The present paper focuses on the changing interpretations of the English gerund. Since no method can accurately and uniformly account for the meanings of all instances of existing -ing forms, previous studies have offered approximate characterizations based on small samples. This study looks at the numbers of -ing derivations denoting institutionalized activities, on the assumption that these represent non-eventive readings. The derivations in question are arranged chronologically in terms of their time of coinage to compare changing productivity levels of this process relative to -ry derivations. This count shows that -ing suffi xations outnumber other nominalization processes and this trend has increased in the last two centuries.
Jednym z parametrów oceny zagrożenia wynikającego ze składowania lub gospodarczego wykorzystania odpadów powęglowych jest badanie wymywalności szkodliwych substancji, takich jak arsen i jego związki. Wymywalność zależy zarówno od warunków środowiskowych terenu składowania, jak również od samych właściwości materiału odpadowego. Istnieje szereg metod badania wymywalności, które pozwalają modelować określone warunki lub mierzą swoiste właściwości procesu wymywania. Badania przeprowadzone w ramach opracowania miały na celu porównanie dwóch metod o odmiennych założeniach stosowania. Badanie wymywalności arsenu z odpadu pochodzącego z procesu wzbogacania węgla kamiennego przeprowadzono zgodnie z polską normą PN-EN 12457 oraz amerykańską procedurą TCLP. Wyniki wymywalności uzyskane obiema metodami nie przekraczały granicznych wartości tego parametru, określonych w polskim prawie. Obie metody charakteryzowały się również dobrą powtarzalnością wyników. Zastosowanie roztworu kwasu octowego (metoda TCLP) spowodowało jednak trzykrotnie większe wymycie arsenu z badanego odpadu w porównaniu do zastosowania wody dejonizowanej jako cieczy wymywającej (metoda PN-EN 12457). Należałoby w związku z tym rozważyć stosowanie testów z użyciem kwasów organicznych w przypadku składowania odpadów wydobywczych z odpadami komunalnymi, gdyż wyniki testu podstawowego opartego na wymywaniu czystą wodą mogą być nieadekwatne do rzeczywistej wymywalność arsenu w takich warunkach środowiskowych.
This original paper deals with a new approach for the study of behavior in nonlinear regime of a new three-phase high voltage power supply for magnetrons, used for the microwave generators in industrial applications. The design of this system is composed of a new three-phase leakage flux transformer supplying by phase a cell, composed of a capacitor and a diode, which multiplies the voltage and stabilizes the current. Each cell. in turn, supplies a single magnetron. An equivalent model of this transformer is developed taking into account the saturation phenomenon and the stabilization process of each magnetron. Each inductance of the model is characterized by a non linear relation between flux and current. This model was tested by EMTP software near the nominal state. The theoretical results were compared to experimental measurements with a good agreement. Relative to the current device, the new systemprovides gains of size, volume, cost of implementation and maintenance which make it more economical.
Pressure pulsations occurring in volumetric compressors manifold are still one of the most important problems in design and operation of compressor plants. The resulting vibrations may cause fatigue cracks and noise. Accuracy of the contemporary method is not sufficient in many cases. The methods for calculating pressure pulsation propagation in volumetric compressors manifolds are based on one-dimensional models. In one-dimensional models, the assumption is made that any installation element may be simplified and modeled as a straight pipe with given diameter and length or as a lumped volume. This simplification is usually sufficient in the case of small elements and long waves. In general, the geometry of the element shall be also considered. This may be done using two ways: experimental measurements of pressure pulsations, which lead to transmittance approximation for the investigated element, or CFD analysis and simulation for the acoustic manifold element. In this paper, a new method based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation is presented. The main idea is to use CFD simulation instead of experimental measurements. The impulse flow excitation is introduced as a source. The results of simulation are averaged in the inlet and outlet cross sections, so time only dependent functions at the inlet and outlet of the simulated element are determined. The transmittances of special form are introduced. On the basis of introduced transmittances, the generalized four pole matrix elements and impedance matrix elements may be calculated. The method has been verified on the basis of experimental measurements.
The subject of the considerations put forward in this article is an evaluation of the quality, in substantive and ethical terms, of the specialist translation into Polish of Henryk Hiż’s article ‘Peirce’s Influence on Logic in Poland’. The translation subjected to evaluation here was published in 2015 in the specialist philosophical journal Studia z Filozofii Polskiej [Studies of Polish Philosophy] (October 2015, pp. 21–33). In the presented evaluation, I point out substantive and ethical violations committed by interpreter, calling attention to (a) the flouting of the principle cuilibet in arte sua ; (b) manipulation of source material; (c) dishonesty in philological-textological development; (d) improper editorial preparation; (e) disregard of the subsequent literature on the subject; (f) deliberate and unjustified abridgement of the original text. The deficiencies enumerated in points (a)–(f) are the result of interpreter’s adoption of the ‘publish or perish’ strategy, the overriding goal of which is to publish an article in a high-impact journal with the aim of achieving the most favourable bibliometric result in the shortest possible time, at a cost to the integrity and ethical responsibility of the translator-researcher.