Microbiological and chemical analysis of air was carried out on the area of landfill of wastes other than inert or hazardous. The landfill covers 20 ha and 40 000 Mg of wastes is deposited annually. Municipal waste is not segregated at the landfill. The research was conducted in April, May and November 2012. Number of the psychrophilic and mesophilic bacteria and fungi was estimated by a culture-based method. Quantitative determination of sulfur compounds and meteorological and olfactrometric examinations were also carried out. Chemical analysis was conducted with a Photovac Voyager portable gas chromatograph. Air samples were collected at 5 points. The largest group of microbes were psychrophilic bacteria, especially in summer. The highest concentration of hydrogen sulfide and other odorants was found at leachate tank and landfill body. According to the Polish Standard for the assessment of atmospheric air pollution the air in the area of the landfill is classified as not contaminated and sporadically moderately contaminated. In spring and summer the number of microscopic fungi was increased also in control samples.
Treatment of leachate from an exploited since 2004 landfill by using two methods of advanced oxidation processes was performed. Fenton’s reagent with two different doses of hydrogen peroxide and iron and UV/H2O2 process was applied. The removal efficiency of biochemically oxidizable organic compounds (BOD5), chemically oxidizable compounds using potassium dichromate (CODCr) and nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) was examined. Studies have shown that the greatest degree of organic compounds removal expressed as a BOD5 index and CODCr index were obtained when Fenton’s reagent with greater dose of hydrogen peroxide was used - efficiency was respectively 72.0% and 69.8%. Moreover, in this case there was observed an increase in the value of ratio of BOD5/CODCr in treated leachate in comparison with raw leachate. Application of Fenton’s reagent for leachate treatment also allowed for more effective removal of nutrients in comparison with the UV/H2O2 process.
Wprowadzane nowe przepisy legislacyjne, regulujące w naszym kraju obrót paliwami stałymi, zwracają uwagę na konieczność rozwijania i doskonalenia sposobów i metod zagospodarowania mułów węglowych z węgla kamiennego. Celem pracy było wykazanie, czy parametry filtracyjne (głównie współczynnik filtracji) mułów węglowych są wystarczające do budowy warstw izolujących na składowiskach na etapie ich zamykania i jakie jest zapotrzebowanie na materiał w przypadku takiego postępowania. Analizę przeprowadzono dla składowisk odpadów komunalnych na obszarze województw opolskiego, śląskiego i małopolskiego. Dla mułów węglowych z górnictwa węgla kamiennego wartości współczynnika filtracji mieszczą się w zakresie 10–8‒10–11 m/s, przy średniej wartości 3,16 × 10–9 m/s. Można wnioskować, że materiał ten spełnia zasadniczo kryteria szczelności dla przepływów poziomych i często też pionowych. Przy zagęszczaniu, wzrastającym obciążeniu czy mieszaniu z popiołami lotnymi ze spalania węgla kamiennego oraz iłami osiągany współczynnik filtracji często obniża swoje wartości. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy można sądzić, że muły węglowe mogą zostać wykorzystane do budowy mineralnych barier izolujących. Na koniec roku 2016 na obszarze województw opolskiego, śląskiego i małopolskiego czynnych było 50 składowisk odpadów komunalnych. Jedynie 36 z nich uzyskało status instalacji regionalnej, blisko 1/3 obiektów znajduje się w zasięgu Głównych Zbiorników Wód Podziemnych (GZWP). Pozostałe składowiska zostaną przeznaczone do zamknięcia. Zakładając konieczność zamknięcia wszystkich czynnych obecnie składowisk odpadów komunalnych, zapotrzebowanie na muły węglowe wynosi ogółem 1 779 000 m3, co przy przyjętych założeniach daje masę 2 704 080 Mg. Całkowita ilość wytwarzania mułów węglowych jest w Polsce bardzo duża. Tylko dwie podstawowe grupy górnicze wytwarzają rocznie łącznie około 1 500 000 Mg mułów węglowych. Budowa warstw izolujących na składowiskach odpadów obojętnych, niebezpiecznych oraz innych niż niebezpieczne i obojętne jest interesującym rozwiązaniem. Takie zastosowanie jest perspektywiczne, ale nie rozwiąże całościowo problemu związanego z wytwarzaniem i zagospodarowaniem tego materiału odpadowego. Istotne jest poszukiwanie kolejnych rozwiązań.
Uncontrolled emissions of landfill gas may contribute significantly to climate change, since its composition represents a high fraction of methane, a greenhouse gas with 100- year global warming potential 25 times that of carbon dioxide. Landfill cover could create favourable conditions for methanotrophy (microbial methane oxidation), an activity of using bacteria to oxidize methane to carbon dioxide. This paper presents a brief review of methanotrophic activities in landfill cover. Emphasis is given to the effects of cover materials, environmental conditions and landfill vegetation on the methane oxidation potential, and to their underlying effect mechanisms. Methanotrophs communities and methane oxidation kinetics are also discussed. Results from the overview suggest that well-engineered landfill cover can substantially increase its potential for reducing emissions of methane produced in landfill to the atmosphere.
Landfill leachate makes a potential source of ground water pollution. Municipal waste landfill substratum can be used for removal of pollutants from leachate. Model research was performed with use of a sand bed and artificially prepared leachates. Effectiveness of filtration in a bed of specific thickness was assessed based on the total solids content. Result of the model research indicated that the mass of pollutants contained in leachate filtered by a layer of porous soil (mf) depends on the mass of pollutants supplied (md). Determined regression functions indicate agreement with empirical values of variable m′f. The determined regression functions allow for qualitative and quantitative assessment of influence of the analysed independent variables (m′d, l, ω) on values of mass of pollutants flowing from the medium sand layer. Results of this research can be used to forecast the level of pollution of soil and underground waters lying in the zone of potential impact of municipal waste landfill.
The paper presents investigation results of the migration of a chemical compound contained in fly ash deposited on a dry furnace waste landfill site exposed to weather conditions. Climate conditions are able to significantly affect chemical component distribution in a block of deposited, moving chemical compounds to different depths. The main aim of the investigations was to determine the chemical component distribution of deposited fly ash in the landfill. Identification of chemical components based on XRF analysis indicated the existence of differences in both tested storage layer and the fraction of fly ash.
These studies examined the concept of concentration and purification of several types of wastewater by freezing and thawing. The experiments demonstrated that freezing of contaminated liquid contributed to concentration of contaminants in solution as well as significant concentration and agglomeration of solid particles. A high degree of purification was achieved for many parameters. The results of comparative laboratory tests for single and multiple freezing are presented. It was found that there was a higher degree of concentration of pollutants in wastewater frozen as man-made snow than in bulk ice. Furthermore, the hypothesis that long storage time of liquid as snow and sufficient temperature gradient metamorphism allows for high efficiency of the concentration process was confirmed. It was reported that the first 30% of the melted liquid volume contained over 90% of all impurities. It gives great opportunities to use this method to concentrate pollutants. The results revealed that the application of this process in full scale is possible. Significant agglomeration of solid particles was also noted. Tests with clay slurry showed that repeated freezing and thawing processes significantly improve the characteristics of slurry for sedimentation and filtration.
This paper presents simulation results of the consolidation process of the flotation waste landfill “Żelazny Most”. The mathematical model used in presented research is based on Biot’s model of consolidation and is extended with rheological skeleton. The load is the mass pressure of the landfill itself. The initial point selected for calculations was based on the ground water level calculated in a landfill. The creeping process in this waste landfill was analyzed along the north – south section. The solution is therefore 2D with the assumption of a plane strain state. Effective model parameters data were obtained in laboratory tests on the material from the waste landfill. Results obtained for a stress state in a storage state can help to determine whether the adopted linear model of visco-elastic medium does not lead to changes in the Coulomb – Mohr potential yield, showing the emergence of plasticity of material storage areas.