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Abstract

In his voluminous memoirs compiled in the early 17th century the Dominican Martin Gruneweg describes a pageant named the Parade of the Planets that took place in Warsaw on 15 February 1580. Central to its stage design was the iconography of the seven planets, each of them represented by its Zodiac sign and its affiliated House. However, no less important for the spectacle was the appearance of numerous characters and stage props from the carnival tradition, e.g. richly dressed men from the Orient, Bacchus, a procession of floats. The Parade of the Planets was a festivity which brought together the court and the townsfolk; it was probably organized by both court and town. More generally, it could be described as an urban carnival parade mimicking some features of the Renaissance Trionfo. The knowledge of celestial phenomena presented in this spectacle was probably adjusted to the needs of a wide audience of the ‘middling sort of people’, whose belief in the geocentric model of the cosmos was still intact. It seems that the Parade of the Planets contained hardly any profound insights or hermetic clues. Gruneweg, though, does find it susceptible to an allegorical interpretation which reveals the spectacle's embedding in Christian spirituality and middle-class virtues. He is pleased with the colourful spectacle, but warns of taking too much pleasure in this kind of entertainment.

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Authors and Affiliations

Agata Starownik
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Abstract

Cwaniary (Female Wanglers) is not only a metatextual novel with numerous references to popular culture, but above all an important contribution to the discussion about the place and role of women in contemporary society. The author breaks with the nineteenth-century image of matka Polka, the Polish Mother, whose existence is confined to family and home. The creations and actions of the female wanglers in Cwaniary, outsiders who defy popular stereotypes by pursuing outré lifestyles, are underpinned with allusions to a nascent rebellion against patriarchy, systemic suppression of women's rights, and the resulting marginalization of women in society. Unfortunately, Poles still have great problems with openness to other cultures, nations, and non-heteronormative sexual orientations. The Poles, it seems, are caught between an irrational fear of disintegration of the structures of their relatively homogeneous society and the need to move on and reinvent themselves as the 'modern subjects' of critical theory. It is a choice between holding on to an anachronistic model of Polish culture founded on suppression or catching up with the 21st-century world of openness, diversity and multiculturalism.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Piechota
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Abstract

Maria Hagen-Schwerin was a 19th-century novelist and poet. She was a prolific author of popular romances with aristocratic heroes and plots that revolve around love and marriage in high society. However, what kept Mrs Hagen in the public eye was her unconventional life style, her debts and an unending string of affairs whose sensational twists eclipsed anything that could be found her polite fiction. Her feuds, especially with another controversial woman of the fin-de- siècle Cracow, the playwright and novelist Gabriela Zapolska, were the talk of the town. Maria Hagen descended, on her father's side from a long line of nobles (Łoś) and on her mother's side from one of Cracow's wealthiest merchant families (Kirchmayer). Her elder brother Wincenty Łoś was an acclaimed writer and art collector. It is no exaggeration to say that Maria Hagen was heir to a family legacy of great achievements and of great scandals, too, in politics as well as in economic and social life. Some of her ancestors also ventured into literature thus building a family tradition which continued for three centuries. Maria Hagen picked up that thread and became a successful writer in her day. Now she belongs to that large category of writers once famous, but quickly forgotten. The problem lies not in the fact that nobody reads her books, but that her work has attracted virtually no attention from students of nineteenth-century literature and culture, and, astonishingly enough, no critical study of her work has been written for over 150 years since her death.

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Authors and Affiliations

Klaudia Kardas
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Abstract

This reading of Jerzy Stempowski’s essay ‘Rubis d’Orient’ (published in 1954 under the pseudonym Paweł Hostowiec) is based on the assumption that his work can be divided into two phases, the Appolonian and the Dionysian. While the essay ‘In the Dniester river valley’, with its idealized world of a timeless idyll, seems to be the most salient manifestation of the Appolonian phase, ‘Rubis d’Orient’ marks Stempowski’s turn towards temporality and historical time. The intrusion of tragedy and Dionysian motifs is accompanied by a change of style and structure, increasingly complex and metaphoric. This transition, the article argues, is nowhere clearer than in ‘Rubis d’Orient’, which, moreover, reads like an art manifesto. This, in turn, puts Stempowski's subsequent essays and his catastrophist views in a new perspective.
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Bibliography

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●Braudel F., Morze Śródziemne i świat śródziemnomorski w epoce Filipa II, t. 1–2, przeł. t. 1: T. Mrówczyński i M. Ochab, t. 2: M. Król i M. Kwiecińska, Gdańsk, 1976–1977 (oryginał francuski La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l’époque de Philippe II ukazał się w r. 1949).
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●Iwaszkiewicz J., Spotkania z Szymanowskim, Kraków 1976.
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●Krakowiak M., „Historia zerwana z łańcucha”, czyli katastrofizm Jerzego Stempowskiego, „Ruch Literacki” 1–2 (1994), s. 45–58.
●Lachmann R., Gedächtnis und Literatur. Intertextualitä in der russischen Moderne, Frankfurt am Main 1990.
●Lachmann R., Rhetorik und acumen-Lehre als Beschreibung poetischer Verfahren. Zu Sarbiewskis Traktat De acuto et arguto von 1627, [w:] Slavistische Studien zum VII. Internationalen Slavistenkongress in Warschau, München 1973, red. J. Holthusen i inni, s. 331–357.
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●Schumann W., Edelsteine und Schmucksteine. Alle Arten und Varietäen der Welt. 1600 Einzelstücke, München 2002.
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●Zemła M., Der ‘polnische Essay’ und seine kulturmodellierende Funktion. Jerzy Stempowski i Czesław Miłosz, München 2009.
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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata Zemła
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Ludwig–Maximilians–Universität, München
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Abstract

After 1918 it was by no means uncommon for literary critics of renown to give up their familiar pursuits and move on to new fields. This article traces and brings to light the largely forgotten literary criticism of Władysław Jabłonowski, better known as an influential politician and journalist. He had made his name as a prolific literary critic with the rising tide of the Young Poland movement, but, as life resumed in an independent Poland, he scaled down his activity in that field quite considerably. Moreover, he abandoned the ‘empathic’ model of Modernist criticism for a steady commitment to classical aesthetics, especially as it manifested itself in French literature, of which he was always a great admirer. In this new phase he remained invariably loyal to nationalist ideology and a mythologized idea of ‘the West’.
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Bibliography

dzieła i teksty W. Jabłonowskiego:

●„Amica Italia” (Rzecz o faszyzmie). Wrażenia i rozważania, Poznań–Warszawa–Wilno– Lublin 1926.
●Chwila obecna (dążności i usposobienia), Warszawa 1901.
●Dokoła Sfinksa (Studia o życiu i twórczości narodu rosyjskiego), Warszawa 1910.
●Dwie kultury. Studya historyczne i literackie, Warszawa 1913.
●Faszyzm a machiavellizm, „Myśl Narodowa”, 1927, nr 24.
●Franciszek Mauriac, „Myśl Narodowa” 1933, nr 33.
●Humanista na wygnaniu (Léon Daudet), „Myśl Narodowa”, 1929, nr 36, 37.
●Italia współczesna, „Myśl Narodowa” 1932, nr 21.
●Jak z rogu Amaltei…, „Myśl Narodowa”, 1938, nr 50.
●Jeszcze jedna krucjata, „Myśl Narodowa”, 1938, nr 7.
●Kryzys powieści, „Gazeta Warszawska” 1932, nr 274–276.
●Krytycyzm w krytyce literackiej, „Myśl Narodowa”, 1929, nr 15, 16.
●Maskarada się kończy, „Myśl Narodowa” 1935, nr 18.
●Nowa powieść autorki „Pożogi”, „Myśl Narodowa”, 1929, nr 7.
●Niemiec o Francji, „Myśl Narodowa” 1932, nr 37.
●O pewnym „arcydziele” współczesnem, „Myśl Narodowa” 1935, nr 19.
●Odczyty o Leopardim, „Myśl Narodowa”, 1939, nr 34.
●Paweł Bourget (wspomnienie pośmiertne), „Myśl Narodowa” 1936, nr 1.
●Pokłosie Barrèsa, „Myśl Narodowa” 1928, nr 8.
●Poruszyły się płazy, „Myśl Narodowa” 1925, nr 13.
●Słońce Prowansji (Fryderyk Mistral), „Myśl Narodowa”, 1929, nr 42.
●Sto pięćdziesiąta rocznica Wielkiej Rewolucji, „Myśl Narodowa” 1939, nr 28.
●W obronie Zachodu, „Myśl Narodowa”, 1927, nr 20.
●W odwiecznej sprawie (Uwagi o sztuce i krytyce), „Melitele. Noworocznik Literacki”, Kraków 1902.
●U wezgłowia chorej Europy, „Myśl Narodowa” 1932, nr 47.
●Uwagi o Wielkiej Rewolucji, „Myśl Narodowa” 1928, nr 23.
●W hołdzie Maurras’owi, „Myśl Narodowa” 1927, nr 19.
●Wesoła wiedza, „Myśl Narodowa”, 1929, nr 20.
●Wielki czarodziej, „Myśl Narodowa”, 1934, nr 52.
●Wizerunki wielkopolskie, „Myśl Narodowa”, 1937, nr 51.
●Wśród obcych, Lwów 1905. ●Z ojczyzny Danta. Szkice i wrażenia, Warszawa 1921.
●Z okazji jubileuszu Ch. Maurras’a, „Myśl Narodowa” 1936, nr 36, s. 564.
●Ze studiów dantejskich, „Myśl Narodowa” 1933, nr 42.
●[Żydzi Rudnickiego], „Nowe Książki” 1938, z. VI.

inne dzieła:

●Biernacki A., Władysław Jabłonowski (1865–1956), „Polski Słownik Biograficzny” 1962– 1964, t. X, https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/wladyslaw-jablonowski
●Brzozowski S., Dzieła pod redakcją Mieczysława Sroki. Współczesna powieść i krytyka, wstępem poprzedził T. Burek, oprac. J. Bahr i M. Rydlowa, teksty z rękopisu opracował M. Sroka, Kraków–Wrocław 1984.
●Chlebowski B., [rec. Rozpraw i wrażeń literackich], „Książka” 1908, nr 4.
●Chmielowski P., Dzieje krytyki literackiej w Polsce, Warszawa 1902.
●Fryde L., Drogi współczesnej krytyki literackiej, „Wiedza i Życie” 1938, z. 12 [w:] tenże, Wybór pism krytycznych, oprac. A. Biernacki, Warszawa 1966.
●Głowiński M., Ekspresja i empatia. Studia o młodopolskiej krytyce literackiej, Kraków 1997.
●Hutnikiewicz A., Młoda Polska, Warszawa 1994.
●Kaźmierczyk Z., Władysław Jabłonowski a wileńska szkoła myślenia o Rosji, [w:] Poza rusofobią a rusofilią?, red. E. Mikiciuk, Słupsk 2019.
●Leśmian B., Dokoła Sfinksa. Studia o życiu i twórczości narodu rosyjskiego, „Prawda” 1910, nr 8 [cyt. za:] tenże, Dzieła wszystkie. Szkice literackie, zebrał i opracował J. Trznadel, Warszawa 2011.
●Kiwior-Filo M., „Rewolucja faszystowska” w interpretacji Władysława Jabłonowskiego, „Studia na Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem” 2011, t. 33.
●Mowy Mussoliniego, wybrał, przełożył i przedmową poprzedził W. Jabłonowski, Warszawa 1927.
●Skiwski J.E., O krytyce naukowej i profetycznej, „Myśl Narodowa” 1928, nr 15 [w:] tenże, „Na przełaj” oraz inne szkice o literaturze i kulturze, oprac. M. Urbanowski, Kraków 1999.
●Skórczewski D., Spory o krytykę literacką w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym, Kraków 2002.
●Speina J., Władysław Jabłonowski, [w:] Obraz literatury polskiej. Literatura okresu Młodej Polski, s. 5, t. IV, Kraków 1977.
●Stern A., O zmianę metod naszej krytyki, „Wiadomości Literackie” 1928, nr 31.
●Urbanowski M., Od Brzozowskiego do Herberta. Studia o ideach literatury polskiej XX wieku, Łomianki 2012.
●Wyka K., Felietonomania, „Tygodnik Ilustrowany” 1937, nr 38 [w:] tenże, Stara szuflada i inne szkice z lat 1932–1939, oprac. M. Urbanowski, Kraków 2000.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Urbanowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków
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Abstract

The aim of this analysis of the oneiric representations of phantom women in the poetry of Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer and Bolesław Leśmian is to compare and characterize the workings of the poetic imagination of a pair of poets who represent the first and the second generation of the Young Poland movement. Their poems are read and interpreted within the framework of Young Poland's conceptualization of dreams and its use of the dream motif so as to explain the functioning and the ontological status of the oneiric female characters. The analysis shows that both Przerwa-Tetmajer's and Leśmian's apparitions belong to more than one category. While some are wholly imaginary, others are known to have existed as real persons and have merely been transposed into an image of a man's mind.

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Authors and Affiliations

Lidia Kamińska
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

This article is an attempt to re-read Tadeusz Miciński's poem ‘Blood-red Snow’ (‘Krwawy śnieg’, 1914) in the context of a tragedy that took place in February 1914 at Zakopane, or more precisely, in Kościeliska Valley in the Tatras. It was there that Jadwiga Janczewska, Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz's fiancée, took her life by shooting himself in the head. Her suicide prompted Miciński, a close friend of Witkiewicz, to write the ‘Blood-red Snow’, a poetic reportage infused with ambiguity, which presents a highly subjective vision of the tragic event and its circumstances. Read out of context, the poem seems be just another product of the poet's fascination with the philosophy of the occult (Luciferianism). However, when its real-life context is restored, the heady symbolism turns out to be a camouflage of a poème à clef, a genre which ‘Blood-red Snow’ actually exemplifies. The poem is an instant reaction to a dramatic event. To make sense of it one does not need to be familiar with the whole story of the relations between Miciński and Witkiewicz. What is perhaps worth noting is that their relationship soured after Jadwiga Janczewska's suicide, which triggered an unending blame game on all sides. While the public held Witkiewicz responsible for the young woman's death, he himself put the blame on Miciński and, first and foremost, on Karol Szymanowski. These controversies are, however, beyond the scope of the 'Blood-red Snow'.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Czabanowska-Wróbel
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

This article deals with the problem of representation of the nuclear holocaust in literary theory (in the context of deconstruction theory) and in some literary works (usually dubbed Apocalyptic and Post-Apocalyptic fiction), i.e. John Hersey's Hiroshima, Hara Tamiki's Summer Flowers, Ibuse Masuji's The Crazy Iris, and Stanisław Lem's novel His Master's Voice and his short story Man from Hiroshima. The problem of representing a calamitous event is discussed here in connection with recent debates on the nature and status of testimony (especially Dori Laub's witness and testimony studies).
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Bibliography

●Bereś S., Tako rzecze… Lem. Ze Stanisławem Lemem rozmawia Stanisław Bereś, Kraków 2002.
●Boruszkowska I., Koza M., Ostateczna de(kon)strukcja. Nuklearna apokalipsa Derridy, „Czas Kultury”, nr 5, 2014.
●Gajewska A., Zagłada i gwiazdy. Przeszłość w prozie Stanisława Lema, Poznań 2016.
●Hersey J., Hiroszima, przeł. J. Łoziński, Poznań 2013.
●Hersey J., Hiroszima, przeł. Józef Wittlin, Warszawa 1948.
●Hundorowa T., Czarnobyl, nuklearna apokalipsa i postmodernizm, przeł. I. Boruszkowska, „Teksty Drugie” 2014, nr 6.
●Jarzębski J., Wszechświat Lema, Kraków 2002.
●Kato A., Recepcja Holokaustu w Japonii w perspektywie porównawczej: Auschwitz – Nankin – Hiroszima, „Zagłada Żydów. Studia i materiały. Pismo Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów Instytutu Filozofii i Socjologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk”, nr 13, 2017.
●Laub D., Zdarzenie bez świadka: prawda, świadectwo oraz ocalenie, „Teksty Drugie”, nr 5, 2007.
●Lem S., Człowiek z Hiroszimy, [w:] Człowiek z Marsa. Opowiadania młodzieńcze. Wiersze, Warszawa 2009.
●Lem S., Głos Pana, Kraków 2016.
●Markowski M.P., O reprezentacji, [w:] Kulturowa teoria literatury. Główne pojęcia i problemy, red. M.P. Markowski, R. Nycz, Kraków 2006.
●Marzec A., Krytyka nuklearna. Myśl w przededniu apokalipsy, „Czas Kultury”, nr 1, 2014.
●Masuji I., Irys, [w:] Irys – opowiadania japońskie, przeł. A. Gostyńska, Warszawa 1960.
●Melanowicz M., Literatura japońska. Proza XX wieku, Warszawa 1994.
●Po Czarnobylu. Miejsce katastrofy w dyskursie współczesnej humanistyki, I. Boruszkowska, K. Linianowicz, A. Grzemska, P. Krupa, Kraków 2017.
●Rothberg M., Pamięć wielokierunkowa. Pamiętanie Zagłady w epoce dekolonizacji, przeł. Katarzyna Bojarska, Warszawa 2015.
●Szarecki A., Ciało w stanie rozpadu. Doświadczenie bomby atomowej w relacjach hibakusha, „Przegląd Humanistyczny” 2017, nr 1.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Jakub Skowroński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Instytut Filologii Polskiej Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, Gdańsk
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Abstract

Polish musical criticism of 19th century is a fascinating research field for musicologists, music theorists, as well as literary scholars. They can find there a wealth of texts whose expressive style tries to emulate the homage paid to the great virtuosos of the time in poetry. While Frederick Chopin and the violinist Karol Lipiński held sway over captive audiences, there was yet another musician whose name featured prominently in reviews and poems. It was Stanisław Szczepanowski, the great guitarist, whose concerts gave rise to numerous reviews representing the romantic school of musical criticism. This paper examines some of those reviews as well as two poems dedicated to Szczepanowski, one by Teofil Lenartowicz and the other by Władysław Syrokomla.
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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Bartnikowska-Biernat
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. dr, doktorat obroniony na Wydziale Polonistyki UJ
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Abstract

This article attempts to formulate a new interpretation of the mysterious messianic character marked "Forty and Four" from the Vision of Priest Piotr in Adam Mickiewicz's poetic drama Dziady ( Forefathers' Eve), Part III. After a review of earlier readings of this crux and its symbolism, the author of the article presents his own proposal, which contextualizes the enigmatic number in three historical frameworks. The first of them is ancient history, and, more specifically, 'Forty four' is seen as a reference to the Ides of March in 44 B.C., the date on which Julius Caesar was assassinated by a group of conspirators led by Brutus. The other two relevant contexts are the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution, and the high tides of modern history culminating in tyrannicide. In effect, the 'Forty four' passage is seen as an affirmation or even a sacralization of tyrannicide, symbolized by not only by inexplicit references to Brutus and the Israelite heroine Judith. It is a theme which reverberates not only in Dziady but also throughout Adam Mickiewicz's work.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Szargot
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. prof. UŁ, dr hab., Uniwersytet Łódzki

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