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Evaluation of Microstructure and Tribological Properties of GX120Mn13 and GX120MnCr18-2 Cast Steels

Barbara Kalandyk R. Zapała Justyna Kasińska M. Madej
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 67-76 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138681
Keywords high manganese cast steel microstructure hardness wear resistance
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Abstract

The results of microstructure examinations and hardness measurements carried out on two selected grades of high-manganese cast steel with an austenitic matrix, i.e. GX120Mn13 and GX120MnCr18-2, are presented. The examinations of the cast steel microstructure have revealed that the matrix of the GX120MnCr18-2 cast steel contains the precipitates of complex carbides enriched in Cr and Mn with two different morphologies. The presence of these precipitates leads to an increase in hardness by approx. 30 HB compared to the GX120Mn13 cast steel. Samples cut out from the tested materials were loaded (10 strokes) with an energy of 53 J, and then a ball-on-disc tribological test was performed. The test was carried out in reciprocating motion under technically dry friction conditions. While analyzing the obtained results of the microstructure, hardness, and abrasion tests, it was found that the presence of the hard carbide precipitates in the plastic matrix of the tested GX120MnCr18-2 cast steel promoted an increase in hardness, but also led to chipping of these particles from the alloy matrix, thus contributing to micro-cutting during friction.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Kalandyk
ORCID: ORCID
R. Zapała
1
ORCID: ORCID
Justyna Kasińska
ORCID: ORCID
M. Madej
2
  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Cast Alloys and Composite Engineering, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, 23 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland

The Influence of Pearlite Present in the Microstructure of GX120MnCr13 Cast Steel on Wear Resistance

Barbara Kalandyk Renata E. Zapała Iwona Sulima Piotr Furmańczyk Justyna Kasińska
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 4 | 145-156 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146689
Keywords Hadfield cast steel Microstructure Hardness Ball-on-disc test Wear resistance
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Abstract

The article presents the results of metallographic and tribological tests on GX120MnCr13 cast steel that was previously subjected to heat treatment (including solution treatment from 1100°C and isothermal holding at 250, 400, and 600°C for 100 hours). The temperatures of the isothermal holding process were selected in order to reflect the possible working conditions of the cast elements that can be made of this cast steel. Wear tests were carried out under dry friction conditions using the ball-on-disc method using a ZrO2 ball as a counter-sample. The tests were carried out with a load of 5 N. The influence of the long-term isothermal holding process on the microstructure of the tested cast steel was analysed by light and scanning microscopy; however, abrasion marks were also examined using a confocal microscope. Based on the tests conducted, it was found that in the microstructures of the sample after solution treatment and samples that were held in isothermal condition at 250 and 400°C, the grain boundary areas were enriched in Mn and Cr compared to the areas inside the grains. Pearlite appeared in the sample that was heated (or held in isothermal holding) at 600°C; its share reached 41.6%. The presence of pearlite in the austenitic matrix increased the hardness to 351.4 HV 10. The hardness of the remaining tested samples was within a range of 221.8–229.1 HV 10. Increasing the hardness of the tested cast steel directly resulted in a reduction in the degree of wear as well as the volume, area, and width of the abrasion marks. A microscopic analysis of the wear marks showed that the dominant process of the abrasive wear of the tested friction pair was the detachment and displacement of the tested material through the indentation as a result of the cyclical impact of the counter-sample.
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Bibliography

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[14] Fedorko, G., Molnár, V., Pribulová, A., Futaš, P., Baricová, D. (2011). The influence of Ni and Cr-content on mechanical properties of Hadfield ́s steel. In the 20th Anniversary International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials – Metal, May 2011 (pp. 18-20). Brno, Czech Republic.
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[21] Kalandyk, B., Zapała, R., Kasińska, J. & Madej, M. (2021) Evaluation of microstructure and tribological properties of GX120Mn13 and GX120MnCr18-2 cast steels. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(3), 67-76. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138681.
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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Kalandyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Renata E. Zapała
1
ORCID: ORCID
Iwona Sulima
2
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Furmańczyk
3
ORCID: ORCID
Justyna Kasińska
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. University of the National Education Commission Krakow, Institute of Technology, ul. Podchorążych 2, 32-084 Krakow, Poland
  3. Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Poland

Assessment of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Slag Ladle after Exploitation

Barbara Kalandyk R. Zapała S. Sobula Grzegorz Tęcza K. Piotrowski
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 2 | 351-358 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.135865
Keywords Slag pots Cast steel Mechanical properties Degradation of microstructure
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Abstract

The results of tests and examinations of the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast steel used for large-size slag ladles are presented. Castings of this type (especially large-size ladles with a capacity of up to 16 m3) operate under very demanding conditions resulting from the repeated cycles of filling and emptying the ladle with liquid slag at a temperature exceeding even 1600°C. The changes in operating temperature cause faster degradation and wear of slag ladle castings, mainly due to thermal fatigue.
The tests carried out on samples taken from different parts/areas of the ladle (flange, bottom and half-height) showed significant differences in the microstructure of the flange and bottom part as compared to the microstructure obtained at half-height of the ladle wall. The flange and bottom were characterized by a ferritic-pearlitic microstructure, while the microstructure at the ladle half-height consisted of a ferritic matrix, cementite and graphite precipitates. Changes in microstructure affected the mechanical properties. Based on the test results it was found that both the flange and the bottom of the ladle had higher mechanical properties, i.e. UTS, YS, hardness, and impact energy than the centre of the ladle wall. Fractography showed the mixed character of fractures with the predominance of brittle fracture. Microporosity and clusters of non-metallic inclusions were also found in the fractures of samples characterized by low properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Kalandyk
ORCID: ORCID
R. Zapała
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Sobula
1
ORCID: ORCID
Grzegorz Tęcza
ORCID: ORCID
K. Piotrowski
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Cast Alloys and Composite Engineering, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, 23 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Krakodlew S.A., 1 Ujastek Str., 30-969 Krakow, Poland

Innovation technology for the production of massive slag ladles at the Krakodlew S.A. Foundry. Presentation of design works on research and development

M. Paszkiewicz Edward Guzik D. Kopyciński Barbara Kalandyk A. Burbelko D. Gurgul S. Sobula A. Ziółko K. Piotrowski P. Bednarczyk
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2020 | vol. 20 | No 4 | 67-71 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.133349
Keywords Slag ladle Ductile cast iron Cast steel Large castings Massive castings
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Abstract

This article is a description of the progress of research and development in the area of massive large-scale castings - slag ladles implemented in cooperation with the Faculty of Foundry Engineering of UST in Krakow. Slag ladles are the one of the major castings that has been developed by the Krakodlew (massive castings foundry) for many years. Quality requirements are constantly increasing in relation to the slag ladles. Slag ladles are an integral tool in the logistics of enterprises in the metallurgical industry in the process of well-organized slag management and other by-products and input materials. The need to increase the volume of slag ladles is still growing. Metallurgical production is expected to be achieved in Poland by 2022 at the level of 9.4 million Mg/year for the baseline scenario - 2016 - 9 million Mg/year. This article describes the research work carried out to date in the field of technology for the production of massive slag ladles of ductile cast iron and cast steel.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Paszkiewicz
Edward Guzik
ORCID: ORCID
D. Kopyciński
ORCID: ORCID
Barbara Kalandyk
ORCID: ORCID
A. Burbelko
ORCID: ORCID
D. Gurgul
S. Sobula
ORCID: ORCID
A. Ziółko
K. Piotrowski
ORCID: ORCID
P. Bednarczyk

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