The Muskingham method uses two formulas to describe the translation of flow surges in a river bed. The continuity formula is the first formula, while the relationship between the reach’s storage, inflow, and outflow is the second formula (the discharge storage formula); these formulas are applied to a portion of the river between two river cross sections. Several methods can be utilized to estimate the model’s parameters. This section contrasts the conventional graphic approach with three numerical methods: Genetic algorithm, Exponential regression, and Classical fourth-order Runge–Kutta. This application’s most noticeable plus point was the need to employ a few hydrological variables, such as intake, output, and duration. The location of the Euphrates entrance to the Iraqi territory in Husaybah city was chosen with its hydrological data during the period (1993–2017) to conduct this study. The goal function is established by accuracy criterion approaches (Sum of squares error and sum of squared deviations). Depending on the simulation findings, the suggested predictive flood routing ideawas highly acceptable with the prospect of adopting the Genetic Expression Programming model as a suitable and more accurate replacement to existing methods such as the Muskingum model and other numerical models, where this method gave results (��2 = 0.9984, SSQ = 1.06, SSSD = 80.75), These results achieved a hydrograph that is largely identical to what was given by the hydrological method called Muskingham.

Filler surface modification has become an essential approach to improve the compatibility problem between natural fillers and polymer matrices. However, there is limited work that concerns on this particular effect under dynamic loading conditions. Therefore, in this study, both untreated and treated low linear density polyethylene/rice husk composites were tested under static (0.001 s ^–1, 0.01 s ^–1 and 0.1 s ^–1) and dynamic loading rates (650 s ^–1, 900 s ^–1 and 1100 s ^–1) using universal testing machine and split Hopkinson pressure bar equipment, respectively. Rice husk filler was modified using silane coupling agents at four different concentrations (1, 3, 5 and 7% weight percentage of silane) at room temperature. This surface modification was experimentally proven by Fourier transform infrared and Field emission scanning electron microscopy. Results show that strength properties, stiffness properties and yield behaviour of treated composites were higher than untreated composites. Among the treated composites, the 5% silane weight percentage composite shows the optimum mechanical properties. Besides, the rate of sensitivity of both untreated and treated composites also shows great dependency on strain rate sensitivity with increasing strain rate. On the other hand, the thermal activation volume shows contrary trend. For fracture surface analysis, the results show that the treated LLDPE/RH composites experienced less permanent deformation as compared to untreated LLDPE/RH composites. Besides, at dynamic loading, the fracture surface analysis of the treated composites showed good attachment between RH and LLDPE.