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Abstrakt

Natural resources and the extractive industries play a central role in the economy of developing countries and the lives of nearly half of the world’s population. The increasing demand for oil, gas, and mineral resources has led some countries to prioritize the extractive industries; yet, there is growing empirical evidence that in some cases governments have neglected other sectors of the economy, making them highly dependent and vulnerable to volatile commodity prices. Latin American countries face the challenge of changing their model of primary-export specialization and move away from their dependence on natural resource-intensive exports in order to avoid being vulnerable to commodity cycles. In this context, given the limited literature available on measuring the dependence on the extraction of oil, gas and minerals of the Ecuadorian economy, the objective of this article is to twofold. First, to provide a snapshot of the historical and current situation of Ecuador’s natural resource dependence. Second, to estimate the Extractives Dependence Index (EDI) scores for Ecuador for the years 2003 to 2017. The EDI is a generally accepted method for measuring a country’s aggregate dependence on natural and mineral resources. Based on the EDI scores obtained, we analyze the variation of this indicator and investigate the effect of extractives dependence on the Ecuadorian economy. Results show that despite the government’s significant efforts to diversify Ecuador’s economy, the country has a persistent dependence on the extractive sector.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Pablo Benalcazar
ORCID: ORCID
Luis Felipe Orozco
Jacek Kamiński

Abstrakt

For much of the last two decades, the Central and East European (CEE) economies have experienced a deep structural reform, moving away from a socialist economic system towards a market economy. The political situation of the second half of the 20th century had a significant impact on the economic development and competitiveness of these transition countries, when compared with their Western European counterparts. A vast number of studies have been conducted to analyze the structural changes required for resource-dependent economies to achieve long-term development and to understand the synergies between commodities and diversification. Yet, the dynamics of resource extraction and the resource dependence of regions that have experienced periods of sustained levels of growth have largely been overlooked, especially the Central and Eastern European region. In this context, this article presents an analysis of the level of resource dependence of six countries which joined the European Union between 2004 and 2007. Using data spanning from the year 2000 to 2017, we calculate the Extractives Dependence Index (EDI) of six former Soviet satellite nations and one former Soviet state. Our results indicate that the commodity structure of trade in the six countries which joined the European Union has changed considerably. These countries have reduced their economic dependence on extractive resources by developing their high value-added and technology-intensive sectors. Our findings also reveal that Poland experienced the highest decrease in EDI scores among the six CEE countries.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Marcin Malec
ORCID: ORCID
Pablo Benalcazar
ORCID: ORCID

Abstrakt

Long-duration human space missions require intelligent regenerative life support systems that can recycle resources and automatically manage failures. This paper explores using Petri nets to model the reliability and complex interactions of such closed-loop systems. An architecture consisting of primary systems, backups, and consumable reserves is outlined. The automation system that controls everything is described. Petri nets can capture concurrency, failure modes, redundancy, and dynamic behavior. A modular modeling methodology is presented to develop hierarchical Petri net models that scale in fidelity. Elementary fragments represent failures and redundancy. Subsystem modules can be substituted for more detailed models. Analysis and simulation assess system reliability and failure response. This supports designing ultra-reliable systems to safely sustain human life in space.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Igor Kabashkin
1
Sergey Glukhikh
1

  1. Transport andTelecommunication Institute, Latvia

Abstrakt

W ostatnich latach nasiliło się wśród badaczy społecznych zainteresowanie problemem wiedzy eksperckiej. Jednym z tematów częściej poruszanych w tym kontekście jest kwestia relacji między ekspertami i laikami. W niniejszym artykule analizuję to zagadnienie przez pryzmat koncepcji zależności epistemicznej sformułowanej przez Johna Hardwiga. Twierdzę, że koncepcja ta stanowi poważne wyzwanie nie tylko dla dominującej w literaturze naukowej wizji prowadzenia badań naukowych, ale też dla demokratycznej wizji polityki. Analizuję trzy spotykane w literaturze przedmiotu strategie odpowiedzi na to wyzwanie: indywidualistyczną, instytucjonalną oraz epistokratyczną. Pierwszą reprezentuje Alvin Goldman, prezentujący strategie pozostające do dyspozycji laika stającego w obliczu wyboru spośród dwóch sprzecznych opinii eksperckich. Drugą jest wiara w potencjał instytucji i norm nauki do rozstrzygnięcia wszystkich kontrowersji zanim skonfrontowani z nimi zostaną laicy. Trzecia nakazuje eliminację problemu zależności epistemicznej poprzez włączanie do dyskusji z ekspertami wyłącznie osób z wystarczającym doświadczeniem praktycznym. W konkluzji twierdzę, że problem zależności epistemicznej nie znajduje przekonującego rozwiązania. Jedyne nadzieje stwarzają strategie jego ominięcia, a nie konfrontacji z nim.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Janusz Grygieńć
1

  1. Instytut Filozofii, Wydział Filozofii i Nauk Społecznych, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, ul. Fosa Staromiejska 1a, Toruń

Abstrakt

The objective of the present work is to examine the characteristics of unsteady incompressible magnetohydrodynamic fluid flow around a permeable rotating vertical cone. The effects of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, and the Soret and Dufour effects are investigated in the analysis of heat and mass transfer. The viscosity of the fluid is considered inversely proportional to the temperature, and the thermal conductivity of the fluid is considered directly proportional to the temper-ature. The governing equations are converted into ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity transformations, which are then solved numerically using bvp4c from MATLAB. Results obtained in this study are in excellent correlation with previously conducted studies. The results demonstrate that the Dufour and Soret effects subsequently reduce the heat transit rate (by –3.3%) and mass transit rate (by –1.2%) of the system. It is also detected that fluids with higher viscosity tend to increase tangential skin friction (+8.9%) and azimuthal skin friction (+8.3%). The heat transit rate of the system is found to be more efficient for fluids with higher viscosity and lower thermal conductivity and Eckert numbers. Further-more, the thickness of the momentum, thermal, and concentration boundary layers significantly reduces while the heat and mass transit rates (+17.8% and +18.3%, respectively) of the system become more efficient for greater values of the un-steadiness parameter.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Temjennaro Jamir
1
Hemanta Konwar
1

  1. Kohima Science College, Jotsoma, Kohima 797001, India

Abstrakt

Traffic accident prediction is a crucial component of an intelligent traffic system, which is important to maintain citizen safety and decrease economic losses. Current methods for traffic accident prediction based on deep learning fail to consider the driving mechanisms of traffic accidents, so a novel traffic accident prediction method based on multi-view spatial-temporal learning is proposed, which represents the driving mechanism of traffic accidents from multiple views. Firstly, for the urban regions divided by grids, a new augmentation was designed to augment the spatial semantic information of regions through learnable semantic embedding, then deformable convolutional networks with non-fixed convolution kernels are used to learn dynamic spatial dependencies between regions and gated recurrent units are used to learn temporal dependencies, which can capture dynamic spatial-temporal evolution patterns of traffic accidents. Secondly, long short-term memory is employed to learn the traffic flow breakdown from the flow difference of adjacent time steps in each region to recognize the traffic accident precursor in the risk environment. Thirdly, accident patterns in different regions are learned from historical traffic flow to determine whether the flow is the dominant factor and capture the spatial heterogeneity of traffic accidents. Finally, the above features are fused for accident prediction at the regional level. Experiments are conducted on two real datasets, and the experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms eight benchmark methods.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jian Feng
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tian Liu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yuqiang Qiao
2

  1. College of Computer Science & Technology, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710000, China
  2. Shaanxi Branch, China United Network Communications Group Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710000, China

Abstrakt

This paper presents modelling of a squirrel-cage induction motor and an optimal control method based on suboptimal control for nonlinear systems to minimise consumed energy and power losses in an induction motor drive. A coupled motor model with optimal control as a closed-loop integrated system is proposed. For modelling of the squirrel-cage asynchronous machine, a field-circuit-mechanical finite-element (FE) model is employed, in which mechanical motion is realised by a moving-mesh method and fixed mesh approach. For the control problem purpose, a surrogate induction motor model, described in a stationary rotor reference d–q frame, is applied. The optimal control is realised by a nonlinear feedback compensator method based on the state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) with an infinite time horizon with the surrogate model state-dependent parametrisation (SDP). To perform the control strategy, a SDRE technique with Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse is adopted. To improve the accuracy of the optimisation procedure, a finite element model was used to calculate the motor performance.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Cezary Jedryczka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sławomir Stepien
2
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Demenko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mirosław Nowakowski
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Electrical Engineering and Electronics Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3a, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
  2. Institute of Automatic Control and Robotics, Poznan University of Technology Piotrowo 3a, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
  3. Air Force Institute of Technology, Ksiecia Boleslawa St. 6, 01-494 Warsaw, Poland

Abstrakt

This work is an attempt to determine the scale of threats to the mineral security of Poland in the area of non-energy raw materials resulting from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. In particular, it aims to identify those industries whose proper functioning may be threatened in the face of the limited supply of raw materials from three directions – Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. An element of the analysis was also the indication of possible alternative sources of the supply of these raw materials. For this purpose, the directions of imports to Poland of about 140 non-energy raw materials in 2011–2020 were analyzed. As a result, about thirty raw materials were selected, the supplies of which came from, among others, at least one of the three mentioned countries. To determine the raw materials for which the disruption of supplies may have the most serious impact on the functioning of the Polish economy, the following criteria were adopted: a minimum 20% share of these countries in covering the domestic demand in 2020, and a minimum value of these imports in 2020 of 20 million PLN. These threshold conditions were met by eight raw materials: iron ores and concentrates, carbon black, potash, aluminum, ferroalloys, nickel, ball clays and refractory clays, and synthetic corundum. Among these, the need to change the directions of supplies applies to the greatest extent to iron ores and concentrates, aluminum and nickel, while in the case of non-metallic raw materials, it applies most to ball clays and refractory clays and potassium salts. These are among the most important raw materials necessary for the proper functioning of the national economy, but their shortage or disruptions in the continuity of their supplies pose a real threat to the mineral security of Poland.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Ewa Danuta Lewicka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Burkowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hubert Czerw
1
ORCID: ORCID
Beata Figarska-Warchoł
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Galos
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Gałaś
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Guzik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jarosław Kamyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Alicja Kot-Niewiadomska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jarosław Szlugaj
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

Abstrakt

This article presents research on the structure of energy mixes and the dependence on imports of the EU-27 member states, with a particular emphasis on Poland. During the conducted research, a spatial information system was used. GIS tools made it possible to build layers presenting information based on the countries’ energy mix, the level of dependence on the import of this fuel, and the share of the Russian Federation in fuel imports. It was also examined whether the level of dependence on imports from Russia was dependent on the geographical location. Since it has been shown that the share of Russian fuel is significant in the energy mixes of many member states, and that security does not depend solely on import dependence, an energy security assessment measure has been created (SES). As the level of security consists of many factors, assessing each of them separately is very difficult and unclear. Therefore, in order to simplify this analysis, it was necessary to determine one indicator that would take into account all the factors influencing the level of energy security. Poland is privileged in terms of access to fossil fuels due to its rich coal deposits; however, the potential of this fuel is not used, which is also indicated by the level of the SES measure. In the case of Poland, SES amounts to less than 16% and is almost three times lower than the EU-27 average. The indicator made it possible to indicate not only those factors that positively affect the level of energy security but also those that adversely affect it. It also enabled the identification of possible remedial measures.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Aurelia Rybak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aleksandra Rybak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Spas D. Kolev
2

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
  2. School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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Abstrakt

Finite Element Method FEM via commercially available software has been used for numerical simulation of the compaction process of bentonite-bonded sand mould. The mathematical model of soil plasticity which involved Drucker-Prager model match with Mohr-Coulomb model was selected. The individual parameters which required for the simulation process were determined through direct shear test based on the variation of sand compactability. The novelty of this research work is that the individual micro-mechanical parameters were adopted depend on its directly proportional to the change of sand density during the compaction process. Boundary conditions of the applied load, roller and fixed constraint were specified. An extremely coarse mesh was used and the solution by time-dependent study was done for investigation of material-dependent behaviour of green sand during the compaction process. The research implemented also simulation of the desired points in sand mould to predict behaviour of moulding process, and prevent failure of the sand mould. Distance-dependent displacement and distance-dependent pressure have been determined to investigate the effective moulding parameters without spent further energy and cost for obtaining green sand mould. The obtained numerical results of the sand displacement show good agreement with the practical results.
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Bibliografia

[1] Naeimi, K., Baradaran, H., Ahmadi, R. & Shekari, M. (2015). Study and simulation of the effective factors on soil compaction by tractors wheels using the finite element method. Journal of Computational Applied Mechanics. 46(2), 107-115. DOI: 10.22059/jcamech.2015.55093.
[2] Soane, B. (1990). The role of organic matter in soil compatibility: A review of some practical aspects. Soil & Tillage Research. 16(1-2), 179-201. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0167-1987(90)90029-D.
[3] Minaei, S. (1984). Multi pass effects of wheel and track- type vehicles on soil compaction. MS Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
[4] Chen, Y. Tessier, Y. & Rauffignat, S. (1998). Soil bulk density estimation for tillage systems and soil texture. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. 41(4), 1601-1610.
[5] Wenzhen, L. & Junjiao, W. (2007). Numerical Simulation of Compacting Process of Green Sand Molding Based on Sand Filling. Materials Science Forum. 561-565, 879-1882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.561-565.1879.
[6] Hovad, E., Larsen, P., Walther, J., Thorborg, J. & Hattel,. J.H. (2015). Flow Dynamics of green sand in the DISAMATIC moulding process using Discrete element method (DEM). IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering. 84(1) 1-8. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/84/1/012023.
[7] Hua, L., Junjiao, W., Tianyou, H. & Hiroyasu, M. (2011). A new numerical simulation model for high pressure squeezing moulding. China foundry. 8(1) 25-29. ID: 1672-6421(2011)01-025-05.
[8] Schijndel, van, A.W.M.(2007). Integrated heat air and moisture modeling and simulation. Doctoral dissertation, Eindhoven University of Technology. https://doi.org/ 10.6100/IR622370.
[9] Terzaghi, K. (1976). Earthwork mechanics based on soil physics (in German). G. Gistel & Cie. GmbH, Wien.
[10] Tomas, J. (1991). Modeling of the flow behavior of bulk solids on the basis of the interaction forces between the particles and applications in the design of bunkers (in German). Habilitation thesis, TU Bergakademie Freiberg.
[11] Inoue, Y., Motoyama, Y., Takahashi, H., Shinji, K. & Yoshida, M. (2013). Effect of sand mold models on the simulated mold restraint force and the contraction of the casting during cooling in green sand molds. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 213(7), 1157-1165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.01.011.
[12] Kadauw, A. (2006). Mathematical modeling of the moulding material processes (in German). Doctoral dissertation, TU- Bergakademie Freiberg.
[13] Lang, H.-J., Huder, J., Amann, P., Puzrin, A.M. (1996). Soil mechanics and foundation (in German). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.
[14] Suroso, P., Samang, L., Tjaronge, W. & Muhammad Ramli. (2016). Estimates of Elasticity and Compressive Strenght in Soil Cement Mixed With Ijuk-Aren, International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE), 3(4), 21-26.
[15] Nujid, M.M. & Taha, M.R. (2016). Soil Plasticity Model for Analysis of Collapse Load on Layers Soil. EDP Sciences, MATEC Web of Conferences. 47(03020) 1-6. DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/ 20164703020.
[16] Chen, W.F. Mizuno, E. (1990). Nonlinear Analysis in Soil Mechanics: Theory and Implementation, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., ISBN 978-0444430434, 5-36.
[17] Bast, J., Kadauw, A. (2004). 3D-Numerical Simulation of Squeeze Moulding with the Finite element Method. Proceeding of 66th World Foundry Congress Istanbul, 247 - 258.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Dheya Abdulamer
ORCID: ORCID
A. Kadauw
1 2

  1. IMKF. TU - Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
  2. Salahddin University-Erbil, Iraq

Abstrakt

Przez Ingardenowskie kryteria istnienia (bytu) absolutnego rozumiem cztery momenty bytowe, jakie w I tomie Sporu o istnienie świata Roman Ingarden przypisuje istnieniu absolutnemu: samoistność, pierwotność, samodzielność i niezależność. Rozpatruję je w odniesieniu do poszczególnych obiektów fizycznych oraz materialnego wszechświata jako całości. Artykuł – poza kilkoma wyjaśnieniami wstępnymi – koncentruje się wokół trzech tez, które omawiam w następującej kolejności: 1) rozróżnienie przez Ingardena – obok istnienia (bytu) absolutnego – aż siedmiu rodzajów (wariantów) istnienia względnego jest nadmiarowe, jeśli chodzi o przedmioty materialne; 2) żadnemu z poszczególnych przedmiotów materialnych (fizycznych) nie przysługuje jakakolwiek cecha (moment bytowy) właściwa bytowi absolutnemu; 3) istnieją pewne zasadnicze powody, dla których fizyczny wszechświat (byt materialny w sensie kolektywnym) nie może być uznany za byt absolutny (istnienie absolutne).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Marek Łagosz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Instytut Filozofii, ul. Koszarowa 3, 51-149 Wrocław

Abstrakt

W artykule analizuję cztery odmiany zawisłości ontycznej, stanowiące kluczowe ogniwa Ingardenowskiej ontologii: niesamoistność, pochodność, niesamodzielność i zależność. Analiza prowadzi do wniosku, że skonstruowane przez Ingardena pojęcia albo są niepoprawne logicznie, albo nie są dostateczne wyjaśnione, albo też odnoszą się do relacji nie ontycznych, lecz semantycznych.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jacek Jadacki
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. prof. em., Uniwersytet Warszawski, Wydział Filozofii, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 3, 00-927 Warszawa

Abstrakt

This paper proposes a finite-time horizon suboptimal control strategy based on statedependent Riccati equation (SDRE) to control of F16 multirole aircraft. Flight stabilizer control of super maneuverable aircraft is modelled and simulated. For aircraft modelling purpose a full 6 DOF model is considered and described by nonlinear state-space approach. Also a stable state-dependent parametrization (SDP) necessary for solution of the SDRE control problem is proposed. Solution of the SDRE control problem with adequate defined weighting matrices in performance index shows possibility of fast and optimal aircraft control in finite-time. The method in this form can be used for stabilization of aircraft flight and aerodynamics.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Marcin Chodnicki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Pietruszewski
1
Mariusz Wesołowski
1
Sławomir Stępień
2

  1. Air Force Institute of Technology, Ksiecia Bolesława 6, 01-494 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Automatic Control and Robotics, Piotrowo 3a, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
Pobierz PDF Pobierz RIS Pobierz Bibtex

Abstrakt

In homeostasis, which plays an important role in the proper functioning and maintenance of the internal functioning of the body, kidneys play a key role in being responsible for the proper homeostasis of glucose. Among glucose transporters, sodium-dependent glucose co-transporters (SGLTs) have a major role in the kidney‘s ability to reabsorb glucose. Although the localization of these transporters has been extensively studied in mammals, there are still gaps in knowledge of the localization of SGLTs in birds of different age groups. The aim of this study was to immunolocalize in kidneys of hen chickens of different ages the sodium-dependent glucose co-transporters SGLT1 and SGLT2, comparing the localization between different age groups. The kidneys derived from 32 hen chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) were devided equally into four age groups: 3, 7, 14, and 20 day old broilers, 8 indivuals in each group. The polyclonal primary antibodies Rabbit anti- SGLT1 and Rabbit anti-SGLT2 (Abcam, UK) were used together with the corresponding IHC kit (Abcam, UK). The results were visualized photographically using an AxioCam HRc camera (Germany) connected to a Zeiss Axioplan-2 Imaging microscope (Germany). The study revealed similar immunolocalization of SGLT1 and SGLT2 in the apical part of cells of proximal renal tubules in hen chickens’ kidneys in all age groups. Strong staining of SGLT2 was noted also in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of the proximal straight and convoluted tubules. Based on our study, the kidney tissue of newly hatched chickens is ready immediately after hatching for glucose reabsorption and transport, similarily to that of three-week-old chicks.
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Bibliografia


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Boron WF, Boulpaep EL (2016) Medical physiology. 3rd ed., Elsevier, Philadelphia, p 727.

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Haas B, Eckstein N, Pfeifer V, Mayer P, Hass MD (2014) Efficacy, safety and regulatory status of SGLT2 inhibitors: focus on canagliflozin. Nutr Diabetes 4: e143.

Horiba N, Masuda S, Takeuchi A, Takeuchi D, Okuda M, Inui K (2003) Cloning and characterization of a novel Na+-dependent glucose transporter (NaGLT1) in rat kidney. J Biol Chem 278: 14669-14676.

Hruby VJ (1997) Glucagon: molecular biology and structure - activity. Principles of medical biology. In: Bittar E, Bittar N (eds) Molecular and cellular endocrinology. JAI Press Inc., Greenwhich, pp. 387-401.

Hussar P, Allmang C, Popovska-Percinic F, Järveots T, Dūrītis I (2022) Comparative study of sodium-dependent glucose co-transporters in kidneys of ostrich chickens. Sci Horiz 25: 30-35.

Hussar P, Dūrītis I, Popovska-Percinic F, Järveots T (2020) Short communication: Immunohistochemical study of sodiumdependent glucose co-transporters in ostriches kidneys. Agraarteadus 31: 147-150.

Hussar P, Kärner M, Duritis I, Plivca A, Pendovski L, Järveots T, Popovska-Percinic F (2017) Temporospatial study of hexose transporters and mucin in the epithelial cells of chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) small intestine. Pol J Vet Sci 20: 627-633.

Hussar P, Kärner M, Järveots T, Pendovski L, Duritis I, Popovska-Percinic F (2016) Comparative study of glucose transporters GLUT-2 and GLUT-5 in ostriches gastrointestinal tract. Mac Vet Rev 39: i-vii.

Hussar P, Suuroja T, Hussar Ü, Haviko T (2004) Transport proteins in rats’ renal corpuscle and tubules. Medicina (Kaunas) 40: 650-656.

Koepsell H, Vallon V (2020) A special issue on glucose transporters in health and disease. Pflug Arch Eur J Phy 472: 1107-1109.

König HE, Korbel R, Liebich HG (2016) Avian Anatomy textbook and colour atlas. 2nd ed., 5m Publishing, Sheffield, pp 131-133.

Liebich HG (2019) Veterinary histology of domestic mammals and birds. 5th ed., 5m Publishing, Sheffield, pp 258-273.

Lin F, Chen Z (2014) Standardization of diagnostic immunohistochemistry: literature review and geisinger experience. Arch Pathol Lab Med 138: 1564-1577.

Magaki S, Hojat SA, Wei B, So A, Yong WH (2019) An Introduction to the Performance of Immunohistochemistry. Methods Mol Biol 1897: 289-298.

Mather A, Pollock C (2011) Glucose handling by the kidney. Kidney Int 79: S1-S6.

Mota M, Mota E, Dinu IR (2015) The role of the kidney in glucose homeostasis. In: Croniger C (ed) Treatment of type 2 diabetes. IntechOpen, Rijeka, pp 13-17.

Navale AM, Paranjape AN (2016) Glucose transporters: physiological and pathological roles. Biophys Rev 8(I): 5-9.

Nespoux J, Patel R, Hudkins KL, Huang W, Freeman B, Kim YC, Koepsell H, Alpers CE, Vallon V (2019) Gene deletion of the Na+-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 ameliorates kidney recovery in a murine model of acute kidney injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 316: F1201-F1210.

Rieg T, Masuda T, Gerasimova M, Mayoux E, Platt K, Powell DR, Thomson SC, Koepsell H, Vallon V (2014) Increase in SGLT1-mediated transport explains renal glucose reabsorption during genetic and pharmacological SGLT2 inhibition in euglycemia. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 306: 188-193.

Sano R, Shinozaki Y, Ohta T (2020) Sodium – glucose cotransporters: Functional properties and pharmaceutical potential. J Diabetes Investig 11: 770-782.

Takata K (1996) Glucose transporters in the transepithelial transport of glucose. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) 45: 275-284.

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Vallon V, Platt KA, Cunard R, Schroth J, Whaley J, Thomson SC, Koepsell H, Rieg T (2011) SGLT2 mediates glucose reabsorption in the early proximal tubule. J Am Soc Nephrol 22: 104-112.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

C. Allmang
1
P. Hussar
1 2
I. Dūrītis
3
T. Järveots
1

  1. Chair of Veterinary Biomedicine and Food Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi Str.62, Tartu 51006, Estonia
  2. Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 50411, Estonia
  3. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvian University of Agriculture, Kristapa Helmaņa 8, Jelgava LV-3004, Latvia

Abstrakt

In this paper we consider a class of nonlinear autoregressive models in which a specific type of dependence structure between the error term and the lagged values of the state variable is assumed. We show that there exists an equivalent representation given by a p-th order state-dependent autoregressive (SDAR(p)) model where the error term is independent of the last p lagged values of the state variable (y_{t-1},…,y_{t-p}) and the autoregressive coefficients are specific functions of them. We discuss a quasi-maximum likelihood estimator of the model parameters and we prove its consistency and asymptotic normality. To test the forecasting ability of the SDAR(p) model, we propose an empirical application to the quarterly Japan GDP growth rate which is a time series characterized by a level-increment dependence. A comparative analyses is conducted taking into consideration some alternative and competitive models for nonlinear time series such as SETAR and AR-GARCH models.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Fabio Gobbi
1
Sabrina Mulinacci
2

  1. Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Siena, Italy
  2. Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy

Abstrakt

Accurate determination of the probability structure of the multistate model is significant from the valuation and profitability assessment of insurance contracts standpoint. This article aims to analyse the effect of spouses' future lifetime dependence on premiums and prospective reserves for marriage insurance contracts. As a result, under the assumptions that the evolution of the insured risk is described by a nonhomogeneous Markov chain and the dependence between spouses' future lifetime is modelled by the copula, we derive formulas for the elements of the transition matrices. Based on actual data, we conduct a comparative analysis of actuarial values for three scenarios related to future lifetimes of husband and wife. We test the robustness of premium value to the changing degree of dependency between spouses' future lifetimes.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Joanna Dębicka
1
Stanisław Heilpern
1
Agnieszka Marciniuk
1

  1. Wrocław University of Economics and Business

Abstrakt

The aim of this article is to analyze the role of phraseological units (PhUs) in discourse and to investigate their co(n)textual dependency. The paper presents a typology of the lexical and phraseological units, labelled as co(n)textual supports and developed by Olza y Losada (2011): expressions that paraphrase the initial phraseological meaning; expressions that highlight a specific component of this meaning; lexical and phraseological units that are synonymous with the ‘central’ phraseological expression they co-occur with; and lexical and phraseological units that are antonymous with the ‘central’ expression. These units orient and specify the use and interpretation of PhUs. The analysis also focuses on the so-called markers of phraseological units that function as (quasi) PhUs that serve to introduce phraseology within discourse in a (more or less) explicit way and have pragmatic discursive value (cfr. Olza 2013). The last part of the article examines some PhUs whose implicatures can be affected by contextual circumstances and characterized by greater dependence on the general context of the statement despite showing some degree of conventionalization.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Agnieszka Gwiazdowska

Abstrakt

Time-dependent behavior of rock mass is important for long-term stability analysis in rock engineering. Extensive studies have been carried out on the creep properties and rheological models for variable kinds of rocks, however, the effects of initial damage state on the time-dependent behavior of rock has not yet been taken into consideration. In the present study, the authors proposed a creep test scheme with controlled initial damage to investigate the influence of initial damage on the time-dependent behavior of sandstone. In the test scheme, the initial states of damage were first determined via unloading the specimen from various stresses. Then, the creep test was conducted under different stress levels with specific initial damage. The experimental results show that there is a stress threshold for the initial damage to influence the behavior of the rock in the uniaxial compressive creep tests, which is the stress threshold of dilatancy of rock. When the creep stress is less than the stress threshold, the effect of the initial damage seems to be insignificant. However, if the creep stress is higher than the stress threshold, the initial damage has an important influence on the time-dependent deformation, especially the lateral and volumetric deformation. Moreover, the initial damage also has great influence on the creep failure stress and long-term strength, i.e., higher initial damage leading to lower creep failure stress and long-term strength. The experimental results can provide valuable data for the construction of a creep damage model and long-term stability analysis for rock engineering.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Rongbin Hou
Kai Zhang
Jing Tao

Abstrakt

An unsustainable energy mix and energy overconsumption contribute to negative processes such as environmental pressure or energy dependency. The aim of the article is to assess the European Union countries situation in terms of sustainable energy consumption. Eurostat was were used in the analyses. The research was based on synthetic indicators for 2017 data. A non-standard method was used. In accordance with the assumptions of sustainable energy consumption, six indicators were proposed: primary energy consumption (2005=100), final energy consumption (2005=100), share of renewable energy in energy consumption, deficit/surplus in the 2020 renewable energy sources consumption target, energy import dependency (%), greenhouse gas emissions intensity of energy consumption (2000=100). The share of renewable energy in energy consumption and deficit/ surplus in the 2020 renewable energy sources consumption target are stimulants, other features are destimulants. The European Union countries were classified into four groups due to the situation in terms of sustainable energy consumption (first class – favorable situation, second class – quite favorable situation, third class – rather unfavorable situation, fourth class – unfavorable situation). According to the results in twelve countries the situation was identified as favorable or quite favorable, while in the other sixteen countries as rather unfavorable and unfavorable. However, all countries have entered the path of necessary changes. It is important to continue monitoring and analyzing the progress of European Union countries in the field of energy and climate policy.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Luiza Julita Ossowska
Dorota Agnieszka Janiszewska

Abstrakt

The pathogenesis of porcine contagious pleuropneumonia is poorly understood. In the present study, a mouse model of intranasal infection by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) was used to examine lung inflammation. The pathogical results of lung tissues showed that App-infected mice showed dyspnea and anorexia, with severe damage by acute hemorrhage, and infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes, as well as increased expression of caspase-1 p20, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Caspase-1 inhibitors reduced both lung tissue damage and the expression of caspase-1 p20, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-18 in infected mice. These findings suggest that the caspase-1 dependent pyroptosis involved in the pathogenesis of the mouse pleuropneumonia caused by App and the inhibition of caspase-1 reduced the lung injury of this pleuropneumonia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Y. Zhang
T. Yang
F. Huang

Abstrakt

Traces of the idea of verbal valency structure in nineteenth-century grammars – This paper aims to show how K.F. Beckers’s notion of “subjektive” and “objektive Verben” (i.e. those always used with an “ergänzende Objekt”, a ‘completive object’) is a rough forerunner to the modern idea of dependency grammar. In Italy, this theoretical core was assumed by Raffaello Lambruschini in 1840 (and, after him, by the basic school grammar La grammatica del mio Felicino written by Ulisse Poggi, 1865, 18722), but with a huge trivialisation: subjective verbs were identified with intransitive verbs and objective verbs with transitive ones.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Roberta Cella

Abstrakt

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest opisanie wybranych zjawisk składniowych dotyczących niefinitywności oraz ukazanie najczęstszych typów zdań podrzędnych z wyzerowaną formą czasownika w języku niemieckim w jego XVII-wiecznej fazie rozwoju. Stosowanie konstrukcji bez Verbum finitum wydaje się być szczególnie częste w okresie języka wczesno-nowo-wysoko-niemieckiego. Również dzisiaj można zaobserwować struktury niefinitywne. Jednak ich rola we współczesnym dyskursie różni się od tej, jaką pełniły konstrukcje historyczne.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Monika Schönherr

Abstrakt

Urbanisation, economic development and the growth of the world’s population contribute to a continuous increase in demand for mineral aggregates. In many countries and regions (Arab countries, some Asian countries) there is a significant deficit of aggregates, contributing to unsustainable exploitation with a negative environmental impact. To regulate this unfavourable situation related to the management of aggregate resources, one of the main conclusions of the UNEP 2019 Report is the need for a universal introduction of planning and monitoring of the process of obtaining natural aggregates. The paper presents changes in the extraction and production of aggregates between 2005-2022 for Poland and the European Union (2008-2022). These changes confirm the dependence of aggregate production on cement consumption in both Poland and the EU. Econometric models estimated for these relationships were then used to forecast aggregate production. The relatively small errors shown in the ex-post forecasts (2020-2023) confirm the possibility of using the estimated dependencies for ex-ante forecasts (2024-2027), which is illustrated, for example, by the production of mineral aggregates in Poland and the EU.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Wiesław Kozioł
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ireneusz Baic
1
ORCID: ORCID
Artur Miros
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Warsaw Institute Of Technology, 3 Duchnicka Str ., 01-796 Warszawa, Poland

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