The article discusses the late Middle English replacement of the ordinal number other by the Romance loanword second. The major cause of the change was the ambiguity and polyfunctionality of the older native word. The study is based on the language material from the Dictionary of Old English Corpus, the Middle English Compendium and the Anglo-Norman Dictionary

The study shows that the primary function of the pluperfect tense in the corpus of early English correspondence ( I 5th-17th centuries) was the expression of counterfactuality rather than anteriority. Its use to refer to pre-past actions was by no means obligatory, especially if other exponents of anteriority were present. Some attention is also paid to the variation between the auxiliary verbs be and have.

The word fi rst was very rare in Old English, which mostly used forma, fi rmest and ærest in both spatial and temporal senses. All the three OE words became obsolescent in the 14th century while fi rst, most likely supported by the fact that Old Norse had a similarly shaped cognate word, increased its occurrence and range of senses in early Middle English. By 1400 fi rst had become the usual word denoting the front position and temporal antecedence both as an adjective and an adverb. Simultaneously it outcompeted the equivalent words in the function of the ordinal number.