapuram, Pallikaranai, Chennai – 600 100, Tamil Nadu, India

Analysis of observability and detectability for CSTR model of biochemical processes under uncertain system dynamics and various sets of measured outputs

Rafał Łangowski Mateusz Czyżniewski

Archives of Control Sciences | 2024 | vol. 34 | No 4 | 667–696 | DOI: 10.24425/acs.2024.153097

Keywords biochemical system indistinguishable dynamics non-linear systems observability process modeling

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Abstract

An analysis of observability and detectability for continuous stirred tank reactor model of selected biochemical processes has been addressed in this paper. In particular, properties of observability or detectability of the considered system model have been proved under uncertain system dynamics in view of various sets of system measured outputs. It is related to considering system dynamics depending on initial conditions and the impact of inputs taking into account a given measured output. The method of indistinguishable state trajectories (indistinguishable dynamics) and tools based on the Lyapunov second method were used to investigate the observability and detectability properties. The analysis was performed for eight cases of different sets of measured outputs with association to the realistic features of measuring devices. The obtained research results are essential for system state estimation that involves the synthesis of state observers. The proposed approach may be successfully applied to the complex biochemical non-linear uncertain systems modelled as continuous stirred tank reactors.

Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Łangowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mateusz Czyżniewski

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Intelligent Control and Decision Support Systems and Digital Technologies Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
Department of Intelligent Control and Decision Support Systems, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland

Can ecological charges be a solution for the environmental liabilities?

Karol Koneczny Joanna Kulczycka Małgorzata Góralczyk

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2006 | No 4 | 75-86

Keywords mining industry waste management environmental protection operating costs

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Abstract

In 2002 MMSD Report it was stated that "in a well-functioning market economy, the price paid for a mineral commodity-as for any other good or service -should reflect the full marginal costs of both production and use". It could have lost some of actuality now, when most of raw mineral commodities prices is rising, but it can be still true for European producers, especially when new ecological charges arc anticipated. Mining is one of most environmentally destructive activities, often producing high output of waste. The idea that mining companies have the responsibility to manage and pay for the rehabilitation of mine sites during and after production is now widely accepted. Usually a mine, together with the processing plant and the tailings and waste-rock facilities, will only be in operation for a few decades, but mine voids, tailings and waste-rock may remain long after termination of the mining activity. Therefore special attention needs to be given to the proper closure, rehabilitation and after-care of these facilities. Moreover, all operators from the extractive industry should secure sufficient financial means to ensure the eventual full reinstatement of the waste management facilities for which they arc responsible. EU Environmental Policy promotes the green market economy, which include internalisation of environmental and social costs as well as subsidies reform to achieve environmental efficiency. The introduction of environmental charges cause an increase of the production cost and influence the company competitiveness. Therefore the level of any charges for any pollutant should be uniform within the EU. In this paper operating activity of mining companies is analysed, in the aspect of EU enlargement, valid and prepared legislation, environmental initiatives, but most of all - with the consideration of common market conditions determining production costs. The main emphasis is put on costs of waste management, especially for tailings, as for obligatory funds, taxes, fees and charges related to environmental protection (monitoring and post-closure, waste disposal, ctc.). Comparisons of different economic instruments for environmental protection in chosen countries and total operating costs for waste management is also presented.

Authors and Affiliations

Karol Koneczny

Joanna Kulczycka

e-mail:

ORCID:

Małgorzata Góralczyk

Economic profitability of the secondary materials utilization as a substitute of raw materials

Mohamed Alwaeli

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2008 | No 4 | 19-34

Keywords waste cost condition recycling production function

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Abstract

The costs connected with utilizing secondary materials (waste) as substitute of the raw materials depend on many factors. In this paper, the emphasis is put on the functioning of the plant depending on: capital costs, ecological unit cost ofwaste recycling [zł/Mg], unit costs of processing I Mg ofwaste into secondary materials, marketing costs of the obtained product, mass fraction of the substitute obtained from the waste mass, social unit costs [zł/Mg] taking into account such aspects as creating new workplaces, etc., amount ofwork allocated for the production in fixed units, fixed costs and the amount of the processed raw material (waste). The factors will be considered in two ways: a)maximization ofthe production with the costs ofproduction fixed, b)minimization ofthe costs of production with the volume of production fixed. Much research has been done throughout the world to determine the economic and ecological profitability of secondary materials (waste) utilization in the substitution of raw materials. Unfortunately, Poland does not have sufficiently good solutions on this field. The deficiency in such solutions impedes the work of groups of specialists in various fields involved with the rational planning ofrecycling. These are the result ofourmathematical model of economic profitability of the secondary materials (waste) utilization as the substitute of primary materials, at the moment no empirical analyses have been carried out on this issue. We think that it might be a good topic for further applied studies.

Authors and Affiliations

Mohamed Alwaeli

Analysis of relationships between the qualitative parameters of brown coal

Zbigniew Grudziński

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2008 | No 4 | 5-18

Keywords brown coal qualitative parameters changeability of parameters

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Abstract

This article analyses the relationships between the qualitative parameters of brown coal supplied to power plants. The analysis was carried out based on averaged daily data on the quality of deliveries between 2004 and 2006. The basic objective ofthe analysis has been to determine the relationships between the qualitative parameters (as received): calorific value (Q), sulphur content (S) and so-called ballast (total ash and moisture content - [A+ W]). As the analysis showed that no reliable relationship between sulphur content and the other parameters was observed. Considering the effect of this parameter would involve the potential for large errors. The most important relationships were found between the calorific value and ballast. The relationships discovered, with reference to calorific value confirm the trends that should be expected and are related to the operating properties of brown coal. Regressive calculations were made for the Q = f(A + W) and (A + W) = f(Q) dependencies, which allowed for the qualitative evaluation of how a change in some parameters affects the others. Calculations were performed for coal from individual mines and for individual years and for the entire brown coal sector. As a result ofthe calculations, equations were elaborated which, with great accuracy, depict the relationships between selected qualitative parameters.

Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Grudziński

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Decision procedures at drilling up hydrocarbon deposits in blow-out hazard

Stanisław Dubiel Jan Macuda Jan Ziaja

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2008 | No 2 | 123-137

Keywords Hydrocarbon fields drilling up eruption blow-out hazard blow-out prophylaxy procedures blockdiagrams

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Abstract

The unpredictability of natural phenomena and erroneousness of human decisions cause that exploration works for hydrocarbon deposits may be accompanied by failure situations, e.g. oil or natural gas eruptions. They usually take place when reservoirs containing high pressure natural gas, oil or brine are drilled, and the pressure of the drilling mud column cannot compensate for it. Natural gas or oil eruption frequently leads to fires, and the outflow of hot brine considerably destroys the soil, ground and water in the vicinity of the rig. Depending on such factors as, e.g. type of the spontaneously outflowing fluid, toxic contaminations, eruption duration, time at which the rescue measures were undertaken and methods selected - the risk for he crew and the environment may differ. The probability of eruption during drilling operations can be minimized thanks to the on-going measurements of basic technological and control parameters, as well as the possessed efficient procedures and modern blow-out prevention systems. The geologic, technical and technological causes of hydrocarbon eruptions accompanying drilling operations, especially at anomalously high formation pressures, have been analyzed in the paper. On this basis, the authors worked out efficient methods of predicting eruption hazard at exploration for hydrocarbons as well as methods of liquidating eruptions. Algorithms for quick and correct making decisions and carrying rescue procedures were created. Technological recommendations for easy and effective blow-out prophylaxy follow.

Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Dubiel

Jan Macuda

Jan Ziaja

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