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Number of results: 31
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Abstract

Nowadays, in order to ensure high quality of municipal services, and thus a high quality of life for the local community, the authorities of both the basic local government unit and managers of municipal enterprises must strive to maintain high standards of sustainable development. The level of quality of life and services provided can be determined by various dimensions, such as: ecological environment, housing conditions, ecological production in the field of consumer goods, balance between built-up areas and green areas, care for agricultural areas, limiting the deepening social stratification, rational economy water or rational waste management. Therefore, the paper presents a theoretical analysis of the main directions of sustainable development in the activities of municipal enterprises.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Bartkowiak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna M. Bartkowiak
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Economics and Business, Department of Investments and Real Estate, Niepodległości Av. 10, 61-875 Poznań, Poland
  2. Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Hrabska Av. 3, 05-090 Raszyn
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Abstract

The paper presents the concept and deployment of the agro-hydro-meteorological monitoring system (abbrev. AgHMM) created for the purposes of operational planning of regulated drainage and irrigation on the scale of a drainage/irrigation system (INOMEL project). Monitoring system involved regular daily (weekly readings) measurements of agrometeorological and hydrological parameters in water courses at melioration object during vegetation seasons. The measurement results enable an assessment of the meteorological conditions, moisture changes in the 0-60 cm soil profile, fluctuations of groundwater levels at quarters and testing points, also water levels in ditches and at dam structures, and water flow in water courses. These data were supplemended by 7-day meteorological forecast parameter predictions, served as input data for a model of operational planning of drainage and subirrigation at the six melioration systems in Poland. In addition, it was carried out irregular remote sensing observations of plant condition, water consumption by plants and soil moisture levels using imagery taken by unmanned aerial vehicles and Sentinel’s satellites. All the collected data was used for support operational activities aimed at maintaining optimal soil moisture for plant growth and should to provide farmers with high and stable yields. An example of the practical operations using the AgHMM system in 2019 is shown on the basis of the subirrigation object at permanent grasslands located in central Poland called “Czarny Rów B1”.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Kanecka-Geszke
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bogdan Bąk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tymoteusz Bolewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Edmund Kaca
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Hrabska Av. 3, Falenty, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Institute of Environmental Engineering, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

There were done simulations of fuels consumption in the system of electrical energy and heat production based on modernised GTD-350 turbine engine with the use of OGLST programme. In intention the system based on GTD-350 engine could be multifuel system which utilise post-fying vegetable oil, micronised biomass, sludge, RDF and fossil fuels as backup fuels. These fuels have broad spectrum of LHV fuel value from 6 (106 J·kg-1) (e.g. for sludge) to 46 (106 J·kg-1) (for a fuel equivalent with similar LHV as propan) and were simulations scope. Simulation results showed non linear dependence in the form of power function between unitary fuel mass consumption of simulated engine GTD-350 needed to production of 1 kWh electrical energy and LHV fuel value (106 J·kg-1). In this dependence a constant 14.648 found in simulations was multiplied by LHV raised to power –0.875. The R2 determination coefficient between data and determined function was 0.9985. Unitary fuel mass consumption varied from 2.911 (kg·10–3·W–1·h–1) for 6 (106 J·kg-1) LHV to 0.502 (kg·10–3·W–1·h–1) for 46 (106 J·kg-1) LHV. There was assumed 7,000 (h) work time per year and calculated fuels consumption for this time. Results varied from 4,311.19 (103 kg) for a fuel with 6 (106 J·kg-1) LHV to 743.46 (103 kg) for a fuel with 46 (106 J·kg-1) LHV. The system could use fuels mix and could be placed in containers and moved between biomass wastes storages placed in many different places located on rural areas or local communities.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Hryniewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kamil Roman
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Hrabska Av. 3, 09-090 Raszyn, Poland
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Abstract

Smart farming is about managing a farm using modern information and communication techniques in order to increase the efficiency and quality of plant and animal production and to optimise human labour inputs. It is an inseparable part of a sustainable agricultural economy, where energy-saving and low-emission solutions are of particular importance, e.g. in livestock construction. Animal buildings are one of the main building elements of a farm. The paper presents the use of modern solutions that may result in lower energy consumption, and thus lower operating costs of the building. They also reduce the consumption of natural resources and the emission of pollutants, and ensure animal welfare and safety of the operators’ work. Rational use of energy depends, among others, on from the used insulation materials for the construction of livestock buildings, technical equipment, i.e. lighting, heating, ventilation, as well as zootechnical devices. The profitability of livestock production can also be supported by the use of solar, wind, water and biomass energy. Photovoltaic cells, solar collectors, wind turbines, heat pumps and agricultural biogas plants are used for this purpose.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna M. Bartkowiak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Hrabska Av. 3, 05-090 Raszyn
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Abstract

Human activities in relation to aquatic ecosystems result in significant economic losses in the form of contamination of water sources, deteriorating its quality and therefore its availability in lakes, water bodies and even in soil. Hence the need for systematic revitalisation or reclamation of water ecosystems. Such actions, in order to be rational, require a detailed understanding of the causes, and then the use of appropriate technology. The need for the above-mentioned actions result from the weather changes that have been noticeable in recent years, as well as environmental pollutants increasing water eutrophication in reservoirs and stimulating the development of some species of cyanobacteria. These cyanobacteria can cause serious water poisoning, especially in water supply systems. Therefore, a rational, comprehensive technology for the removal of bottom sediments and their processing into organic and mineral fertiliser has been developed with properties similar to manure. It also creates opportunities to improve the structure of soils thanks to the supply of organic carbon, the loss of which was found, among others, in also in soils of Poland and EU. These new possibilities of revitalisation hitherto unknown make it possible to a large extent, compliance with environmental requirements when revitalising water reservoirs and soil.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kamila Mazur
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Eymontt
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Wierzbicki
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Hrabska Av. 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland
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Abstract

Ethiopia has lost sizable forest resources due to rapid population growth and subsequent increase in the demand for agricultural land and fuel woods. In this study, GIS and remote sensing techniques were used to detect forest cover changes in relation to climate variability in the Kafa zone, southwest Ethiopia. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images of 1986 and 1990, Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) image of 2010 and Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI-8) image of 2018 were acquired at a resolution of 30 m to investigate spatial-temporal forest cover and land use changes. A supervised image classification was made using a maximum likelihood method in ERDAS imagine V9.2 to identify the various land use and land cover classes. Both spectral (normalised difference vegetation index – NDVI) and post classification change detection methods were used to determine the forest cover changes. To examine the extent and rate of forest cover changes, post classification comparisons were made using ArcGIS V 10.4.1. A net forest cover change of 1168.65 ha (12%) was detected during the study period from 1986 to 2018. The drop in the NDVI from 0.06–0.64 in 1986 to (–0.08)–0.12 in 2018 indicated a marked forest cover change in the study area. The correlation of NDVI values with climate data indicated the forest was not in a stable condition. The declining of the forest cover was most likely caused by climate variability in the study area.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dejene Beyene Lemma
1
Kinde Teshome Gebretsadik
1
Seifu Kebede Debela
1

  1. Jimma Institute of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jimma University, Jimma, P.O.Box: 378, Ethiopia
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Abstract

This study aims to investigate how grazing is perceived across the Curvature Subcarpathians (Romania) by farmers. We investigate farmers’ attitudes toward and understanding of grazing practice and associated processes involving small ruminants (sheep and goats). Additionally, we review the scientific literature and new discussions about grazing vs overgrazing terms and changes in the Romanian small ruminant livestock. Results of the survey on the total of 101 case studies from villages in 3 counties (Damboviţa, Buzau, and Vrancea) show that: (i) grazing is differently perceived; (ii) most of the areas designated for grazing are located near riverbanks (over 55%); most of the respondents reported that the areas intended for grazing are quite close to the inhabited areas; distances are less than 2.5 km; and over 60% of respondents believe that the areas are continuously subject to soil degradation processes; (iii) answers given in connection with the issues addressed provide both relevance to the Curvature Subcarpathians (6792 km2) and the potential impact of higher pressure of grazing on local areas due to the discouragement of specific transhumance policies (more than 60% required subsidies). The average stocking density is about 4.7 head per ha. In general, beyond different farmers’ perceptions, a scientific question remains open regarding the quantitative impact of grazing on hydrological processes. Hence, a field survey (e.g., rainfall-runoff experiments) to assess grazing pressure on water and soil resources will be performed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Gianina Neculau
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Gabriel Minea
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Nicu Ciobotaru
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Gabriela Ioana-Toroimac
3
ORCID: ORCID
Sevastel Mircea
1
ORCID: ORCID
Oana Mititelu-Ionuș
4
ORCID: ORCID
Jesús Rodrigo-Comino
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Bucharest, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, 90 Panduri Street, Sector 5, 050107, Bucharest, Romania
  2. National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management, 97 E Bucureşti – Ploieşti Road, Sector 1, 013686, Bucharest, Romania
  3. University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geography, Bucharest, Romania
  4. University of Craiova, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Geography, Craiova, Romania
  5. University of Granada, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, Department of Regional Geographic Analysis and Physical Geography, Granada, Spain
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Abstract

The marshes are the most abundant water sources and ecological rich communities. They have a significant impact on the ecological and economic well-being of the communities surrounding them. However, climatic changes directly impact these bodies of water, especially those marshes which depend on rainwater and flooding for their survival. The Al-Sannya marsh is used as the example of marshes in Southern Iraq for this study between 1987–2017. The research takes place throughout the winter season due to the revival of marshes in southern Iraq at this time of year. The years 1987, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2007, 2014, 2017 are the focus of this study. Satellite imagery from the Landsat 5 (TM) and Landsat 8 (OLI) and the meteorological parameters affecting the marsh were acquired from NASA. The calculation of the areas of water bodies after classification using satellite imagery is done using the maximum likelihood method and comparing it with meteorological parameters. These results showed that these marshes are facing extinction due to the general change of climate and the interference of humans in utilising the drylands of the marsh for agricultural purposes. The vegetation area can be seen to have decreased from 51.15 km2 in 2000 to 8.77 km2 in 2017.
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Authors and Affiliations

Amal Jabbar Hatem
1
Ali Adnan N. Al-Jasim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hameed Majeed Abduljabbar
1

  1. University of Baghdad, College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn-Al-Haitham), Department of Physics, Baghdad, Iraq
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Abstract

The present study was to reflect the use of some bacteria in the treatment and removal of pollutants in three selected wastewater sites, including a vegetable oil plant (viz. Al-Etihad Food Industries), the main wastewater treatment station in the city of Hila, and Al-Hila River water from October 2019 to January 2020. The bacterial isolates identified in these three sites were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacteria cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Thalasobacillus devorans, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Bacillus subtilis. The molecular study of the bacterial isolates involved the detection of bacterial genera using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed that water had a variable nature, depending on the substances in it. It recorded varying chemical and physical property values, ranging between 6.36 and 7.82 for pH and from 2500 to 7100 mg∙dm–3 for total alkalinity. Additional values were 713–2051 μS∙cm–1 for electrical conductivity (EC), 5.90–9.80 mg∙dm–3 for chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 480–960 mg∙dm–3 for total hardness. The given values were also 0.20–0.65 μg∙dm–3, 0.03-0.23 μg∙dm–3, and 0–107 mg∙dm–3 for nitrite (NO2), phosphate (PO4) oils, respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hanan Kareem Salim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Suad Ghali Kadhim Al-Ahmed
1

  1. Babylon University, College of Sciences, Department of Biology, PO Box: 4 Iraq - Babylon - Hilla, Iraq
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Abstract

The 2150 km2 transboundary Gurara Reservoir Catchment in Nigeria was modelled using the Water Evaluation and Planning tool to assess the hydro-climatic variability resulting from climate change and human-induced activities from 1989 to 2019 and projected to the future till 2050. Specifically, the model simulated the historic dataset and predicted the future runoff. The initial results revealed that monthly calibration/validation of the model yielded acceptable results with Nash–Sutcliff efficiency ( NSE), percent bias ( PBIAS), and coefficient of determination (R2) values of 0.72/0.69, 0.72/0.67 and 4.0%/1.0% respectively. Uncertainty was moderately adequate as the model enveloped about 70% of the observed runoff. Future predicted runoffs were modelled for climate ensembles under three different representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5, RCP6.5 and RCP8.5). The RCP projections for all the climate change scenarios showed increasing runoff trends. The model proved efficient in determining the hydrological response of the catchment to potential impacts from climate change and human-induced activities. The model has the potential to be used for further analysis to aid effective water resources planning and management at catchment scale.
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Authors and Affiliations

Francis Ifie-emi Oseke
1
ORCID: ORCID
Geophery Kwame Anornu
1
Kwaku Amaning Adjei
1
ORCID: ORCID
Martin Obada Eduvie
1

  1. National Water Resources Institute, Mando, P.MB 2309, Kaduna, Nigeria
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Abstract

The drought ranked first in terms the natural hazard characteristics and impacts followed by tropical cyclones, regional floods, earthquakes, and volcanoes. Drought monitoring is an important aspect of drought risk management and the assessment of drought is usually done through using various drought indices. The western region in Algeria is the most affected by the drought since the middle of the 70s.The current research focuses on the analysis and comparison of four meteorological drought indices (standardized precipitation index – SPI, percent of normal index – PN, decile index – DI, and rainfall anomaly index – RAI) in the Tafna basin for different time scales (annual, seasonal, and monthly) during 1979–2011. The results showed that the SPI and DI have similar frequencies for dry and wet categories. The RAI and PN were able to detect more drought categories. Meanwhile, all indices have strong positive correlations between each other, especially with Spearman correlation tests (0.99; 1.0), the meteorological drought indices almost showed consistent and similar results in the study area. It was determined in 1982 as the driest year and 2008 as the wettest year in the period of the study. The analysis of the trend was based on the test of Mann– Kendall (MK), a positive trend of the indices were detected on a monthly scale, this increasing of indices trend represent the increasing of the wet categories which explains the increasing trend of the rainfall in the last 2000s. These results overview of the understanding of drought trends in the region is crucial for making strategies and assist in decision making for water resources management and reducing vulnerability to drought.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hanane Bougara
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Kamila Baba Hamed
1
Christian Borgemeister
3
ORCID: ORCID
Bernhard Tischbein
3
ORCID: ORCID
Navneet Kumar
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Abou Bekr Belkaid, Faculty of Technology, Tlemcen BP 230 - 13000, Chetouane Tlemcen, Algeria
  2. Pan African University Institute of Water and Energy Sciences (PAUWES), Tlemcen, Algeria
  3. University of Bonn, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn, Germany
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Abstract

In recent years, a growing problem of water deficit has been observed, which is particularly acute for agriculture. To alleviate the effects of drought, hydrogel soil additives – superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) – can be helpful.
The primary objective of this article was to present a comparison of the advantages resulting from the application of synthetic or natural hydrogels in agriculture. The analysis of the subject was carried out based on 129 articles published between 1992 and 2020. In the article, the advantages of the application of hydrogel products in order to improve soil quality, and crop growth.
Both kinds of soil amendments (synthetic and natural) similarly improve the yield of crops. In the case of natural origin polymers, a lower cost of preparation and a shorter time of biodegradation are indicated as the main advantage in comparison to synthetic polymers, and greater security for the environment.
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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Grabowska-Polanowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Garbowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dominika Bar-Michalczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Agnieszka Kowalczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Hrabska Av. 3, 09-090 Raszyn, Poland
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Abstract

Permanent grasslands are the most environment-friendly way of using agricultural lands. Apart from producing fodder, grasslands play many other important non-productive functions. Biodiversity is the key factor decisive for their high natural and productive values. Grasslands play an important role in water retention. Not all types of grasslands may be used agriculturally. Out of 16 types of habitats, 10 may be used for production, the others are biologically valuable. The surface area of permanent grasslands in Poland has markedly decreased during the last decade. Now, they constitute slightly more than 20% of agricultural lands occupying 3127.8 thous. ha (in 2019) including 2764 thous. ha of meadows and 363.8 thous. ha of pastures.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mirosław Gabryszuk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jerzy Barszczewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Barbara Wróbel
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Hrabska Av. 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland
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Abstract

Models describe our beliefs about how the world functions. In mathematical modelling, we translate those beliefs into the language of mathematics. Mathematical models can yield prognose on the base of applied fertiliser dose. In this work results of finding yield mathematical model according to fertiliser (nitrogen) dose for perennials (willowleaf sunflower Helianthus salicifolious, cup plant Silphium perfoliatum and Jerusalem artichoke Helianthus tuberosus) on marginal land are presented. Models were described as normalised square equations for dependence between yield and fertiliser doses. Experiments were conducted in lisymeters and vases for willowleaf sunflower and cup plant. For Jerusalem artichoke experiments were done in vases only. All experiments have been doing during two years (2018 and 2019) for different fertilisers doses (45, 90 and 135 kg N∙ha–1) in three repetitions. From simulations maximal yield could be achieved for following fertiliser doses – willowleaf sunflower 104 kg N∙ha–1, cup plant 85 kg N∙ha–1 and Jerusalem artichoke 126 kg N∙ha–1.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Hryniewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maria Strzelczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Helis
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Paszkiewicz-Jasińska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aleksandra Steinhoff-Wrzesniewska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kamil Roman
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Hrabska Av. 3, 09-090 Raszyn, Poland
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Abstract

Unlike many other countries, tropical regions such as Indonesia still lack publications on pedotransfer functions (PTFs), particularly ones dedicated to the predicting of soil bulk density. Soil bulk density affects soil density, porosity, water holding capacity, drainage, and the stock and flux of nutrients in the soil. However, obtaining access to a laboratory is difficult, time-consuming, and costly. Therefore, it is necessary to utilise PTFs to estimate soil bulk density. This study aims to define soil properties related to soil bulk density, develop new PTFs using multiple linear regression (MLR), and evaluate the performance and accuracy of PTFs (new and existing). Seven existing PTFs were applied in this study. For the purposes of evaluation, Pearson’s correlation (r), mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), and modelling efficiency (EF) were used. The study was conducted in five soil types on Bintan Island, Indonesia. Soil depth and organic carbon (SOC) are soil properties potentially relevant for soil bulk density prediction. The ME, RMSE, and EF values were lower for the newly developed PTFs than for existing PTFs. In summary, we concluded that the newly developed PTFs have higher accuracy than existing PTFs derived from literature. The prediction of soil bulk density will be more accurate if PTFs are applied directly in the area that is to be studied.
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Authors and Affiliations

Evi Dwi Yanti
1
ORCID: ORCID
Asep Mulyono
1
ORCID: ORCID
Muhamad Rahman Djuwansah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ida Narulita
1
ORCID: ORCID
Risandi Dwirama Putra
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dewi Surinati
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Research Center for Geotechnology, Indonesian National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung, Indonesia
  2. Maritim Raja Ali Haji University, Tanjung Pinang, Indonesia
  3. Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Abstract

The article is devoted to a topical scientific problem in modern conditions – valuation of land in Ukraine. The imperfection of the existing approaches requires further research on the changing conditions of land use and their impact on land pricing.
A methodology for determining the market value of reclaimed land based on a differentiated assessment of its productivity through crop yields is proposed, taking into account natural and climatic zones and other conditions of a particular region. The basis of the methodology is the application of long-term forecast and a set of forecast and simulation models, in particular the model of area climatic conditions and the model of water regime and water regulation technologies on reclaimed land. At that the crop yield model as a complex multiplicative type model takes into account all main factors influencing crop yield formation: weather, climatic and soil conditions, cultivation techniques, water regime of reclaimed land, etc.
The proposed approaches were tested by the method of large – scale machine experiment using a land plot in the zone of Western Polissya of Ukraine as the example. The obtained results indicate that there is a differentiation in land value, which is a proportional derivative of the yield of cultivated crops depending on the conditions of their cultivation. The variation range of the studied indicators in relative form by the ratio of maximum and minimum values to the weighted average value is for cultivated crops – 393%, and for the above soils – 44.6%. Thus, within one object, the estimated value of land in view of available soils and cultivated crops varies from USD2456∙ha–1 to USD4005 ∙ ha–1, averaging USD3522 ∙ ha–1.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anatoliy Rokochinskiy
1
ORCID: ORCID
Pavlo Volk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nadia Frolenkova
1
ORCID: ORCID
Olha Tykhenko
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sergiy Shalai
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ruslan Tykhenko
2
ORCID: ORCID
Ivan Openko
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, Rivne, Ukraine
  2. National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Str. Vasylkivska, 17, 03040, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Abstract

According to the SRES A1B climate change scenario, by the end of the 21st century temperature in Poland will increase by 2–4°C, no increase in precipitation totals is predicted. This will rise crop irrigation needs and necessity to develop irrigation systems. Due to increase in temperature and needs of sustainable agriculture development some changes in crop growing structure will occur. An increase interest in high protein crops cultivation has been noted last years and further extension of these acreage is foreseen. Identifying the future water needs of these plants is crucial for planning and implementing sustainable agricultural production. In the study, the impact of projected air temperature changes on soybean water needs, one of the most valuable high-protein crops, in 2021–2050 in the Kuyavia region in Poland was analysed. The calculations based on meteorological data collected in 1981–2010 were considered as the reference period. Potential evapotranspiration was adopted as a measure of crop water requirements. The potential evapotranspiration was estimated using the Penman–Monteith method and crop coefficient. Based on these estimations, it was found that in the forecast years the soybean water needs will increase by 5% in the growing period (from 21 April to 10 September), and by 8% in June–August. The highest monthly soybean water needs increase (by 15%) may occur in August. The predicted climate changes and the increase in the arable crops water requirements, may contribute to an increase in the irrigated area in the Kuyavia region and necessity of rational management of water resources.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wiesława Kasperska-Wołowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Stanisław Rolbiecki
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hicran A. Sadan
2
ORCID: ORCID
Roman Rolbiecki
2
ORCID: ORCID
Barbara Jagosz
3
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Stachowski
4
ORCID: ORCID
Daniel Liberacki
4
ORCID: ORCID
Tymoteusz Bolewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Prus
5
ORCID: ORCID
Ferenc Pal-Fam
6
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Hrabska Av. 3, Falenty, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland
  2. Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Department of Agrometeorology, Plant Irrigation and Horticulture, Bydgoszcz, Poland
  3. University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Krakow, Poland
  4. Poznan University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Department of Land Improvement, Environmental Development and Spatial Management, Poznań, Poland
  5. Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Economics and Agribusiness Advisory, Bydgoszcz, Poland
  6. Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), Kaposvár, Hungary
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Abstract

The aim of the study was to assess the P-PO4 and N-NH4 pollution of water in grasslands located on peat soils and to identify the impact of groundwater level on this pollution formation. The research was conducted in 2000– 2010 on grounds of ITP-PIB in Biebrza village (Poland). Within lowland fen a total of 18 monitoring points of groundwater and watercourses were established in 6 separate test stands. The subject of the research was water collected from drainage ditches/channels and groundwater, which was taken from wells installed in organic-soil layer and wells whose bottom was 15–20 cm below this layer. Water samples were collected several times a year, and in the case of groundwater, its level was also measured. It was found that: 1) due to concentration level of P-PO4 and N-NH4, about 46 and 39% of water samples from organic-soil layer and more than 40 and 37% of water samples from mineral- organic-soil layer respectively, were characterized by poor chemical status; 2) due to the exceeding of the limit values of P-PO4 and N-NH4 concentration, water samples from watercourses in over 30 and 27% respectively were not within 1st and 2nd class of surface water quality; 3) P-PO4 and N-NH4 concentrations in each water type were statistically significant and positively correlated with each other; 4) in organic-soil layer the groundwater level changing every 10 cm was a statistically significant factor differentiating the average P-PO4 concentration in groundwater associated with mineral-organic layer of peat soil and average N-NH4 concentration in each type of water.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Sapek
1
Stefan Pietrzak
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dominika Juszkowska
2
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Urbaniak
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Retired researcher
  2. Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, 3 Hrabska Avenue, 05-090, Falenty, Poland
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Abstract

The study addresses two groups of issues occurring in modeling and experimental studies of multicomponent nonisobaric diffusion in macroporous materials. The dynamics of such processes is described in terms of systems of nonlinear partial differential equations. A method of orthogonal collocation for resolving the equations is proposed and compared with the method of lines. The second group of problems presented involves numerical simulations of diffusion in aWicke–Kallenbach diffusion cell. Such an apparatus is used in experimental studies. Particular attention is paid to diffusion in a cell closed from both sides. This is an analogue of the Duncan–Toor experiment. The effect of the number of diffusing components and their initial concentrations on the dynamics of diffusion in binary and ternary solution was studied. Hitherto unknown dynamic properties of such processes were detected and discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Bizon
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bolesław Tabiś
1

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The homogeneity of an immiscible liquid–liquid system was investigated in a baffled vessel agitated by a Rushton turbine. The dispersion homogeneity was analyzed by comparing Sauter mean diameters and drop size distribution (DSD) determined in different measured regions for various impeller speeds. The sizes of droplets were obtained by the in-situ measurement technique and by the Image Analysis (IA) method. Dispersion kinetics was successfully fitted with Hong and Lee (1983) model. The effect of intermittency turbulence on drop size reported by Bałdyga and Podgórska (1998) was analyzed and the multifractal exponent ������ was evaluated.
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Authors and Affiliations

Roman Formánek
1
Radek Šulc
1

  1. Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Technická 4, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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Abstract

The works presents the application of mass/volume balances of liquid drug converted into the aerosol during atomization in medical nebulizers. The amount of liquid that can be delivered to the respiratory system during inhalation is reduced compared to the nominal dose not only because of drug losses both in the device (the residual volume, RV) and outside the nebulizer (in the mouthpiece, mask, or tubings), but also to the limitations of the patient (periodic flow with limited capacity). The paper should help to understand the complexity of aerosol therapy widely used in asthma, COPD and other pulmonary diseases.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz R. Sosnowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kamil Janeczek
2
Karolina Grzywna
3 4
Andrzej Emeryk
2

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warynskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Medical University of Lublin, Clinics of Lung Diseases and Pediatric Reumathology, Gebali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
  3. Silesian Medical University in Katowice, Student Scientific Club at the Chair and Division of Pathomorphology and Molecular Diagnostics, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
  4. Silesian Medical University in Katowice, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Traugutta sq. 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
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Abstract

This paper presents the results of investigations into dry methane reforming (DMR). The process was aimed at obtaining synthesis gas required for the production of dimethyl ether (DME). The effect of temperature, pressure and inlet gas composition on the process was determined in the experimental part of this work. The tests were carried out in a laboratory tubular reactor over a Ni/CaO–Al2O3 catalyst. The obtained experimental results were used to verify literature kinetic data and to develop a mathematical model of the DMR process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Cherbański
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ewelina Franczyk
2
Michał Lewak
1
Piotr Machniewski
1
Eugeniusz Molga
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, ul. Warynskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz Research Network – New Chemical Syntheses Institute, Al. Tysiaclecia Panstwa Polskiego 13a, 24-110 Puławy, Poland
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Abstract

The aim of the investigation was liquid mixing time measurement in a laboratory scale stirred tank equipped with a metal Maxblend impeller and comparison with the corresponding mixing time obtained with other conventional impellers. The data are collected by Electrical Resistance Tomography, whose applicability in this case is non-trivial, because of the electrical interferences between the large paddles of the impeller and the measuring system. The raw data treatment methodology purposely developed for obtaining the homogenization dynamics curve is presented.Arobust approach for a fine and lowcost investigation of the mixing performances of close-clearance impellers in opaque systems is suggested. The analysis of the local and averaged conductivity time traces reveals the effect of important variables, such as the fluid viscosity and the vessel configuration, on the mixing time under various agitation conditions. The data collection and post processing procedures open the way to the application of the technique to multiphase and non-Newtonian fluids stirred with close-clearance impellers.
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Authors and Affiliations

Suzuka Iwasawa
1
Honami Kubo
1
Katsuhide Takenaka
1
Sandro Pintus
2
Francesco Maluta
3
Giuseppina Montante
3
Alessandro Paglianti
3

  1. Sumitomo Heavy Industries Process Equipment Co., Ltd. 1501, Imazaike, Saijo City, Ehime, Japan
  2. Retired from University of Pisa, Via Giunta Pisano 28, 56126 Pisa, Italy
  3. Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Bologna, viale Risorgimento 4,40136 Bologna, Italy

Authors and Affiliations

Joël Bertrand
1

  1. Directeur de Recherche CNRS, Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, INP – ENSIACET,4, allée Emile Monsoi, CS 84234, 31432 TOULOUSE CEDEX 4, France

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