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Number of results: 174
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Abstract

There is no way that having the United Kingdom, such an important element in the Old Continent’s system of science, leave the EU will fail to have serious consequences affecting the other EU states.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Rowiński
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Abstract

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences (Bull.Pol. Ac.: Tech.) is published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, since the beginning of the existence of the PAS in 1952. The journal is peer‐reviewed and is published both in printed and electronic form. It is established for the publication of original high quality papers from multidisciplinary Engineering sciences with the following topics preferred: Artificial and Computational Intelligence, Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, Civil Engineering, Control, Informatics and Robotics, Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics, Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics, Material Science and Nanotechnology, Power Systems and Power Electronics.

Journal Metrics: JCR Impact Factor 2018: 1.361, 5 Year Impact Factor: 1.323, SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2017: 0.319, Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2017: 1.005, CiteScore 2017: 1.27, The Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education 2017: 25 points.

Abbreviations/Acronym: Journal citation: Bull. Pol. Ac.: Tech., ISO: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci.-Tech. Sci., JCR Abbrev: B POL ACAD SCI-TECH Acronym in the Editorial System: BPASTS.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Rowiński
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Abstract

The paper presents the result of an evaluation of the performance of different message broker system configurations, which lead to the construction of the specific architecture guidelines for such systems. The examples are provided for an exemplary middleware messaging server software - RabbitMQ, set in high availability - enabling and redundant configurations. Rabbit MQ is a message queuing system realizing the middleware for distributed systems that implements the Advanced Message Queuing Protocol. The scalability and high availability design issues are discussed and the possible cluster topologies and their impact is presented. Since HA and performance scalability requirements are in conflict, scenarios for using clustered RabbitMQ nodes and mirrored queues are interesting and have to be considered with specific workloads and requirements in mind. The results of performance measurements for some topologies are also reported in this article.

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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Rostański
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Abstract

This paper discusses contemporary transformations in the way work is organised and the consequences for the stability of careers and biographies. It debates the widely held belief that organised and predictable life-course paths (including professional careers) have ceased to exist and that work itself has lost its stabilising quality. Biographical data collected among Polish employees of transnational corporations within the project “Poles in the World of Late Capitalism” proves that even though transnational corporations are widely criticised for propelling neoliberal tendencies in the global economy, they provide a means of protecting their employees against today’s uncertainty and occupational risk. Three empirical cases are presented to show how work in a transnational corporation may contribute to achieving and maintaining stability for persons who have had troublesome experiences of working in other sectors of the labour market.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Gońda
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Abstract

Nowadays, geotechnical specialists are focused on reinforcing soil engineering parameters using innovative and environmentally friendly methods. Microbial-Induced Calcite Precipitation is a ground improvement method for modifying soil strength, permeability, and stiffness; therefore, it can be vital to study the effective factors on the technique’s efficiency and cost reduction. This study examined how biologically treated sands subjected to undrained triaxial loading responded to simultaneous changes in cementation solution molarity, optical density (OD600), and curing time. The triaxial experiments showed that the strength increased with the rise in the mentioned parameters. While the solution molarity and optical density had the highest and lowest effect on the soil improvement process, respectively, the optical density role was considerably low when the molarity was high. Increasing the molarity of the cementation solution resulted in a 45% increase in the peak stress ratio, while the optical density and curing time were constant. On the other hand, similar behaviour of dense sand and change in the response of cemented soil from strain-hardening to strain-softening were other notable observations of this study. In addition, the peak stress ratio at low strains increased with increasing the cementation level and then decreased to close to the amount of untreated sand with increasing strain.
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Authors and Affiliations

Seyed Abdollah Ekramirad
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohammad Azadi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nasser Shamskia
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran
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Abstract

It is commonly known that the cause of serious accidents in underground coal mining is methane. Thus, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) becomes a useful tool to simulate methane dispersion and to evaluate the performance of the ventilation system in order to prevent mine accidents related to methane. In this study, numerical and experimental studies of the methane concentration and air velocity behaviour were carried out. The experiment was conducted in an auxiliary ventilated coal heading in Turkish Hard Coal Enterprises (TTK), which is the most predominant coal producer in Turkey. The simulations were modeled using Fluent-Ansys v.12. Significant correlations were found when experimental values and modeling results were compared with statistical analysis. The CFD modeling of the methane and air velocity in the headings especially uses in auxiliary ventilation systems of places where it is hard to measure or when the measurements made are inadequate.
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Bibliography

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[7] J.C. Kurnia, A.P. Sasmito, A.S. Mujumdar, Simulation of Methane Dispersion and Innovative Methane Management in Underground Mining Faces. Appl. Mathematical Modelling 38, 3467-3484 (2014).
[8] J.C. Kurnia, A.P. Sasmito, A.S. Mujumdar, Simulation of A Novel Intermittent Ventilation System for Underground Mines. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 42, 206-215 (2014).
[9] X. Wang, X. Liu, Y. Sun, J. An, J. Zhang, H. Chen, Construction schedule simulation of a diversion tunnel based on the optimized ventilation time. J. of Hazard Materials 165, 933-943 (2009).
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[11] J. Toraño, S. Torno, M. Menendez, M. Gent, Auxiliary ventilation in mining roadways driven with roadheaders: Validated CFD modelling of dust behaviour. Tunnelling Underground Space Technology 26, 201-210 (2011) .
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Authors and Affiliations

Gülnaz Daloğlu
1
Mustafa Önder
1
Teresa Parra
2

  1. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Müh. Mim. Fak. Maden Mühendi sliği Bölümü, 26480 Eskişehir, Turkey
  2. University of Valladolid, Department of Energy and Fluid Mechanics, Valladolid, Spain
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Abstract

In the Mardin-Mazıdağı region, which corresponds to the northern Arabian Plate, layers containing marine phosphorite rocks are found within the Karababa Formation (Upper Cretaceous). The Karataş member contains phosphorites and carbonate rocks with nodular chert geodes and fossils.
The phosphorite and micritic limestones contain invertebrate fossil fragments and materials such as optical isotropic pelletic apatite minerals, angular/subangular and plated fish bone fragments, and brachiopod shells. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) results show that the apatite minerals are either spherical or ellipsoidal in shape and their size varies between 100–200 μm. According to X-ray diffraction (XRD) examinations, the rocks contain apatite (carbonate rich fluorapatite; CFA), carbonate (calcite, dolomite), silica (quartz and opal-CT), little feldspar, and clay (smectite, palygorskite/ sepiolite, kaolinite, illite, chlorite, mixed layered chlorite-vermiculite (C-V) and illite-vermiculite (I-V).
The average major and trace elements found in the phosphorite include P2O5 (35.41 wt.%), REE s (44.57 ppm), Y (52.85 ppm), and U (5.45 ppm). The Mazıdağı phosphorite analysis indicates that the conditions are slightly oxic, which is supported by their slightly negative Ce anom average values (–0.30), low Ce/La ratios (0.32), and a V/(V + Ni) mean of 0.93 ppm. All the recoded values of the average REE for the study area are considerably lower than those in Iraq (84.30 ppm), Tunisia (400.3 ppm), Morocco (571.75 ppm) and Jordan (187 ppm). It is inferred that mineral formation processes are affected by the biogenic and biogeochemical activities that occurred in conjunction with the changes in sea level driven by the tectonic conditions associated with the evolution of the Neotethys Ocean.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sema Tetiker
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Batman University, Turkey
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Abstract

Nowadays, fighting to stop climate change is not only possibility, it is indisputably an imperative for our future life on the Earth. The concept of climate neutrality was established at the beginning of the twenty-first century but has gained importance in the last decade. Climate neutrality can be achieved if CO2 emissions are reduced to a minimum and all remaining CO2 emissions are offset with climate protection measures. In order to limit global warming to 1.5°C – a threshold the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) suggested is safe – climate neutrality is essential by 2050. The main aim of this article is to identify activities aimed at neutralizing the impact of mining and energy companies in Poland on climate and to assess the approach of commercial banks in Poland towards financing their activities towards climate neutrality. The article verifies the research hypothesis stating that commercial banks in Poland support the financing of activities conducive to achieving climate neutrality by companies from mining and energy industries. The empirical research was carried out in three stages. It included data analysis, case study and questionnaire survey. The study shows that the mining and energy industry in Poland is aware of the need to implement quick actions to reduce their negative impact on the environment and to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Moreover, it has been proven that the banking sector in Poland is open to financing socially responsible investments (SRI) supporting activities for climate neutrality.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandra Nocoń
1

  1. University of Economics in Katowice, Poland
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Abstract

Among the elements that compose steel slags and blast furnace slags, metallic precipitates occur alongside the dominant glass and crystalline phases. Their main component is metallic iron, the content of which varies from about 90% to 99% in steel slags, while in blast furnace slags the presence of precipitates was identified with the proportion of metallic iron amounting to 100%. During observations using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray spectral microanalysis it has been found that the form of occurrence of metallic precipitates is varied. There were fine drops of metal among them, surrounded by glass, larger, single precipitates in a regular, spherical shape, and metallic aggregates filling the open spaces between the crystalline phases. Tests carried out for: slags resulting from the open-hearth process, slags that are a by-product of smelting in electric arc furnaces, blast furnace slags and waste resulting from the production of ductile cast iron showed that depending on the type of slag, the proportion and form of metallic precipitates is variable and the amount of Fe in the precipitates is also varied. Research shows that in terms of quality, steel and blast furnace slag can be a potential source of iron recovery. However, further quantitative analyses are required regarding the percentage of precipitates in the composition of slags in order to determine the viability of iron recovery. This paper is the first part of a series of publications aimed at understanding the functional properties of steel and blast furnace slags in the aspect of their destructive impact on the components of devices involved in the process of their processing, which is a significant operational problem.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Norbert Wieczorek
Iwona Jonczy
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The mines play an important role in the economic growth of countries since they are suppliers to many industries. In addition to the economic growth, the mines positively affect the social development factors such as the employment creation, the development of rural areas, building new roads, and etc. But sometimes it may lead to the negative environmental, and social impacts. Therefore, the mining activities should be carefully monitored for the concept of sustainable development. In this paper, a fuzzy Best-Worst Method based approach is developed for the evaluation of an iron mine. The case study, Sangan iron ore mine is one of the biggest mines, located in a rural area in the north eastern of Iran. Three factors including the economic, environmental, and social parameters were considered as main sustainable development criteria. The sub-criteria for each mentioned factor were then extracted from the literature as well as knowledge expert’s opinions. In the proposed approach, each sub-criterion was carefully weighted using the fuzzy Best-Worst method and scored by 12 experts. Afterwards, the sustainability score was defined as the summation of final fuzzy scores which was gone under a defuzzification process. The performance evaluation was calculated using this sustainability score resulted to a score of 0.626 out of 1, indicating its acceptable performance. The results showed that the mine performs well in terms of the economic benefits, rate of return, exploration capacity, and stockholders’ rights, but in the environmental management systems, water discharge, recreation and tourism aspects, it does not play well. The results of the implementation of the proposed approach showed the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approach that is confirmed by experts.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mehdi Pezeshkan
Hosseini Navid
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Abstract

A geo-radar method is used for detection of underground installations with the use of electromagnetic waves. Results of investigations of installations depend on physical properties of soil media, which properties result in suppression, reflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves. Three parameters, electric permittivity E, magnetic permittivity μ and the medium conductivity a play the major role in establishing electric features of a material medium. Suppression of the electromagnetic wave has the basic influence on detection of underground installations with the use of the geo-radar, and, in particular, on the depth range of the method. Relation between designing parameters of the geo-radar equipment and its depth range is determined by the basic equation of the geo-radar method. Solution of the basic equation of the geo-radar method for the needs of detection of underground installations requires performing experimental measurements. Measurements of the maximum depth of detection of underground installations with the use of the geo-radar have been performed in media of known physical properties, i.e. in the air, water and water solutions of NaCl of various concentrations. Two steel pipes of diameters of</!= 0.03 m and O. l Om were the objects for testing. Measurements were performed with the use of antennae of frequencies of !OOO MHz and 200 MHz. The results obtained in the form of echograms were analysed in order to determine the maximum distances for which the tested pipes were recorded. Experiments allowed to state that the maximum measurements of the depth range of the geo-radar equipment is rapidly decreased with the decrease of the background's specific resistance below 50 Qm. An increase of the soil resistance above 500 Q m results in slight increase of the depth range of measurements. Tests and analyses performed concerned homogenous media, i.e. metal installations, for which the electromagnetic wave is fully reflected.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wiesław Nawrocki
Zbigniew Piasek
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Abstract

The semantics of temporal distributiveness comes into the fore in two cases: a) either when a habitual activity is correlated with the recurrent periods of time; b) or when the recurrent periods of time are accompanied by an activity. The present paper is yet another contribution to a series of papers exploring Polish temporal constructions with distributive meaning. It focuses on constructions with the pronoun każdy, such as (spotykamy się) w każdą sobotę (każdą sobotę).

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Authors and Affiliations

Czesław Lachur
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Abstract

The aim of this paper is to analyse the metaphorical and metonymical conceptual representations of God in The New Testament. The notion of God causes various problems since God is understood as One in Three Persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. The idea of the Holy Trinity escapes human logic and natural reasoning. The metaphors and metonymies used for the conceiving of God in The New Testament form a complex system of schemata, mediating between the indescribable reality and language. Because of the transcendent nature of God, classifying some of the schemata as metaphor or metonymy is problematic.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Kuczok
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Abstract

The issue of the educational system remains one of the crucial areas for the discussions pertaining to migrants’ integration and contemporary multicultural societies. Ever since the inception of compulsory schooling, children and youth have partaken in largely state-governed socialisation in schools, which provide not only knowledge and qualifications, but are also responsible for transferring the culture and values of a given society. Under this premise, the schooling system largely determines opportunities available to migrant children. This paper seeks to address the questions about the pathways to youth Polish migrant integration, belonging and achievement (or a lack thereof) visible in the context of the Norwegian school system. The paper draws on 30 interviews conducted in 2014 with Polish parents raising children abroad, and concentrates on the features of Norwegian school as seen through the eyes of Polish parents. Our findings show that the educational contexts of both sending and receiving socie-ties are of paramount importance for the understanding of family and parenting practices related to children’s schooling. In addition, we showcase the significance of Norwegian schools for children’s integration, illuminate the tensions in parental narratives and put the debates in the context of a more detailed analysis of the relations between school and home environments of migrant children. The paper relies on parental narratives in an attempt to trace and reflect the broader meanings of children’s education among Poles living abroad.

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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Ślusarczyk
Paula Pustułka
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Abstract

The Return Directive allows for the detention of minors during removal proceedings, but only as a ‘last resort’, for ‘the shortest appropriate period of time’ and with the primary consideration of the ‘best interests of the child’. While the Directive attempted to provide some safeguards to minors, these are undermined throughout, as the enforcement of such provisions depends significantly on their incorpo-ration into domestic law. I provide an overview of the EU detention policy, map the existing domestic law framework in light of the benchmarks set out by the Directive and human rights instruments, and argue that there is a lack of consistency in the case study of Poland. In doing so, I analyse the limitations to detaining minors in light of the human rights treaties, of the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights, and of the role of the monitoring body – the Committee on the Rights of the Child. In discussing the different types of jurisprudence, I illustrate how different bodies speak with the same voice on the detention of minors. Based on these findings I attempt to contribute to the policy debate on how to reconcile and balance the implications of two policy objectives affecting irregular migrant children - the protection of minors and immigration en-forcement. I identify detention policy aspects, for which the legislation should be further harmonised, and I develop models of good practices based on other Member States’ practices, thus providing a set of policy recommendations to the Polish legislator as to what fair and effective irregular migration governance might entail.

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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Maria Biel
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Abstract

This article contributes to the growing debate on reintegration and the positioning of returnees in their home societies. Increasingly, studies focus on returnees’ agency in reintegration processes, their practices of mobility in return and their use of social capital and financial and social remittances acquired abroad. Much less analysed is how ethnicity influences such processes of return and experiences of reintegration. In this paper we examine how returnees belonging to different ethnic groups – Germans, Romanians and Roma – reintegrate in a Romanian multi-ethnic context with marked ethnic inequality and lasting segregation. Fieldwork was carried out in a town that has undergone massive changes in the past 30 years due to the combined effects of foreign direct investment and international migration. Economically, the town changed from a poor and decaying context, to one that was poor but developing and finally to one experiencing strong development. Using a modes-of-integration perspective and analysing returnees’ reintegration and mobilities, we show how return evolved as an ethnicised process in different contexts of reception.
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Authors and Affiliations

Remus Gabriel Anghel
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ovidiu Oltean
2
ORCID: ORCID
Alina Petronela Silian
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Sociology, Faculty of Political Sciences, National University of Political Studies and Public Administration, and Romanian Institute for Research on National Minorities, Romania
  2. Department of Political Sciences, Faculty of Political, Administrative and Communication Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, Romania
  3. Doctoral School of Sociology, Faculty of Sociology and Social Work, Babeș-Bolyai University and National University of Political Studies and Public Administration, Romania
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Abstract

Ireland has become one of the main destination countries for Polish migrants after Poland’s EU accession in 2004. While much of the literature on Polish migration to Ireland post-2004 focuses on its labour-market element, in this paper we analyse the political participation of Polish migrants. We utilise data from a survey conducted by the Centre of Migration Research (University of Warsaw) with Polish migrants in Ireland which documents low levels of political engagement as measured by voting turnout in Polish presidential and parliamentary elections as well as the Irish local elections and elections to the European Parliament. A lack of knowledge about political participation rights or how to engage in voting is one explanation for the low levels of voting, especially in Irish local and European parliamentiary elections. Another explanation may be the attitude that migrants have towards the political system and how they can influence it. Polish migrants predominantly report that they have no or little influence on politics in Poland and have relatively less trust in the authorities and politicians there (compared to Ireland). The key individual-level characteristic affecting Polish migrant respondents’ electoral participation in Ireland is their (lack of) voting habit formed before migration.
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Authors and Affiliations

Justyna Salamońska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Magdalena Lesińska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Weronika Kloc-Nowak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Centre of Migration Research, University of Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

While the number of forced migrants moving out of conflict-ridden or otherwise troubled regions into rela-tively stable and safe parts of the world is higher than ever, the countries of destination are increasingly trying to prevent migrants from reaching their territories. Given the scale of forced displacement and current trends of tightening immigration policies, it should be expected that tragedies at the borders, similar to that recently witnessed in Europe, will become the norm rather than the exception and that new discourses and practices will continue to emerge, transforming territorial borders in various parts of the world into highly conflictual and politicised ‘borderspaces’. This article is a contribution to the understanding of borders through a case study of the recent policy of ‘closed doors’ that Poland has adopted towards Russia’s North Caucasus asylum seekers at the country’s eastern border with Belarus, preventing them from entering the territory and claiming protection. It demonstrates that, through the process of ‘bordering’, power is no longer exercised only by the border guards at the crossing point in Terespol from where asylum seekers are being returned and that it is increasingly to be found in social practices that occur on both sides of the border, away from the clearance points. The article examines the various practices of resistance undertaken by the asylum seekers and other actors on several different levels in response to the changed reality at the border. It also analyses the meanings and discourses developed by Polish state actors in order to legitimise restrictive migration policies.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Szczepanik
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Abstract

The aspects of surface stability and groundwater exchange recognized by many researchers due to the intensification of agriculture and industry (manifested in, e.g., regulation and dredging of riverbed sediments of rivers) are now widely discussed on the international forum of water policy and management. It is essential to assess the spatial variability of water exchange through the river length and cross sections for the preparation of data and calculation of the groundwater flow model. This article presents research which describes the spatial distribution of the surface water-groundwater interaction within the river cross-section. Two measurement series were carried out to describe its variability. Additionally, a groundwater flow model was developed to simulate and represent the variable nature of water exchange in the hyporheic zone in the river’s cross-section. The model was successfully verified by means of measurements of water flux in the hyporheic zone. The precise spatial description of this variability is the first step to determine the possibility of introducing this variable in an accurate manner, within the limits of measurement uncertainties or simulation assumptions, in the construction of mathematical models of groundwater flow.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Maria Grodzka-Łukaszewska
1
Zofia Pawlak
1
Grzegorz Sinicyn
1

  1. Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
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Abstract

Pollution continues to experience a rapid increase so cities in the world have required the use of renewable energy. One of the keys that can prevent climate change with a sustainable system is renewable energy. Renewable energy production, especially for hybrid systems from biomass and wind, is the objective of the analysis in this work. The potential of feedstock for different biofuels such as bio-diesel, bio-ethanol, bio-methane, bio-hydrogen, and biomass is also discussed in this paper. The sustainability of the energy system for the long term is the main focus of work in this investigation. The configuration of the hybrid system between biomass energy and wind energy as well as some problems from various design factors are also presented. Based on the findings, this alternative energy utilization through biomass-based hybrids can save costs and improve environmental conditions, especially for the electrification of off-grid rural areas. This paper will provide important information to policymakers, academics, and investors, especially in carrying out the development and factors related to the utilization of wind-biomass-based hybrid energy systems.
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Authors and Affiliations

E. Erdiwansyah
ORCID: ORCID
Asri Gani
1 5
ORCID: ORCID
Rizalman Mamat
2
M. Mahidin
ORCID: ORCID
K. Sudhakar
3
ORCID: ORCID
S.M. Rosdi
4
Husni Husin
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
  2. College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia
  3. Energy Centre, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India
  4. Politeknik Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu
  5. Research Center of Palm Oil and Coconut, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Indonesia
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Abstract

The paper presents the results on the studies on determination of concentrations or four phenoxyacetic herbicides, four triazine herbicides. seven insecticides and other pollutants in the Supraśl catchment. The samples were collected over a period or two years. from May 2003 to April 2005. This work will be a precious source or information about the occurrence of agropollutants in the surface water. The residues of herbicides active ingredients were determined using chromatography methods - GC with ECD and NP detection. The maximum residues or herbicide in surface water were detected in spring and autumn - up to 120 ug/dm: for phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, MCPA, MCPP). The most important fact noted during the research is that in surface water used for drinking significant amounts of crop protection substances were detected, which, in the light of the new law concerning the quality of drinking water. must undoubtedly be removed in the treatment processes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Ignatowicz
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Abstract

Studies were carried out in the summer seasons of l 995-1999 (from June to September) on the quantitative and qualitative composition of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria (including Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp.), and potentially pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus sp. in the water of 8 bathing sites of the Lake Wigry. Aeromonas hydrophila occurred in the all samples of studied water and was the most numerous in water sampled from sites of increased trophic levels. Irrespective of the site and time of sampling Pseudomonas aeruginosa was rarely isolated. In the total of 160 samples of water analysed Salmonella sp.. Escherichia coli and Staphyloccocus aureus were determined in 32 (22.6%), 68 (42.4%) and 90 (55%) samples, respectively. Pathogenic bacteria of the genus Salmonella sp. and potentially pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas hydrophila identified in the analysed offshore waters (also when Escherichia coli were absent) suggest that the use of the Lake Wigry waters for swimming, falling into account faecal bacterial counts, may not be sufficient to fully reflect safety conditions for bathers. The results of the research suggest that the evaluation of the Lake Wigry surface waters for recreational use should include the frequency of the occurrence of Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These three species, which arc not directly linked to faecal contamination, can cause various diseases of the skin, nasal and oral cavities, eyes, internal car and other problems in people swimming in contaminated water.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Korzeniewska

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