Two methods for calculating transport parameters in semiconductor superlattices by applying Green’s functions are compared in the paper. For one of the methods, the Wannier functions method, where computations in the complex space and Wannier functions base are required, the Hamiltonian matrix is small in size and its elements depend solely on the energy. For the real space method, as it operates in the floating point domain and uses the Hamiltonian containing the elements dependent both on energy and position, the Hamiltonian matrix is larger in size. The size makes the method computationally challenging. To find the consequences of choosing one of the methods, a direct comparison between the computations, obtained for both methods with the same input parameters, was undertaken. The differences between the results are shown and explained. Selected simulations allowed us to discuss advantages and disadvantages of both methods. The calculations include transport parameters such as the density of states and the occupation functions, with regard to scattering processes where the self-consistent Born approximation was used, as well as the spatial distribution of electron concentration for two superlattices structures. The numerical results are obtained within the non-equilibrium Green’s functions formalism by solving the Dyson and the Keldysh equations.

The article examines the theoretical discussions on the dualism of “form” and “content” in literature and art that took place in Soviet Ukraine in the mid-1920s. The subject is considered in the context of the development of two competitive approaches of study of literature and art — Russian formalism and Marxism. The problem is observed through the comparison of ethical and ideological positions of the modernists and Marxists in Russia and Ukraine in the 1920s.

The review covers Ruselina Nicolova’s The Bulgarian Grammar. This is a revised version of Bǔlgarska gramatika. Morfologiia (Sofiia 2008) edited in English by Frank & Timme (Berlin 2017). This outstanding achievement is appraised highly by the review author. The review compares the new work with an earlier academic morphology of Bulgarian (Gramatika na sǔvremenniia bǔlgarski knižoven ezik, t. 2: Morfologiia, Sofiia 1983). It concludes that the Grammar of R. Nicolova makes important progress in semantically and functionally oriented type of Bulgarian linguistic description as well as that publication of this study translated to English is important because it provides a widened reception of the work.

The author states that there are in our vocabulary three, and only three, classes of semantic units: a) predicates, i.e. generic concepts – the result of our conceptualization of the world; they represent more than 90% of the vocabulary; b) operators of reference – a small, almost closed set bounding predicates to their concrete denotates; c) proper names, which are by defi nition referentially bound and are object of research of a specialized linguistic discipline. Thus, the main tasks of our grammar are (1) to defi ne and to describe the scope of the grammaticalization in the language in question and (2) to present the semantic classification of predicates, the description of their – bound and/or free – functioning in the text included.

The effects of climate change are much more rapid and visible in the Arctic than in the rest of the globe. The Arctic is extremely attractive scientifically and cognitively. Therefore, polar regions may serve as some of the most captivating natural settings capable of engage society in discussions on environmental changes. The primary objective of this paper is to present selected initiatives implemented by the Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences that aimed to connect polar research with schools and society, and show evidence on their effectiveness, with special focus on pupils from primary and secondary schools. In this paper, an overview of the educational and science communication initiatives undertaken by the Institute of Geophysics PAS for schools and whole society is presented, with the focus on polar research. Next, some results of the evaluation studies for those projects, that conducted detailed impact assessment, are discussed. Based on the evaluation studies and on general not-structured feedback received from diverse audiences of Institute’s activities, positive impact of bringing polar research closer to the society was observed. Using the Arctic and polar research as a vehicle to inspire interest in science and to raise societal awareness of the environmental challenges in various groups of non-specialists may be a very effective mean of science communication.

Niniejsza analiza jest poświęcona cechom językowym tweetów występujących w interakcji z klientami na profilach angielskich oraz polskich firm. Analiza obejmuje badanie struktury tweetów, frekwencji słów, występowania elementów nieformalnych i niestandardowych, błędów językowych, użycia emotikonów oraz hashtagów. Badanie porównuje język stosowany przez reprezentantów firm angielskich oraz polskich i wyszczególnia szereg podobieństw oraz różnic pomiędzy analizowanymi korpusami. Cechą wspólną dla tweetów angielskich i polskich jest wysoka frekwencja aktów grzecznościowych oraz struktur odzwierciedlających nakierowanie na klienta w dyskursie. Różnice dotyczą frekwencji występowania i użycia języka nieformalnego, struktur niestandardowych, emotikonów oraz hashtagów, jak również struktury i złożoności tweetów. Badanie wskazuje na niższy poziom formuliczności i większą indywidualizację interakcji na polskich profilach.

In a series of recent papers we have shown how the continuum mechanics can be extended to nano-scale by supplementing the equations of elasticity for the bulk material with the generalised Young-Laplace equations of surface elasticity. This review paper begins with the generalised Young-Laplace equations. It then generalises the classical Eshelby formalism to nano-inhomogeneities; the Eshelby tensor now depends on the size of the inhomogeneity and the location of the material point in it. The generalized Eshelby formalism for nano-inhomogeneities is then used to calculate the strain fields in quantum dot (QD) structures. This is followed by generalisation of the micro-mechanical framework for determining the effective elastic properties of heterogeneous solids containing nano-inhomogeneities. It is shown that the elastic constants of nanochannel-array materials with a large surface area can be made to exceed those of the non-porous matrices through pore surface modification or coating. Finally, the scaling laws governing the properties of nano-structured materials are given.

Artykuł stanowi analizę najnowszych regulacji UE w zakresie minimalizowania formalności sprawozdawczych dla statków zawijających do portów państw UE. Analizie poddano także regulacje IMO w przedmiotowym zakresie, wskazując na pojawiające się w tym zakresie rozbieżności w prawodawstwie międzynarodowym i unijnym. Zaakcentowano także skutki owych rozbieżności. Na tym tle przedstawiona została polska regulacja wdrażająca zarówno postanowienia konwencji FAL, jak i prawo UE. W oparciu o analizę rozwiązań legislacyjnych i praktyki administracyjnej, autorka stawia wniosek o wzorcowym charakterze polskiego modelu wdrożenia ramowego systemu unijnego.

To calculate the transmission coefficient of ultrasonic waves through a multi-layered medium, a new approach is proposed by expanding it into Debye’s series. Using this formalism, the transmission coefficient can be put in the form of resonance terms series. From this point of view, the relative amplitude of the transmitted wave can be considered as an infinite summation of terms taking into account all possible reflections and refractions on each interface. Our model is then used to investigate interaction between the ultrasonic plane wave and the N-plane-layer structure.
Obviously, the resulting infinite summation has to be reduced to a finite one, according to some level of accuracy. The numerical estimation of the transmission coefficient using the exact expression (Eq. (1)) is then compared to the one of our method in the case of two or three plane-layer structure. The effect of the order of the finite summation on the calculated value of the transmission coefficient is, as well, studied. Finally, our proposed method may be used, with the decomposition into Gaussian beams of a pressure field created by a circular source, to draw a 3D image of the pressure field transmitted through a multilayered structure.

Formalizacja danego zbioru przekonań wyrażonych w pewnym języku polega na przekładzie ich na zdania innego języka. Dobra formalizacja charakteryzuje się tym, że język przekładu jest dobrany właściwie, a przełożone zdania oddają wiernie sens zdań oryginalnych. Na przykładzie ontologii sytuacji pokazuję, jak doskonale rozwiązywał problem formalizacji Profesor Bogusław Wolniewicz.

The article examines the English version of some poems by the Russian writer Nina Iskrenko (1951– 1995), included in the collection The Right to Err (Washington 1995) and translated by the American poet John High. Considering High’s observations in the introduction of the work, I will analyze the translation process as an existential dialogue between two intersecting poetics, leading to the liberation of language from any ideological connotations.

Becoming more and more a multidisciplinary domain of study, the development of research in second language acquisition, and even more visibly in multilingualism, has moved away from its sole focus on cognitive aspects to social-affective dimensions. Consequently, research in these areas makes more extensive use of research methodology characteristic of social sciences. The focus on identity brings together issues of social context and the construction of one’s identity through negotiation of who we are, how we relate to the outside world and how we position ourselves in relation to others (Pavlenko 2001). Language is the main tool in this construction/ negotiation through the acquisition/learning and use of multiple languages. In relation to the development of one’s multilingual identity, the major distinction has to be made between acquiring a language in its natural context (the case of one’s mother tongue or immigration) and learning it in formal contexts. Block (2014) believes that the issue of identity can only be studied in a natural environment of language acquisition, and not in a formal instruction context. This article aims to confi rm or reject the above belief, based on evidence from various studies of bi- and multiple language users and how they perceive their identities and their relation to the languages in their possession. It includes a pilot study of trilingual language learners and their understanding of how the individual languages they know (L1, L2, L3) build their identities and the way they enrich, impoverish or challenge who they see themselves to have been by birth (Gabryś-Barker 2018). The issues discussed relate to external (other people, situations, contexts) and internal identity-building factors (individual affectivity, personality features).

This paper sets out to characterise and analyse logical atomism of Bertrand Russell. Main tenets of that theory are described by reference to Russell’s lecture Facts and Propositions (1918) and to other publications by that author. The essential claims of Russell’s position are discussed and confronted with tenets of ontology of situations developed by Bogusław Wolniewicz, a position inspired by logical atomism of Ludwig Wittgenstein. The author argues that several of Russell’s theses on logical atomism can be interpreted in the light of Wolniewicz’s ontology of situations. Finally, some minor concluding remarks are offered that can help to develop an ontology conceived in the spirit of the ontology of logical atomism. 366 Janusz Kaczmarek

W eseju przedstawione zostały wybrane kontakty naukowe Jacka Hawranka i Jana Zygmunta z Profesorem Bogusławem Wolniewiczem w okresie od końca lat osiemdziesiątych XX w. do początku XXI w. Kontakty dotyczyły algebraicznych aspektów ontologii sytuacji, a od pewnego momentu – jednego tylko pytania sformułowanego w nocie A question about join-semilattices

(Wolniewicz 1990). Esej streszcza dyskusję naukową między B. Wolniewiczem a J. Hawrankiem i J. Zygmuntem, w rezultacie której powstał artykuł Wokół pewnego zagadnienia z dziedziny półkrat górnych z jednością (Hawranek, Zygmunt 1993), zawierający próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie Wolniewicza. Artykuł Hawranka i Zygmunta jest niżej przedrukowany, a niniejszy esej jest też pomyślany jako wstęp historyczno-analityczny do jego lektury. Historia kontaktów: Wolniewicz – Hawranek & Zygmunt została ukazana za pomocą

zachowanej korespondencji, która jest dość obficie cytowana. W listach Profesor Wolniewicz jawi się jako badacz-pasjonat, otwarty na dyskusję, gotowy do dzielenia się z innymi swoimi trudnościami i sukcesami badawczymi.

The aim of the paper is to provide hints on how to read Acemoglu and Robinson’s institutional hypothesis. First, we recall the meaning of their inclusive and extractive institutions. Then, we classify and compare the concept to certain approaches present in development economics. Additionally, we outline the perspective of historical research of institutions, raising the approach of historical natural experiments and comparative methods. We claim in the paper that to understand Acemoglu and Robinson’s institutional hypothesis and their strong rejection of other hypotheses on economic development one has to turn back to the basic notion of institutions. We argue that the authors of Why Nations Fail are focused on considering formal institutions only, which impoverishes the research perspective presented in that book.

The national power industry is based primarily on its own energy mineral resources such as hard and brown coal. Approximately 80% of electrical energy production from these minerals gives us complete energy independence and the cost of its production from coal is the lowest in comparison to other sources. Poland has, for many decades had vast resources of these minerals, the experience of their extraction and processing, the scientific-design facilities and technical factories manufacturing machines and equipment for own needs, as well as for export. Nowadays coal is and should be an important source of electrical energy and heat for the next 25–50 years, because it is one of the most reliable and price acceptable energy sources. This policy may be disturbed over the coming decades due to the depletion of active resources of hard and brown coal. The conditions for new mines development as well as for all coal mining sector development in Poland are very complicated in terms of legislation, environment, economy and image. The authors propose a set of strategic changes in the formal conditions for acquiring mining licenses. The article gives a signal to institutions responsible for national security that without proposed changes implementation in the legal and formal process it, will probably not be possible to build next brown coal, hard coal, zinc and lead ore or other minerals new mines.

W artykule poruszam wskazany w tytule problem identyczności przedmiotów (trwających w czasie i przestrzeni) i ich identyfikacji (również w czasie i przestrzeni, gdy przedmioty te trwają i zmieniają położenie). Przedstawiam zarys propozycji Strawsona, ale też podejście czysto formalne obecne w naukach formalnych (logika i matematyka). W końcowej części podaję własne rozwiązanie ontologiczne zagadnień badanych przez Strawsona. Opiera się ono na formalnych rozważaniach w ramach tzw. logik zorientowanych ontologicznie (będących ontologiczną wersją logik modalnych i temporalnych), zawartych w mojej książce Indywidua. Idee. Pojęcia (2008).

Artykuł w całości poświęcony jest rozważaniom nad pytaniem Bogusława Wolniewicza postawionym w jego nocie A question about join-semilattices („Bulletin of the Section of Logic” 1990, T. 19, nr 3). Część pierwsza artykułu dotyczy oryginalnego sformułowania tego pytania, w którym chodzi o podanie warunków dostatecznych na to, by w pewnej określonej rodzinie BM podzbiorów półkraty górnej z jednością istniały elementy minimalne. W kolejnych czterech częściach pytanie roztrząsane jest w odniesieniu do innych analogicznych rodzin zbiorów, których elementami są: dowolne zbiory (abstrakcyjne), zbiory gęste w przestrzeni topologicznej; filtry w algebrze Boole’a oraz zbiory domknięte względem operacji konsekwencji.