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Influence of physical properties of a soil medium on locating with the use of geo-radar of underground installations

Wiesław Nawrocki Zbigniew Piasek
Geodesy and Cartography | 2005 | vol. 54 | No 2 | 69-79
Keywords Geo-radar locating underground installations depth range dielectric constant suppression of electromagnetic waves
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Abstract

A geo-radar method is used for detection of underground installations with the use of electromagnetic waves. Results of investigations of installations depend on physical properties of soil media, which properties result in suppression, reflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves. Three parameters, electric permittivity E, magnetic permittivity μ and the medium conductivity a play the major role in establishing electric features of a material medium. Suppression of the electromagnetic wave has the basic influence on detection of underground installations with the use of the geo-radar, and, in particular, on the depth range of the method. Relation between designing parameters of the geo-radar equipment and its depth range is determined by the basic equation of the geo-radar method. Solution of the basic equation of the geo-radar method for the needs of detection of underground installations requires performing experimental measurements. Measurements of the maximum depth of detection of underground installations with the use of the geo-radar have been performed in media of known physical properties, i.e. in the air, water and water solutions of NaCl of various concentrations. Two steel pipes of diameters of</!= 0.03 m and O. l Om were the objects for testing. Measurements were performed with the use of antennae of frequencies of !OOO MHz and 200 MHz. The results obtained in the form of echograms were analysed in order to determine the maximum distances for which the tested pipes were recorded. Experiments allowed to state that the maximum measurements of the depth range of the geo-radar equipment is rapidly decreased with the decrease of the background's specific resistance below 50 Qm. An increase of the soil resistance above 500 Q m results in slight increase of the depth range of measurements. Tests and analyses performed concerned homogenous media, i.e. metal installations, for which the electromagnetic wave is fully reflected.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wiesław Nawrocki
Zbigniew Piasek

Spatial distribution of the water exchange through river cross-section – measurements and the numerical model

Maria Grodzka-Łukaszewska Zofia Pawlak Grzegorz Sinicyn
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2021 | vol. 47 | No 1 | 69-79 | DOI: 10.24425/aep.2021.136450
Keywords numerical modeling hyporheic zone hydraulic properties Gradient/flux measurement Groundwater/surface-water relations
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Abstract

The aspects of surface stability and groundwater exchange recognized by many researchers due to the intensification of agriculture and industry (manifested in, e.g., regulation and dredging of riverbed sediments of rivers) are now widely discussed on the international forum of water policy and management. It is essential to assess the spatial variability of water exchange through the river length and cross sections for the preparation of data and calculation of the groundwater flow model. This article presents research which describes the spatial distribution of the surface water-groundwater interaction within the river cross-section. Two measurement series were carried out to describe its variability. Additionally, a groundwater flow model was developed to simulate and represent the variable nature of water exchange in the hyporheic zone in the river’s cross-section. The model was successfully verified by means of measurements of water flux in the hyporheic zone. The precise spatial description of this variability is the first step to determine the possibility of introducing this variable in an accurate manner, within the limits of measurement uncertainties or simulation assumptions, in the construction of mathematical models of groundwater flow.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maria Grodzka-Łukaszewska
1
Zofia Pawlak
1
Grzegorz Sinicyn
1
  1. Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

The Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Content in Selected Silty Soils

Jacek Pranagal Patryk Oleszczuk
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2006 | vol. 32 | No 2 | 69-79
Keywords PAH persistent organic pollutants soil management
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Abstract

The aim of the present study was to determine the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in relation to the intensity and type of soil management. Two types of soil were selected for the present studies, i.e.: Haplic Phaeozem developed from loess and Eutric Fluvisol originating from silty formations. Five objects were chosen in cach of the soils included in the present study, i.e.: apple orchards, hop gardens, arabic fields, grassland and natural forest ecosystems. Samples were collected from the depth of 0-1 O, I 0- 20 and below 35 cm. In the study material obtained, the content of 16 PAHs was determined by means of the HPLC-UV method. The content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons clearly depended both on the soil type and soil management method. Only in the case of two objects (hop garden and grassland plot) both the Haplic Phaeozem and the Eutric Fluvisol were characterized by the highest PAH content. The influence of soil management method on both the PAH sum and the content of individual compounds was more clearly marked in the Haplic Phaeozem than in the Eutric Fluvisol. PAH migration deeper into the soil profile similarly to their content depended on the soil type and soil management method. However, both in the Eutric Fluvisol and in the Haplic Phaeozem, an increase in naphthalene share was observed with a decrease in depth. Nevertheless, the effect of pollutant leaching deeper into the soil profile was more clearly marked in the case of Eutric Fluvisol.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Pranagal
Patryk Oleszczuk

The application of the geo-accumulation index and geostatistical methods to the assessment of forest soil contamination with heavy metals in the Babia Góra National Park (Poland)

Stanisław Łyszczarz Ewa Błońska Jarosław Lasota
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2020 | vol. 46 | No 3 | 69-79 | DOI: 10.24425/aep.2020.134537
Keywords forest ecosystem soil quality topography geostatistic heavy metals multivariate analysis
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Abstract

The aim of this study was the application of the geo-accumulation index and geostatistical methods to the assessment of forest soil contamination with heavy metals in the Babia Góra National Park (BGNP). For the study, 59 sample plots were selected to reflect all soil units (soil subtypes) in the studied area and take into account various forms of terrain. The content of organic carbon and total nitrogen, pH, hydrolytic acidity, the base cations and heavy metals content were determined in the soil samples. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) was calculated, enabling estimation of the degree of soil pollution. The tested soils are characterized by strong contamination with heavy metals, especially with lead. The concentration of heavy metals in the surface horizons of the tested soils exceeds allowable concentration. The content of heavy metals was related to the content of soil organic matter, soil acidity and altitude. Higher altitudes are dominated by coniferous tree stands, which are accompanied by acidic, poorly decomposed organic horizons. Our study has confirmed the impact of pollutants transported from industrial areas on the amount of heavy metals in soils of the BGNP.

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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Łyszczarz
1
Ewa Błońska
1
Jarosław Lasota
1
  1. University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Ecology and Silviculture, Poland

Variation of body proportions during the period of growth of Trematomus (Pisces; Nototheniidae) bernacchii Boul.

Ryszard J. Wróblewski
Polish Polar Research | 1982 | vol. 3 | No 1-2 | 69-79
Keywords Antarctic ichthyology taxonomic measurements
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Abstract

It was demonstrated that in the fishes of the species Trematomus bernacchi, predominant in the regions of the USSR Antarctic Station Mirny (Davis Sea), body proportions changes along with the growth of these specimens. Measurements include 20 plastic features in 171 fishess (total length 110.2—265.0 mm). Statistically significant variations of eleven proportions of the body were stated during the growth of the fishes. Five other proportions changed in a degree of little statistical significance, whereas the last three of the body proportions did not change at all.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard J. Wróblewski

Restoring the memory of the city as a intergenerational learning (of) place

Kinga Majchrzak
Studia Pedagogiczne | 2016 | tom LXIX | 69-79
Keywords memorial sites action research intergenerational learning competence educational and research project
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Abstract

The article presents reflections on the intergenerational educational-research project entitled “Restoring the Memory of the City”. This project was carried out by the University of the Third Age in Toruń in partnership with the Faculty of Education of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń within the “Patriotism of Tomorrow” framework announced by the Polish History Museum and financed by the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage. This project was based on Pierre Nora’s concept of memorial sites and modern vision of patriotism. In didactic and methodological layer it was embedded within the framework of action research, thereby allowing to combine historical contents with pedagogical method of their modern transfer. The text shows the objectives and results of the project. Also, it describes its course and activities undertaken throughout its duration. Presenting the results of this project focused on the multidimensionality of related with them intergenerational process of learning

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Authors and Affiliations

Kinga Majchrzak

Air pollution is associated with incidence of viral croup among children living in Kraków area, Poland

Katarzyna Anna Dyląg Bartłomiej Wroński Katarzyna Przybyszewska Paulina Dumnicka
Folia Medica Cracoviensia | 2018 | vol. 58 | No 1 | 69-79 | DOI: 10.24425/fmc.2018.124204
Keywords air pollution pseudocroup PM10 PM2,5 pediatric laryngitis viral croup
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Abstract

Background: Air pollution is a severe problem in Poland, with Kraków area being among the regions with the worse air quality. Viral croup or pseudocroup is a common childhood disease that may manifest with severe upper respiratory tract obstruction. Our aim was to evaluate the associations between incidence and severity of viral croup symptoms among children living in Kraków area, Poland, and air pollution. Methods: Th e retrospective cross-sectional study included Kraków area residents <18 years of age admitted to the Emergency Department of St. Louis Children Hospital in Kraków, Poland over 2-year period. Daily mean concentrations of air pollutants: particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), nitric oxides (NOx), carbon oxide (CO), sulfur dioxide, ozone, and benzene were retrieved from public database of measurements performed at three local stations. Numbers of cases of viral croup per week were correlated with weekly mean concentrations of air pollutants. Mean air temperature was treated as a cofactor. Results: During the studied period, mean concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and NOx exceeded the allowable levels (yearly means) specifi ed by Polish law regulations. Signifi cant positive correlations of moderate strength were observed between weekly mean concentrations of most air pollutants, especially PM10, PM2.5, CO and benzene, and numbers of cases of viral croup recorded per week, confi rmed in the analysis restricted to non-holiday period and to winter months only. Th e correlations between NOx, CO, benzene and croup prevalence were independent of temperature in non-holiday period. Conclusions: Our results support adverse impact of air pollution on children’s respiratory health.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Anna Dyląg
Bartłomiej Wroński
Katarzyna Przybyszewska
Paulina Dumnicka

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