This paper presents a new modified method for the synthesis of non-uniform linear antenna arrays. Based on the recently developed invasive weeds optimization technique (IWO), the modified invasive weeds optimization method (MIWO) uses the mutation process for the calculation of standard deviation (SD). Since the good choice of SD is particularly important in such algorithm, MIWO uses new values of this parameter to optimize the spacing between the array elements, which can improve the overall efficiency of the classical IWO method in terms of side lobe level (SLL) suppression and nulls control. Numerical examples are presented and compared to the existing array designs found in the literature, such as ant colony optimization (ACO), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and comprehensive learning PSO (CLPSO). Results show that MIWO method can be a good alternative in the design of non-uniform linear antenna array.

Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. is known to be one of the most invasive species worldwide. In this study, laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out to investigate the allelopathic properties of S. elaeagnifolium vegetative parts, root parts, fruit mucilage, and exudate extracts on plant communities and soil properties. In addition, the extract profiles of allelochemicals were quantified and their influence on soil properties and microorganisms was determined. Overall, the allelopathic performance of S. elaeagnifolium was established depending on the extract types, used concentrations, and target species. The doseresponse activity indicated that vegetative parts extract showed the greatest allelopathic potential followed by root parts extract. Subsequently, mucilage extract had a moderate inhibitory potential, while root exudates showed the least activity. The same trend with slight response was detected in soil properties of pH and EC properties. Polyphenols, in the range of 5.70–0.211 mg · g–1 and flavonols, in the range of 2.392–0.00 mg · g–1, were found in the analyzed samples extracted by ethyl acetate using LC-DAD-MS. The total phenol amount was 1.67 to 1.89 in the rhizosphere and 0.53 to 087 mg · g–1 in non-rhizosphere soils. Solanum elaeagnifolium exhibited a greater significant suppression of fungi count in both high and low-density areas than in rhizosphere bacteria. In conclusion, the strong and broadspectrum allelopathic potentials may enhance the ability of S. elaeagnifolium to impact seed germination and seedling growth of neighboring species. These biochemical weapons may play a critical role to facilitate their invasion and establishment in new agroecosystems.