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Abstract

This article discusses some recent developments in the US jurisprudence concerning state immunity. Some lower courts’ decisions handed down earlier suggested a more decisive departure from the rigid interpretation of the Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act (FSIA). If the US Supreme Court had accepted this new jurisprudential trend, it would possibly allow for carving out a partial acceptance of a human rights exception. However, the Supreme Court decided otherwise. In the recently handed-down decision in Germany et al. v. Philipp et al., the Justices rejected any innovations, unequivocally maintained the strict interpretation of FSIA §1603(a)(3), and by their direct reference to the International Court of Justice strengthened the existing status quo in international law as well. This note analyzes this decision’s possible consequences at the domestic and international levels. In conclusion, it seeks to place Germany vs. Philipp in a broader context. It suggests that it possibly reflects more general tendencies in the contemporary US jurisprudence, which can impact both the US domestic legal order and international law.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksander Gubrynowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Assistant Professor (dr. habil.), Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Warsaw
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Abstract

The “plain and intelligible language” requirement performs a dual function within the framework of Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts. First, it is listed as a requirement for application of the exemption included in Art. 4(2) as regards policing terms relating to the main subject matter of the contract or to the adequacy of the price and remuneration. Second, the “plain and intelligible language” requirement is a general requirement addressed at all consumer contracts executed in writing (Art. 5). This paper examines the boundaries of the precept, and places particular emphasis on the recent developments in both EU and Polish law, where the requirement has been used to imply a host of information duties aimed at enhancing consumers’ capacity to foresee the consequences of the terms that they are assenting to. This apparently novel approach, which has been developing in piecemeal fashion in the CJEU’s ever-expanding case law, may trigger significant consequences in the field of consumer contract law. In some ways, expansion of the substantive scope of the requirement may be said to be motivated by the fact that courts, under Art. 4(2) of Directive 93/13, are unable to subject the adequacy of the price and remuneration against the services or supply of goods received in exchange to the substantive fairness test under Art. 3(1) (examination of terms through the prism of the notions of good faith and significant imbalance in the parties’ rights and obligations to the detriment of the consumer).

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Sitnik
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Abstract

The study attempts to link the descriptive economics with the
theoretical model of permanent income and life cycle hypothesis (PILCH)
to shed some light on a low private savings rate for Polish households.
These may be explained by the households' belief that the public pension
are a collateral to borrow against, which could discourage the buffer
stock effect. The study comprises two research fields: 1) the estimation
of so called augmented wealth, and, 2) the marginal propensity to
consume (MPC) out of different types of wealth with the permanent income
model. The mean augmented wealth (i.e. net wealth plus public pension
wealth) per household in PLN amounted to 705 thousands, consisting of
public pension wealth of 388 thousands and net wealth of 415 thousands.
The model perfectly matches the augmented wealth Lorenz curve. The
average MPC out of all types of wealth reaches 10% on average, ranging
6-20%, with a negative MPC to wealth correlation, and 60% of
hand-to-mouth households. The explanation for this perfect match may
stem from a high wage growth (also public pension contributions wedge)
that that builds the public pension wealth. The Ricardian-type
households may then mentally account the future pensions as a collateral
(fiduciary money) for current high MPC, which may implicate crowding out
their propensity to save for retirement privately.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Jabłonowski
1

  1. SGH Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The paper studies the fault identification problem for linear control systems under the unmatched disturbances. A novel approach to the construction of a sliding mode observer is proposed for systems that do not satisfy common conditions required for fault estimation, in particular matching condition, minimum phase condition, and detectability condition. The suggested approach is based on the reduced order model of the original system. This allows to reduce complexity of sliding mode observer and relax the limitations imposed on the original system.
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Bibliography

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[14] V. Filaretov, A. Zuev, A. Zhirabok, and A. Protcenko: Development of fault identification system for electric servo actuators of multilink manipulators using logic-dynamic approach. J. Control Science and Engineering, 2017 (2017), 1–8, DOI: 10.1155/2017/8168627.
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[18] R. Hmidi, A. Brahim, F. Hmida, and A. Sellami: Robust fault tolerant control design for nonlinear systems not satisfying matching and minimum phase conditions. Int. J. Control, Automation and Systems, 18 (2020), 1–14, DOI: 10.1007/s12555-019-0516-4.
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[23] V. Utkin: Sliding Modes in Control Optimization, Berlin: Springer, 1992.
[24] X. Wang, C. Tan, and G. Zhou: A novel sliding mode observer for state and fault estimation in systems not satisfying matching and minimum phase conditions. Automatica, 79 (2017), 290–295, DOI: 10.1016/ j.automatica.2017.01.027.
[25] X. Yan and C. Edwards: Nonlinear robust fault reconstruction and estimation using a sliding modes observer. Automatica, 43 (2007), 1605–1614, DOI: 10.1016/j.automatica.2007.02.008.
[26] J. Yang, F. Zhu, and X. Sun: State estimation and simultaneous unknown input and measurement noise reconstruction based on associated observers. Int. J. Adaptive Control and Signal Processing, 27 (2013), 846–858, DOI: 10.1002/acs.2360.
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Authors and Affiliations

Alexey Zhirabok
1 2
Alexander Zuev
2
Vladimir Filaretov
3
Alexey Shumsky
1

  1. Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
  2. Institute of Marine Technology Problems, Vladivostok, 690091, Russia
  3. Institute of Automation and Processes of Control, Vladivostok, 690014, Russia
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Abstract

Maternal mortality has posed a great problem in the health sector of most African countries. Nigeria’s maternal mortality ratio remains high despite efforts made to meet millennium development goal 5 (MDG5). This study used the Lagos state community health survey 2011 and the Lagos state health budget allocations 2011 to examine the effect of government expenditure on maternal mortality ratio. Factors like inadequate transportation facilities, lack of awareness, inadequate infrastructures, which contribute to high maternal mortality rate, can be traced back to revenue though under different ministries. The other ministries need to work and support the ministry of health in the fight against maternal, especially in Lagos state. Secondary data was compiled from the state budget, records of death in different local governments in the state and relevant reviewed literature. Regression analysis was used to analyze the hypothesis and it was discovered that government expenditure does not have a significant effect on maternal mortality based on the R-square coefficient. However, correlation coefficient gives a contrasting result. Hence, further research work, government expenditure from other local government areas need to be taken into consideration to arrive at a valid conclusion. It is difficult to ascertain how much of the revenue allocated was put to appropriate use, due to a high level of corruption.

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Authors and Affiliations

Musodiq Adewale Abdulahi
Fadhilat Motunrayo Adegbite
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Abstract

This study analysis is aimed at examining the relationship between logical thinking, metacognitive skills, and problem-solving abilities. To accomplish the research purpose, 100 senior secondary school students were surveyed. A descriptive survey method was adopted to examine the study results. Logical thinking, problem-solving abilities, and metacognitive skills scales were used to assess students' skills. These three scales have been pretested and have good reliability and validity. The collected data was analysed using correlation and multiple regression techniques. Pearson product-moment correlation results show a significant relationship between study variables. Further, results of the comparison show that problem-solving abilities differ significantly on the basis of gender and stream of the students. Mediation analysis revealed that logical thinking fully mediates the relationship between metacognition and problem-solving abilities. In the present study, logical thinking accounts for 52.4% of the total effect. Moreover, the result of the interaction of metacognition and logical thinking skills on problem-solving abilities is significant, which leads to the conclusion that logical thinking also works as a moderator between the predictor and outcome variable.
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Authors and Affiliations

Poonam Punia
1
Ritu Malik
1
Manju Bala
1
Manju Phor
1
Yogesh Chander
1

  1. BPSMV, Khanpur Kalan, India
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Abstract

The article examines the different ways in which various types of shortened forms are employed in Polish-English translation of a corpus of medical articles found in the Case Report section of Acta Angiologica, a bilingual quarterly for vascular specialists. A comparative analysis of the source and target texts is conducted to determine the reasons for the use and non-use of abridged forms in medical translation. On the one hand, attention is devoted to how the source text abbreviations are handled in translation. On the other hand, the focus is on those cases in which an abbreviated form is used in the target text regardless of its absence in the source language version.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tatiana Szczygłowska
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Abstract

Sentence stress is one of the most prominent elements of intonation. For the unmarked cases certain regularities can be observed as to its location, however, it has no single, established once-and-for-all site in an utterance, instead it is used to signify and signal additional information, such as thematic/rhematic structure, co-reference, contrast or emphasis. The fact is that within a linguistic unit containing more than one stressed syllable, these stresses will be perceived as being of different relative prominence. This difference is normally used to perform a number of varied linguistic function. Yet, it appears to be rarely consciously used. This feature of connected speech has been given relatively little attention, both within discussions of phonological systems of individual languages as well as in a contrastive or interactional perspective. The paper attempts to partially fi ll this gap by investigating the awareness of additional meanings carried by the marked/variable position of sentence stress. The investigations will focus on Polish speakers of English, as users of their native Polish language but also as competent users of English. The respondents are residents of Poland who have passed the extended level of the fi nal secondary school leaving examination in English at the minimum level of 80%. The observation of this preliminary study seems to be that Polish speakers modify their sentence stress patterns proportionally to the growing profi ciency and impact of other languages, with slightly different patterning than as predicted by, among others, the normative sources.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anita Buczek-Zawiła
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Abstract

The paper reviews selected methods of agricultural biogas production and characterizes their technical and technological aspects. The conditions of the anaerobic fermentation process in the reactor with adhesive skeleton bed were analyzed. The required technological criteria for the production of biogas from a substrate in the form of pig slurry were indicated. As part of experimental studies, evaluation of the biogas replacement resistance coefficient and the permeability coefficient as a function of the Reynolds number were made. The method of numerical simulation with the use of a tool containing computational fluid dynamics codes was applied. Using the turbulent flow model – the RANS model with the enhanced wall treatment option, a numerical simulation was carried out, allowing for a detailed analysis of hydrodynamic phenomena in the adhesive skeleton bed. The paper presents the experimental and numerical results that allow to understand the fluid flow characteristics for the intensification of agricultural biogas production.
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Bibliography

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[11] den Boer E., Szpadt R.: Biogas plants as an opportunity for agriculture and the environment]. In: Proc. Conf. on 24 Oct. 2013, Dolnoslaski Osrodek Doradztwa Rolniczego we Wrocławiu (in Polish).
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Wałowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Technology and Life Sciences, Falenty, Department of Renewable Energy, Poznań Branch, ul. Biskupińska 67, 60-463 Poznań, Poland
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Abstract

Implementation of European directives is closely related to the quality of production and the associated operational safety, maintenance of machines and mechanical systems, both mobile or stationary, in order to reduce the dynamic load (vibration and noise) on the working environment, not only during their operating state but also during their design, production, and setting of the vibration isolation components. Reducing the dynamic load of mechanical systems and their components is reflected in the working environment by reduced emissions and immissions of noise and vibration. The presented paper investigates the methods and conditions for noise and vibration control, focusing mainly on increasing the quality of rotating machine components, such as bearings by means of effective vibration isolation of the machines. The solution of this problem requires theoretical analysis and methodology for the measurement of the mechanical systems involved. The results of the vibroacoustic measurements were analysed in terms of the low frequency vibration and noise level (quality) of bearings and conditions for effective vibration isolation of the machines using vibroacoustic diagnostic method. Furthermore, the impact on the working environment was also analysed. Finally, the paper suggests some actions to be taken to effectively reduce the unwanted vibrosound energy in working places, also using recycled material as a vibration isolation element.

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Authors and Affiliations

Stanislav Žiaran
Ľubomír Šooš
Ondrej Chlebo
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Abstract

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is a polyphagous and holocyclic aphid which significantly damages agricultural crops. In the current study, the effects of micronutrients on some secondary metabolites of bell pepper (Capsicum annum L.) leaves and their subsequent influence on the life table parameters of M. persicae were investigated under greenhouse conditions. The flavonoid content in bell pepper leaves significantly changed following micronutrient treatments in the wavelength of 270 nm while there were no significant differences in the wavelengths 300 and 330 nm. The highest anthocyanin content was recorded after Fe treatment (3.811 mg ⋅ ml–1) while the total phenolic content in the bell pepper leaves increased after Mn (541.2 mg ⋅ ml–1) treatment compared to Fe (254.5 mg ⋅ ml–1) and control (216.33 mg ⋅ ml–1), respectively. The highest values of intrinsic (r) and finite rates of population increase (λ) of M. persicae were gained with Zn (0.320 and 1.377 day–1, respectively) treatment although the highest and the lowest values of the mean generation time (T) were found with Fe and Zn (14.07 and 12.63 days, respectively) treatments, respectively. Our findings suggest that Mn, more than Zn micronutrients, decreased ecological fitness of green peach aphid and may help enhance the efficiency of pest control techniques.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tayebeh Alizamani
Jahanshir Shakarami
Mozhgan Mardani-Talaee
Arash Zibaee
Jose Eduardo Serrão
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Abstract

Fusarium wilt, incited by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), causes serious production losses of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants. Biological control, using an antagonistic of Trichoderma species, is a bio-rationale and an alternative method to synthetic pesticides against most phytopathogens. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of T. harzianum and/or T. viride in reducing Fusarium wilt and to determine the relationship between disease severity and plant growth promoting traits of these species. Trichoderma viride exhibited better phosphate solubilization and production of cellulases, ligninases, chitinases, proteases, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), siderophores and indole acetic acid (IAA) than T. harzianum. For field assessment, five treatments with three replicates were used. The field was inoculated with the wilt fungus (FOL). Both Trichoderma spp. used were applied as a seed treatment, mixed in the soil, and FOL inoculated soil served as the untreated control. During the two consecutive years, seed treatment with T. viride exhibited the least disease severity, the highest physiological activity, the highest biochemical and antioxidant contents, and tomato plants treated with it exhibited the best growth and yield. It was concluded that Trichoderma viride can potentially be used to reduce Fusarium wilt and promote plant growth and yield in commercial tomato production.
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Authors and Affiliations

Arshi Jamil
1

  1. Department of Plant Protection, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Abstract

The energy industry is undergoing a major upheaval. In Germany, for example, the large nuclear and coal-fired power plants in the gigawatt scale are planned to be shut down in the forthcoming years. Electricity is to be generated in many small units in a decentralized, renewable and environmentally friendly manner. The large 1000 MW multistage axial steam turbines used to this date are no longer suitable for these tasks. For this reason, the authors examine turbine architectures that are known per se but have fallen into oblivion due to their inferior efficiency and upcoming electric drives about 100 year ago. However, these uncommon turbine concepts could be suitable for small to micro scale distributed power plants using thermodynamic cycles, which use for example geothermal wells or waste heat from industry to generate electricity close to the consumers. Thus, the paper describes and discusses the concept of a velocity-compounded single wheel re-entry cantilever turbine in comparison with other turbine concepts, especially other velocity-compounded turbines like the Curtis-type. Furthermore, the authors describe the design considerations, which led to a specific design of a 5 kW air turbine demonstrator, which was later manufactured and investigated. Finally, first numerical as well as experimental results are presented, compared and critically discussed with regards to the originally defined design approach.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andreas Paul Weiss
Philipp Streit
Tobias Popp
Patrick Shoemaker
Thomas Hildebrandt
Václav Novotný
Jan Špale
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Abstract

The aims of this study were to prospect Penicillium and Talaromyces species associated with Austrocedrus chilensis in sites with and without Austrocedrus Root Disease (ARD), which is caused by the pathogen Phytophthora austrocedri; and to find Penicillium sp. strains with biocontrol activity against this disease. Isolations from sites with and without the prevalence of ARD were made, and the obtained isolates were phenotypically and molecularly identified to species level. Several Penicillium species were isolated from all sites; five of them were exclusively isolated from sites with ARD. Penicillium communities were compared through multivariate analyses; communities were more complex in sites with ARD. Biocontrol activity of Penicillium and Talaromyces isolates was evaluated using co-cultures with Ph. austrocedri. Penicillium glabrum, T. amestolkiae, P. palitans, and P. crustosum showed the highest biocontrol effect. Our results highlight that Penicillium species have high biocontrol activity, which also reinforces the hypothesis that some Penicillium species could be used in formulating a control strategy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jorge Ariel Marfetán
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
María Laura Vélez
3 4
ORCID: ORCID
Ricardo Comerio
5
ORCID: ORCID
Ana Gallo
1 6
ORCID: ORCID
Stella Romero
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Phytopathology and Applied Microbiology, Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico (CIEFAP), Argentina
  2. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
  3. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Phytopathology and Applied Microbiology, Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico (CIEFAP), Argentina
  4. Facultad de Ingeniería y Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Argentina
  5. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil “Ing. Agr. Guillermo Covas”, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Argentina
  6. Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (FONCYT), Agencia Nacional de Promoción de la Investigación, el Desarrollo Tecnológico y la Innovación (Agencia I+D+I), Argentina
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Abstract

One of the most important aims of the sizing and allocation of distributed generators (DGs) in power systems is to achieve the highest feasible efficiency and performance by using the least number of DGs. Considering the use of two DGs in comparison to a single DG significantly increases the degree of freedom in designing the power system. In this paper, the optimal placement and sizing of two DGs in the standard IEEE 33-bus network have been investigated with three objective functions which are the reduction of network losses, the improvement of voltage profiles, and cost reduction. In this way, by using the backward-forward load distribution, the load distribution is performed on the 33-bus network with the power summation method to obtain the total system losses and the average bus voltage. Then, using the iterative search algorithm and considering problem constraints, placement and sizing are done for two DGs to obtain all the possible answers and next, among these answers three answers are extracted as the best answers through three methods of fuzzy logic, the weighted sum, and the shortest distance from the origin. Also, using the multi-objective non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) and setting the algorithm parameters, thirty-six Pareto fronts are obtained and from each Pareto front, with the help of three methods of fuzzy logic, weighted sum, and the shortest distance from the origin, three answers are extracted as the best answers. Finally, the answer which shows the least difference among the responses of the iterative search algorithm is selected as the best answer. The simulation results verify the performance and efficiency of the proposed method.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hossein Ali Khoshayand
1
ORCID: ORCID
Naruemon Wattanapongsakorn
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mehdi Mahdavian
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ehsan Ganji
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Naein Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran
  2. Department of Computer Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology, Thonburi, 126 Prachautid Road, Bangmod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
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Abstract

The traction power supply system based on Inductively Coupled Power Transfer (ICPT) technology is one of the new traction power supply technologies that will be developed in the future. As the core part of rail transit energy transfer and conversion, the traction power supply system is not only the critical system for the safe operation of rail transit, but also the main source of its failures, so it is of great significance to study its reliability. In this paper, the reliability analysis of the non-contact traction power supply system based on mobile ICPT technology is carried out using the method of (Fault Tree Analysis) FTA combined with triangular fuzzy theory and grey relational theory. Firstly, the fault tree of the system is established, and the minimum cut sets and structure function of the fault tree are obtained. Then the triangular fuzzy numbers are introduced to represent the probability of the bottom events, and the fuzzy probability of the top event and the fuzzy importance of the bottom events are determined, after that, the maximum probability of failure of the top event is obtained. Finally, the grey relational degrees of each minimum cut set are obtained and ranked. Furthermore, in order to prove the correctness of this method, the trapezoidal fuzzy FTA is introduced and compared with it. Both research results show that the loosely coupled transformer and Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) module are the weak links of the system. The results obtained are consistent and realistic, which proves the correctness of the method selected in this article.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yanxia Pei
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xin Li
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Key Laboratory of Opto-Technology and Intelligent Control Ministry of Education, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, China
  2. School of New Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, China
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Authors and Affiliations

Mahesh V. Sonth
1
G. Srikanth
1
Pankaj Agrawal
1
B. Premalatha
2

  1. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, CMR Technical Campus, Hyderabad-501401, Telangana, India
  2. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, CMR College of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad-501401,Telangana, India
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Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate biomarkers of heat stress (HS) from an automatic milk- ing system (AMS), the relationships between measurements of the temperature-humidity index (THI), reticulorumen pH and temperature, and some automatic milking systems parameters in dairy cows (rumination time (RT), milk traits, body weight (BW) and consumption of concen- trate (CC)) during the summer period. Lithuanian Black and White dairy cows (n=365) were selected. The cows were milked with Lely Astronaut® A3 milking robots with free traffic. Biomarkers were collected from the Lely T4C management program for analysis. The pH and temperature of the contents of the cow reticulorumen were measured using specific Smax-tec boluses. The farm zone’s daily humidity and air temperature were obtained from the adjacent weather station (2 km away). According to this study, during HS, the higher THI positively cor- relates with milk lactose (ML), which increases the risk of mastitis and decreases CC, RT, BW, MY, reticulorumen pH, and F/P. Some biomarkers of HS can be milk yield, milk lactose, somatic cell count, concentrate intake, rumination time, body weight, reticulorumen pH, and milk fat – protein ratio. We can recommend monitoring these parameters in the herd management program to identify the possibility of heat stress.
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Authors and Affiliations

R. Antanaitis
1
M. Urbutis
1
V. Juozaitienė
2
D. Malašauskienė
1
M. Televičius
1

  1. Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės 18, Kaunas, Lithuania
  2. Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaičio 58, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Abstract

The works presents the application of mass/volume balances of liquid drug converted into the aerosol during atomization in medical nebulizers. The amount of liquid that can be delivered to the respiratory system during inhalation is reduced compared to the nominal dose not only because of drug losses both in the device (the residual volume, RV) and outside the nebulizer (in the mouthpiece, mask, or tubings), but also to the limitations of the patient (periodic flow with limited capacity). The paper should help to understand the complexity of aerosol therapy widely used in asthma, COPD and other pulmonary diseases.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz R. Sosnowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kamil Janeczek
2
Karolina Grzywna
3 4
Andrzej Emeryk
2

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warynskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Medical University of Lublin, Clinics of Lung Diseases and Pediatric Reumathology, Gebali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
  3. Silesian Medical University in Katowice, Student Scientific Club at the Chair and Division of Pathomorphology and Molecular Diagnostics, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
  4. Silesian Medical University in Katowice, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Traugutta sq. 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
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Abstract

Surface roughness is an important indicator in the evaluation of machining and product quality, as well as a direct factor affecting the performance of components. A rapidly developing filtering technology has become the main means of extracting surface roughness. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is constantly updating and improving the standard system for filtering technology in order to meet the requirements of technological development. Based on the filters already accepted by the international standard ISO 16610, this study briefly introduces the filtering principle of each filter, reviews the development of each filter in the application of surface roughness, and compares the advantages and limitations of their individual performances. The application range of each filter is summarized and, finally, the future direction of the digital filtering used in surface roughness is extrapolated.
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Authors and Affiliations

Baofeng He
1
Haibo Zheng
1
Siyuan Ding
1
Ruizhao Yang
1
Zhaoyao Shi
1

  1. Beijing University of Technology, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
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Abstract

In this paper, the secure low-power Internet of Things (IoT) transmission methods for encryption and digital signature are presented. The main goal was to develop energyefficient method to provide IoT devices with data confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity. The cryptograph energy efficient and security algorithms modifications for IoT domain were made. The novelty in our solution is the usage of encryption method popular in the image processing in the domain of the Internet of Things. Proposed modification improves immunity for the brute-force and plain-text attacks. Furthermore, we propose the modifications for hash calculation method to transform it into digital signature calculation method that is very sensitive to input parameters. The results indicate low energy consumption of both methods, however it varies significantly depending on the architecture of the devices.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bartosz Kościug
1
Piotr Bilski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. The Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology on Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Defending against DoS (denial of service) attacks has become a great challenge, especially for institutions that provide access to their services in the public network. State-of-the-art identity concealing tools and vast number of computers connected to the network require ensuring appropriate means for entities at risk to enable defence from the particular type of threats. This article presents a concept of user authentication in IP communication. The concept consists in providing the receiver with the possibility to determine sender՚s identity at the Internet layer level. This provides both the capability of defence against DoS attacks and possibility of utilizing the presented model over existing Internet network, which is directly responsible for transmission. The authors hope that the concept is a significant step in the perception of public network data transmission.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ł. Apiecionek
J.M. Czerniak
M. Romantowski
D. Ewald
B. Tsizh
H. Zarzycki
W.T. Dobrosielski
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Abstract

Finite element simulations of structures and structural details require suitable material models. Today there is still a lack of such constitutive material models in timber engineering. Therefore, a perennial research project at the Institute for Mechanics of Materials and Structures at the Vienna University of Technology was performed. In this paper the testing equipment, the experiments, the developed material model and its implementation in finite element software will be explained. One focus of the mentioned project is the acquisition of the mechanical behaviour of biaxially, oblique to fibre direction loaded spruce wood. This enables a better simulation of multiaxial stress states in real timber structures. The applicability of the implemented constitutive model will be demonstrated by means of a nonlinear finite element analysis of a bone-shaped test specimen.
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Authors and Affiliations

Herbert W. Mullner
Martin Fleischmann
Joseph Eberhardsteiner

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