Polish water resources depend on precipitations, which are variable in time and space. In dry years the water balance is negative in central parts of Poland but sudden thaws and downfalls may result in periodical water excess and dangerous floods almost in the entire country. The retention capacity of artificial reservoirs in Poland permits to store only 6% of the average annual runoff, which is commonly considered insufficient. Another method to increase retention is soil water con-trol. About fifty percent of soils in Poland consist of light and very light sandy soils with low water capacity. Loams and organogenic soils cover approximately 25% and 8.5% area of the country, re-spectively. Almost half of agricultural lands (48%) have relatively good water conditions, but the rest requires soil water control measures. An increase of the soil water content could be achieved by changes of soil properties, water table control and soil water management. Modernization and recon-struction of drainage and irrigation systems, which were built mainly in the period 1960–1980, is needed.
In article a two-dimensional photonic crystal (PhC) is considered and modelled as a new generation antireflection coating for optoelectronic devices. Traditional antireflective coatings (ARCs) reduce the reflection of the radiation only – the new generation of antireflective coatings should affect the distribution of the radiation also. Such functionality can be provided by the two-dimensional PhC which reduce the reflection and scatter transmitted light. Prior to the fabrication, the PhCs should be designed and analysed. Results of the analysis should provide quantitative means for choice of materials and design solutions. In work, we analyse the electromagnetic field distribution as Poynting vectors inside the materials of optoelectronic devices, in order to investigate the possibility of improving the construction of future optoelectronic devices. Furthermore, we calculate the reflection and transmission of that ARC. It’s a complex optic analysis of new generation of ARC. The numerical analysis has been performed with the FDTD method in Lumerical Software. In work, we consider the two-dimensional photonic crystal on the top surface of optoelectronic structures. We compared the results with the traditional ARC from these same parameters as PhC: thickness and material. As an example, we presented the application of modelled, photonic crystal, thin-film, GaAs solar cells with PhC on top. The efficiency of this solar cell, using the photonic crystal, was improved by 6.3% over the efficiency of this same solar cell without PhC. Thus, our research strongly suggests that the unique properties of the photonic crystal could be used as a new generation of ARC.
A composition of lipids of some Antarctic Crustacea (Euphausia superba. E. triacantha. Thysanoessa macrura and Mysidacea gen. sp. indet.) caught in the Admiralty Bay (South Shetlands) was compared. Lipids of E. superba differed in low content of waxes that evidences for different management of lipids than in other examined Crustacea.
The author defines the following: terrorist act; terrorism; ecological terror; terrorist threats; illegal use of terror; terrorist acts in internal and international law. The article discusses terrorism in light of Polish and European law and ecological safety and terrorism (eco-terrorism). Issues o f ecological safety in Europe were addressed in Helsinki in 1975 at the meeting of nations participating in the Conference on Safety and Co-operation in Europe. In the twenty-first century, the general regulations regarding fighting terrorism are applied to ensure ecological safety. Specifically, this refers to the European convention on fighting terrorism laid out in Strasbourg on January 27, 1977 under the auspices of the Council of Europe. The author addressed the issue of actions taken by radical ecologists within the framework of the activities of non-governmental ecological organizations. Actions of a terrorist character undertaken at sea are also discussed. Establishing a contiguous marine coastal zone is an effective method for fighting terrorism.
The paper reports on investigation and development of a flywheel device intended for an energy storage prototype. The goal was to design and experimentally verify the concept of self-integrated flywheel with smart control of energy flow and accumulation. The Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) must has high energy efficiency and structural robustness. Investigation on structural dynamics of the composite flywheel connected with outer type rotor was carried out using Finite Element Method. The FESS is designed to run in vacuum and is supported on low-energy, controlled, active magnetic bearings (AMBs). The flywheel device of 10 MJ energy density and a weight of 150 kg with two integrated rotors/generators of 50 kW power density each is intended to operate up to 40 000 rpm.