Traditional availability, reliability, and safety models face the dimension problem due to a huge number of components in modern systems, motivating further research in this field. This paper focuses on multi-fragmental and multiphase models for availability and functional safety assessment of the information and control (I&C) systems with two-cascade redundancy considering design faults manifestation during operation. The methodology of the research is based on Markov and semi-Markov chains with the utilization of multi-phase modeling. Several multi-phase models are developed and investigated considering different conditions of operation and failures caused by version faults. The case study of the research is based on the analysis of safety-critical nuclear power plant I&C systems such as the reactor trip systems developed using the programmable platform RadICS.

Phytoplankton samples were collected at 141 stations in the Norwegian, Greenland, Barents and Baltic seas, in July-August 1992 and July-August 1993. In fifteen of these stations 22 unarmoured dinoflagellate species from the order Gymnodiniales belonging to the genera Amphidinium, Cochlodinium, Gymnodinium, Gyrodinium, Torodinium and Polykrikos have been found. Data on 16 species are given here, including synonyms, size or size variation, localities and environmental factors (temperature and salinity at the surface). 14 species are illustrated.

The article presents the medal of Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury. It was coined in 1681 on the occasion of Shaftesbury’s acquittal and release from prison after he had been accused of high treason. The present work illustrates the political background behind the coinage of the medal offering an insight into the intricacies of the English exclusion crisis at the time of the Stuarts’ rule. Moreover, the article points out the representation of the medal in John Dryden’s poem and pays a particular attention to the adjective Polish, which the poet chose to ascribe to the discussed medal. The article is an attempt to explain the relation between Shaftesbury’s medal and its reference to Poland suggested in the poem.