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Radiometric calibration and measurement algorithm for electrical inspection solar-blind ultraviolet cameras

Casper J. Coetzer Nicholas West
Opto-Electronics Review | 2022 | 30 | 1 | e140128 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2022.140128
Keywords AC voltage calibration corona cameras electrical discarges radiometric measurements
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Abstract

Solar-blind ultraviolet cameras with image intensifier with CMOS detector typically use various count methodologies to measure the optical energy of an electrical corona. However, these count methodologies are non-radiometric without considering parameters such as distance, focus-, zoom-, and gain setting of a camera. An algorithm which considers the calibration and radiometric measurement of optical energy for the slow frame rate intensifier type cameras is presented. Furthermore, it is shown how these calibration data together with the flowcharts are used for the conversion from raw measured data to radiometric energy values.
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Bibliography

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  5. Maistry, N., Schutz, R. A. & Cox, E. The quantification of corona discharges on high voltage electrical equipment in the uv spectrum using a corona camera. in 2018 International Conference on Diagnostics in Electrical Engineering (Diagnostika) 1–4 (Pisen, Czech Republic, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/DIAGNOSTIKA.2018.8526024
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  11. Coetzer, C. J. & Leuschner, F. W. The influence of a camera's spectral transfer function used for observing high voltage corona on insulators. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 23, 1753–1759 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2016.005021
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  13. Coetzer, C., Becker, T., West, N. & Leuschner, W. Investigating an alternate detector for solar-blind ultraviolet cameras for high-voltage inspection. in 2021 Southern African Universities Power Engineering Conference/Robotics and Mechatronics/Pattern Recognition Association of South Africa (SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA) 1–6 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA52254.2021.9377216
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  16. Willers, C. J. Electro-Optical System Analysis and Design: A Radiometry Perspective. (Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 2013). https://doi.org/10.1117/3.1001964
  17. Wyatt, C. Radiometric Calibration: Theory and Methods, (Elsevier, 2012).
  18. Coetzer, C., Groenewald, S. & Leuschner, W. An analysis of the method for determining the lowest sensitivity of solarblind ultravio-let corona cameras. in 2020 International SAUPEC/RobMech/ PRASA Conference 1–6 (Cape Town, South Africa, 2020).    https://doi.org/10.1109/SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA48453.2020.9040997
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  20. Coetzer, C., West, N., Swart, A. & van Tonder, A. An investigation into an appropriate optical calibration source for a corona camera. in 2020 International SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA Conference 1–5 (IEEE, Cape Town, South Africa, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA48453.2020.9041014
  21. Chrzanowski, K. & Chrzanowski, W. Analysis of a blackbody irradiance method of measurement of solar blind UV cameras' sensitivity. Opto-Electron. Rev. 27, 378–384 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.opelre.2019.11.009
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Authors and Affiliations

Casper J. Coetzer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nicholas West
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Dept. of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
  2. Dept. of Electrical and Information, University of Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave., Braamfontein 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa

Method to determine solar-blind ultraviolet energy and electrical corona loss relation

Casper J. Coetzer Hermanus C. Myburgh Nicholas West Jerry Walker
Opto-Electronics Review | 2022 | 30 | 4 | e143433 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2022.143433
Keywords AC voltage algorithm corona cameras electrical discharges optical energy radiometric measurements
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Abstract

Solar-blind ultraviolet cameras as part of high-voltage electrical inspections until recently have mostly been used for pure observations. These observations only imply the presence of corona discharges and not the severity thereof. A radiometric algorithm together with a calibration algorithm to perform an optical energy measurement were presented earlier. This is a guide on how to apply the algorithm to determine the total optical measurement from corona discharges, plus additional processing. This guide and additions are used to compare the electrical and optical domains with actual examples. The main objective is to illustrate how to determine the electrical and optical relation for the IEC 60720 high-voltage electrical test configurations using a standard open procedure.
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Bibliography

  1. Gubanski, S., Dernfalk, A., Andersson, J. & Hillborg, H. Diagnostic methods for outdoor polymeric insulators. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 14, 1065–1080 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2007.4339466
  2. Lindner, M., Elstein, S., Lindner, P., Topaz, J. M. & Phillips, A. J. Daylight Corona Discharge Imager. in 1999 Eleventh International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering 4, 340–352 (IEEE, 1999). https://doi.org/1049/cp:19990864
  3. Bass, M. et al. Handbook of optics, Volume II: Design, fabrication and testing, sources and detectors, radiometry and photometry, (McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2009).
  4. Coetzer, C. et al. Status Quo and Aspects to Consider with Ultraviolet Optical versus High Voltage Energy Relation Investigations. in Fifth Conference on Sensors, MEMS, and Electro-Optic Systems 11043, 1104317 (SPIE, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2501251
  5. Coetzer, C. J. & West, N. Radiometric calibration and measurement algorithm for electrical inspection solar-blind ultraviolet cameras. Opto-Electron. Rev. 30, e140128 (2022). https://doi.org/24425/opelre.2022.140128
  6. Suhling, K., Airey, R. W. & Morgan, B. L. Optimisation of centroiding algorithms for photon event counting imaging. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A. 437, 393–418 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(99)00770-6
  7. Boksenberg, A., Coleman, C., Fordham, J. & Shortridge, K. Interpolative centroiding in CCD-based image photon counting systems. Electron. Electron. Phys. 64, 33–47 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2539(08)61601-7
  8. Coetzer, C.,Vermrulen, H. J. & Herbst, B. M. Aspects that need to be considered for the calibration of ultraviolet solar-blind cameras used for electrical inspection. in International Conference Insulator News & Market Report (INMR)273–301 (2013).
  9. Coetzer, C., Groenewald, S. & Leuschner, W. An analysis of the method for determining the lowest sensitivity of solarblind ultraviolet corona cameras. in 2020 International SAUPEC/Rob-Mech/PRASA Conference 1–6 (IEEE, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA48453.2020.9040997
  10. Fordham, J., Moorhead, C. & Galbraith, R. Dynamic-range limitations of intensified CCD photon-counting detectors. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 312, 83–88 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03155.x
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  15. Wang, S., Lv, F. & Liu, Y. Estimation of discharge magnitude of composite insulator surface corona discharge based on ultraviolet imaging method. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 21, 1697–1704 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2014.004358
  16. Maistry, N., Schutz, R. A. & Cox, E. The quantification of corona discharges on high voltage electrical equipment in the UV spectrum using a corona camera. in 2018 International Conference on Diag-nostics in Electrical Engineering (Diagnostika) 1–4 (IEEE, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/DIAGNOSTIKA.2018.8526024
  17. Li, Z. et al. Effects of different factors on electrical equipment UV corona discharge detection. Energies 9, 369 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/en9050369
  18. Wyatt, C. Radiometric calibration: theory and methods. (Elsevier, 2012).
  19. Willers, C. J. Electro-Optical System Analysis and Design: a Radiometry Perspective. (SPIE Press, 2013). https://doi.org/10.1117/3.1001964
  20. Coetzer, C., Becker, T., West, N. & Leuschner, W. Investigating an alternate detector for solar-blind ultraviolet cameras for high-voltage inspection. in 2021 Southern African Universities Power Engineering Conference/Robotics and Mechatronics/Pattern Reco-gnition Association of South Africa (SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA) 1–6 (IEEE, 2021) . https://doi.org/10.1109/SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA52254.2021.9377216
  21. Pratt, W. Digital Image Processing Wiley-Interscience. (New York, 2007).
  22. Montgomery, D. C. & Runger, G. C. Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers. (John Wiley and Sons, 2014).
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  25. Da Costa, E. G., Ferreira, T. V., Neri, M. G., Queiroz, I. B. & Germano, A. D. Characterization of polymeric insulators using thermal and UV imaging under laboratory conditions. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 16, 985–992 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2009.5211844
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Authors and Affiliations

Casper J. Coetzer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hermanus C. Myburgh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nicholas West
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jerry Walker
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
  2. Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Wits 2050, South Africa
  3. Walmet Consultancy (Pty) Ltd, Powerville, Vereeniging 1939, South Africa

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