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Abstract

W artykule przybliżono charakterystykę frakcji nadsitowej wytwarzanych w regionalnych instalacjach przetwarzania odpadów komunalnych. W lipcu 2013 roku wprowadzono zmiany do ustawy o czystości i porządku w gminie, które wdrożyły w Polsce nowy model gospodarki odpadami komunalnymi oparty na mechaniczno-biologicznym ich przetwarzaniu. Podstawowym elementem tego systemu są sortownie odpadów komunalnych, które są obecnie źródłem wytwarzania frakcji nadsitowej posiadającej własności paliwowe. Dla potrzeb rozpoznania jej właściwości autorzy artykułu przeprowadzili badania własne koncentrujące się na rozpoznaniu podstawowych własności energetycznych frakcji nadsitowej w poszczególnych sezonach roku wraz z rozróżnieniem rodzajów zabudowy. Przeprowadzono badania składu morfologicznego dla potrzeb określenia koncentracji frakcji energetycznych. Przeanalizowano stabilność jakościową strumienia frakcji nadsitowej pod względem możliwości energetycznego zagospodarowania w instalacjach termicznego przekształcania odpadów. Badania składu morfologicznego wykazały podwyższoną koncentrację frakcji energetycznych (papier, tworzywa sztuczne, tekstylia) w stosunku do zmieszanych odpadów komunalnych. Jednocześnie badania własności energetycznych wskazują na podwyższoną standaryzację energetyczną tej frakcji w rozkładzie czasowym (pory roku) oraz rozkładzie przestrzennym (zróżnicowany rodzaj zabudowy). Badania wykazały, że wartość opałowa w zbadanych próbkach zawiera się w przedziale 18,1–23,5 MJ/kg, gdzie wartość średnia wynosi 21,5 MJ/kg. Udział popiołu zawiera się natomiast w przedziale 11,8–24,1%, a udział części palnych 67,6–77,5%. Dobre własności paliwowe oraz standaryzacja jakościowa strumienia wskazują na możliwość stosowania rozwojowych technologii zgazowania odpadów zgodnie z nowymi przepisami dyrektywy IED (Dyrektywa 2010). Technologia zgazowania, produkcja syngazu i jego spalanie w silnikach tłokowych małej mocy stanowią obecnie interesującą alternatywę dla klasycznych instalacji termicznego przekształcania odpadów opartych na technologii spalania wpisując się w rozwój instalacji RIPOK i potrzebę wdrażania gospodarki w obiegu zamkniętym.

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Authors and Affiliations

Arkadiusz Primus
Czesława Rosik-Dulewska
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Abstract

For a very long period of time, Polish waste management was based mainly on landfilling at landfills, which had a negative impact on the surrounding environment. The EU requirements for the Member States have led to a revolution in Polish legislation on waste management and local governments have become responsible for creating local waste management systems that will affect the achievement of EU targets. One of the solutions undertaken by several municipalities is the construction and operation of a municipal waste thermal treatment installation, which not only reduced the amount of waste deposited, but also supported the local power industry by generating electricity and heat. The emission standards for installations producing energy from waste, as in the case of conventional power plants and combined heat and power plants, are very strict, therefore, the continuous monitoring of emitted pollutants is carried out, and waste gas treatment systems are developed based on the best available techniques (BAT). The article presents emission standards applicable to waste incineration plants, including duties in the field of the environment, as well as issues related to the installation as a source of energy. In addition, the currently functioning waste incineration plants in Poland have been briefly characterized, and development plans in this area in the country have been described.

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Jagoda Gołek-Schild
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Abstract

W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe uwarunkowania prawne i ekonomiczne dla możliwości rozwoju i wdrożeń instalacji zgazowania odpadów, produkcji energii elektrycznej i cieplnej w kogeneracji w układach małej mocy opartych na silnikach tłokowych. Wprowadzone w 2010 r. dyrektywą IED (Dyrektywa… 2010) nowe przepisy dotyczące technologii zgazowania odpadów wraz z implementacją do prawa krajowego w 2014 r. ustawą o odpadach (Ustawa… 2014) umożliwiły ich rozwój jako technik wysokosprawnych energetycznie oraz niskoemisyjnych. Stanowią one obecnie interesującą alternatywę dla klasycznych instalacji termicznego przekształcania odpadów opartych na technologii spalania. Kluczowym zagadnieniem dla rozwoju technologii zgazowania jest czystość wytwarzanego syngazu w ujęciu prawnym i technologicznym w szczególności w przypadku jego spalania w silnikach tłokowych. Z uwagi na brak spójnych przepisów dotyczących emisji zanieczyszczeń ze spalania syngazu w silnikach tłokowych zaproponowano możliwości ich interpretacji. W artykule przedstawiono również podstawowe uwarunkowania ekonomiczne i rynkowe w odniesieniu do krajowego modelu gospodarki odpadami. Wprowadzenie modelu gospodarki odpadami opartego na mechaniczno- biologicznym przetwarzaniu odpadów oraz zakazu składowania odpadów na właściwościach paliwowych wygenerowało problem oraz wzrost kosztów ich zagospodarowania. Konsekwencją jest możliwy wzrost rentowności instalacji zgazowania odpadów i produkcji energii w układach kogeneracyjnych małej mocy. Ponadto wskazano i opisano możliwe dostępne źródła przychodów dla takich wdrożeń w skali lokalnej.
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Arkadiusz Primus
Czesława Rosik-Dulewska
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Abstract

Spalanie odpadów komunalnych w domowych piecach to problem, z którym boryka się wiele polskich samorządów. Zarządzanie procesami zwalczania i zapobiegania tym zjawiskom jest niezwykle trudne, ponieważ przepisy prawne oraz wymagania jednostek samorządu terytorialnego są niejednoznaczne. Kolejnym istotnym problemem jest stosowanie różnego rodzaju dodatków do paliw stałych. Często dodatki te, pomimo wysokich walorów energetycznych, nie powinny zostać poddane procesowi spalania przez indywidualnych użytkowników z powodu warunków technicznych procesu spalania w indywidualnych urządzeniach grzewczych. Z punktu widzenia użytkownika przy obowiązujących uwarunkowaniach prawnych nie ma możliwość zweryfikowania składu paliwa na etapie zakupu. Podjęta w artykule tematyka wskazuje na przyczyny zjawiska i podkreśla potrzeby wdrożenia modelu identyfikacji. W pracy szczegółowo omówiono diagnozę aktualnej sytuacji w zakresie interesariuszy przedsięwzięcia z uwzględnieniem ich potrzeb, oczekiwań przy uwzględnieniu obowiązujących przepisów prawnych. W artykule wskazano możliwości w zakresie potencjalnych technik identyfikacji domieszek w materiałach opałowych, co pozwoli uzyskać skuteczne narzędzie jednoznacznie określające skład i czystość materiału opałowego oraz co istotniejsze produkty ich spalania. Ponadto przeanalizowano techniki umożliwiające weryfikację spalania i/lub współspalania odpadów komunalnych przez indywidualne urządzenia grzewcze, podkreślając wybrane modele koncepcji. W pracy wskazano na istotny element wdrożenia, którym jest ocena skuteczności. Zakłada się, iż z punktu widzenia założonego celu i przeprowadzonej analizy otoczenia wdrożenia zarówno po stronie interesariuszy, jak i wymagań prawnych, zaproponowany model koncepcji będzie skutecznym elementem poprawy jakości powietrza w zakresie eliminacji procederu nielegalnego spalania, termicznego przekształcania odpadów komunalnych przez użytkowników palenisk domowych oraz wskazania, czy paliwo stałe stosowane do spalania nie stanowi mieszaniny paliwa legalnego z dodatkami nieznanego pochodzenia.

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Wojciech Szulik
Aleksander Burczyk
Iwona Jelonek
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Abstract

The utilization of mining waste is an important problem in Poland and Ukraine. The article presents one of the variants of waste mining in the quarry in Płaza. An analysis of the resource base of the deposit and their location at the area of Płaza deposit is carried out. The Płaza deposit is located in the western part of the Małopolskie province, in the entire Chrzanów commune. The Płaza deposit is constructed of Middle Triassic carbonates represented by the limestone-dolomite Olkusz Formation and the limestone-marlized Gogolin Formation. The deposit series lies on the dolomites of Röt age (Lower Triassic – Olenekian). The most valuable raw material was the pure limestone from the lower part of the Olkusz Formation, now almost completely exploited. The article presents the current state of mineable reserves of the deposit and their quality (chemical and physical characteristics). Moreover the article shows potential consumers of raw material and the possibility of extending the life of the mine work. According to the results of the environmental monitoring the ground and hydrogeological conditions were evaluated, the results of which allowed a more efficient use of the existing quarry area for mining waste disposal to be proposed. The paper presents a conceptual waste transport scheme, planned distribution and compaction of wastes belonging to the first, second and third group and then a surface reclamation. In view of the absence of similar decisions analogs, the consideration of the open-pit as a one solid geomechanical system functioning under the conditions of uncertainty is suggested. In order to examine the dynamics of the waste compaction process, some measures are foreseen to constantly observe their subsidence. The proposed measures for the synchronous disposal of mining waste in the worked-out area of the open-pit and the simultaneous mining operation in the quarry will allow the life cycle of the open-pit to be prolonged for 15–20 years.

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Michał Potempa
Artem Shyrin
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Abstract

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań laboratoryjnych drobnoziarnistych odpadów wydobywczych wzmocnionych cementem. Badania wykonano w celu sprawdzenia ich przydatności do modernizacji istniejących obwałowań przeciwpowodziowych rzeki Wisły na km 87+600 – 103+000. Zaproponowano modernizację wału przez podwyższenie, za pomocą mieszanki odpadów wydobywczych i cementu portlandzkiego. Dla zaproponowanej konstrukcji przedstawiono wyniki obliczeń numerycznych współczynnika stateczności w programie MIDAS GTS N X dla podstawowego układu obciążeń oraz wyjątkowego układu obciążeń. Modelowano również sposób przepływu wody w korpusie wału podczas fali wezbraniowej o prawdopodobieństwie wystąpienia 0,1%. Do badań wykorzystano odpad wydobywczy o uziarnieniu od 0 do 2,0 mm z Zakładu Górniczego Sobieski we wschodniej części Górnośląskiego Zagłębia Węglowego. O dpad ten powstaje w wyniku przeróbki węgla. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań laboratoryjnych przeprowadzonych w L aboratorium Katedry Współdziałania Budowli z Podłożem Politechniki Krakowskiej. Wyznaczono właściwości fizyczne i mechaniczne odpadów pobranych z hałdy oraz tych samych odpadów wzmocnionych spoiwem cementowym. Wzmocnienie odpadów wydobywczych zastosowanych w modernizacji wału przeciwpowodziowego miało na celu zmniejszenie degradacji materiału pod wpływem warunków atmosferycznych oraz czynników mechanicznych.

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Elżbieta Pilecka
Justyna Morman
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of investigation of the chemical composition of groundwaters of the quaternary aquifer and pore solutions ejected from the ground, which was sampled in the regions exposed to the industrial and municipal pollutions of Skawina City. Twenty six exploratory hydrogeological borchols around controlled waste disposals allowed us to evaluate the state of the ground and the groundwater environment. The municipal dump influence on the quaternary aquifer appears at high concentrations of pollutant, chlorides (1799.6---3769.7 mg/I), sodium (1195-2420 mg/I), potassium, fluorine, boron and metals Cr, Cu, Ni. In the fly ashes dump region was detected in water increased concentrations of chlorides, sulphureous, sodium, calcium, potassium, Br and Sr. There are high concentrations of fluorine and sodium in the metallurgical dump. The results of investigation of the chemical composition of pore solutions in the waste dumps regions appear at higher concentrations of contamination indicators. The range of groundwater pollution is broadest in the municipal dump.
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Barbara Tomaszewska
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Abstract

During the extraction of nuclear raw materials, rare earths and other elements from ores containing uranium and thorium, various types of radioactive waste and some recovery tailings are generated. Mining and ore processing residues, i.e. waste and tailings, present a variety of problems related to waste management. Their bulky structure prevents their disposal underground, and their long radioactive half-life causes various problems with regard to their long-term storage. As a matter of fact, the secondary presence of nuclear raw materials together with other minerals requires compliance with hazardous waste procedures in the storage of waste containing nuclear raw materials after the recovery of these main minerals. It may be possible in the future to recover these nuclear raw materials from stockpiles of stored mine waste. The prospect of imbalances in the global uranium supply and demand increases the importance of secondary sources contributing to the global uranium supply. The increasing importance of secondary sources of nuclear raw materials suggests that more attention should be paid to the recovery of these resources together with primary minerals than in the past. In world literature, there is no review article that describes and discusses the waste management of nuclear raw materials in mining and mineral processing together with the opportunities and obstacles for their recovery. Considering this deficiency in the literature, in this study, the properties of waste and tailings resulting from mining and ore preparation activities of nuclear raw materials are explained, the difficulties encountered are mentioned, and solution suggestions are presented by making use of the literature on the recovery of tailings and waste management.
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Taşkın Deniz Yıldız
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tuğba Deniz Tombal-Kara
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science and Technology University, Department of Mining Engineering, Turkey
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Abstract

O odpadach, paliwach i stanie powietrza mówi prof. dr hab. inż. Czesława Rosik-Dulewska z Instytutu Podstaw Inżynierii Środowiska PAN i Katedry Ochrony Powierzchni Ziemi Uniwersytetu Opolskiego.

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Czesława Rosik-Dulewska
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Abstract

The article presents full mineralogical and chemical characteristics as well as physical and mechanical properties of mineral fibre (basalt, glass and ceramic) waste formed in the process of insulating materials' dismantling. On the basis of chemical investigations (using an electrone microprobe), X-ray and OTA analyses, changes in microstructure, chemical and phase compositions were determined after insulating materials had been used. The examined fibres have been ranked in the following order with respect to the increasing degree of changes: basalt, glass and ceramic. In basalt and glass fibres, changes occur only in chemical composition of individual fibres. Use of ceramic fibres leads to formation of new phases: mullite and cristobalite. Comparison of physical, mechanical and chemical properties of mineral fibre waste with those of asbestos (completely different) must result in different technological characteristics, including respirability, which in the case of mineral fibre is less aggressive in terms of biological effect on a human organism. It cannot be excluded, however, that the increased respirability (signalled in the literature) ofcertain types of ceramic fibres partially results from a supporting role played by chemically different secondary fibres formed in devitrification process. In the case ofceramic fibres examined by the author these are newphase fibres, easily separable from each other at higher temperatures.
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Jerzy Witek
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Abstract

Municipal waste management has been an area of special interest of the European Commission (EC) for many years. In 2018, the EC pointed out issues related to municipal waste management as an important element of the monitoring framework for the transition towards a circular economy (CE), which is currently a priority in the economic policy of the European Union (EU). In the presented monitoring framework, 10 CE indicators were identified, among which issues related to municipal waste appear directly in two areas of the CE – in the field of production and in the field of waste management, and indirectly – un two other areas – secondary raw materials, and competitiveness and innovation. The paper presents changes in the management of municipal waste in Poland in the context of the implementation of the CE assumptions, a discussion of the results of CE indicators in two areas of the CE monitoring framework in Poland (production and waste management), and a comparison of the results against other European countries.

In Poland, tasks related to the implementation of municipal waste management from July 1, 2013 are the responsibility of the municipality, which is obliged to ensure the conditions for the system of selective collection and collection of municipal waste from residents, as well as the construction, maintenance and operation of regional municipal waste treatment installations (RIPOK). The municipality is also committed to the proper management of municipal waste, in accordance with the European waste management hierarchy, whose overriding objective is to prevent waste formation and limiting its amount, then recycling and other forms of disposal, incineration and safe storage. The study analyzed changes in the value of two selected CE indicators, i.e. (1) the municipal waste generation indicator, in the area of production and (2) the municipal waste recycling indicator, in the area of waste management. For this purpose, statistical data of the Central Statistical Office (GUS) and Eurostat were used. Data has been presented since 2014, i.e. from the moment of initiating the need to move to the CE in the EU. In recent years, there has been an increase in the amount of municipal waste generated in Poland as well as in the EU. According to Eurostat, the amount of municipal waste generated per one inhabitant of Poland increased from 272 kg in 2014 to 315 kg in 2017. It should be noted that the average amount of municipal waste generated in Poland in 2017 was one of the lowest in EU, with a European average of 486 kg/person. Poland has achieved lower levels of municipal waste recycling (33.9%) than the European average (46%). The reason for Poland’s worse results in the recycling of municipal waste may be, among others, the lack of sufficiently developed waste processing infrastructure, operating in other countries such as Germany and Denmark, and definitely higher public awareness of the issue of municipal waste in developed countries. Municipal waste management in Poland faces a number of challenges in the implementation of GOZ, primarily in terms of achieving the recycling values imposed by the EC, up to a minimum of 55% by 2025.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marzena Smol
Joanna Kulczycka
Agnieszka Czaplicka-Kotas
Dariusz Włóka
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Abstract

A study was undertaken to investigate the effects of crumb rubber on the strength and mechanical behaviour of Rubberized cement soil (RCS). In the present investigation, 26 groups of soil samples were prepared at five different percentages of crumb rubber content, four different percentages of cement content and two different finenesses of crumb rubber particle. Compressive strength tests were carried out at the curing age of 7 days, 14 days, 28 days and 90 days. The test results indicated that the inclusion of crumb rubber within cement soil leads to a decrease in the compressive strength and stiffness and improves the cement soil’s brittle behaviour to a more ductile one. A reduction of up to 31% in the compressive strength happened in the 20% crumb content group. The compressive strength increases with the increase in the cement content. And the enlargement of cement content is more efficient at low cement content.

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Authors and Affiliations

F.C. Wang
W. Song
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Abstract

Smoke ashes from the Tadeusz Kosciuszko electric power plant in Połaniec might have an application in the filling of post-exploitation cavities in the sulphur mine "Osiek". Such a possibility is primarily the result of an investigation of the sub-surface space created by the underground melting ofsulphur, as well as from an analysis ofthe state ofthe ore. Simulations performed on a hydrogeological model of a section of the ore itself, from the standpoint of experimental trials, indicates the feasibility of such an undertaking. The results ofthe study provide a basis for defining the increase in aquifer pressure and also allow the area ofinfluence of the tamponage holes to be determined. The results also indicate that favourable conditions for the backfilling of post-exploitation cavities of the sulphur deposit with ash occur, i fuse is made ofrccirculation holes. The removal ofwater from these holes in amounts necessary to facilitate the continuous preparation ofhydromixturc, decidedly limits the zone of dynamic change within the ore series. The supply of hydromixturc with the required flow intensity requires that there be suitably lower pressures. Experimental trials of the injection ofwater-ash mixtures will allow for an accurate estimation of the quantity of ash waste that can be located within the post-exploitation cavities of the deposit. These results can be used to evaluate the feasibility ofwork ofsuch kind on an industrially viable scale. In the case ofpositive experimental results, it will be necessary to modify the technological methods for the underground melting of sulphur, by considering the planned clement of using industrial ash waste to tamponage the exploited part of the deposit.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard Kulma
Andrzej Haładus
Józef Kirejczyk
Tomasz Burchard
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Abstract

The Vitkovice plant belongs to the biggest metallurgical company and produces large amounts of the wastes that are mainly recycled, but the additives of the Cd, Zn and Pb arc undesirable in these wastes. Two types of wastes (oxyvite sludge and dust from electric-arc furnace) were tested and bacterial leaching with Thiobaci/lus ferrooxidans was applied. The better results were achieved at leaching of oxyvitc sludge, where these yields of Zn - 73%, Al - 70%, Pb - 30%, Cd - 90% were attained. The results from leaching of dust show lower yields of mentioned metals with comparison of oxyvite sludge.
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Peter Fecko
Dana Kristofova
Vladimir Cablik
Adriana Farkasova
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Abstract

CO2 sequestration via mineral carbonation is an ecologically safe way of its utilization. Owing to the processes occurring whilst mineral carbonation, CO2 is strongly bonded and stable thermodynamic products come into being, neutral to the environment, in the form of carbonates, that exist naturally in the environment. For CO2 bonding the following natural resources may be employed: olivine as well as mineral waste. The examples of CO2 sequestration by means of mineral carbonation with the application of varied mineral waste have been presented in the article.
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Alicja Uliasz-Bocheńczyk
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The wastes created in the hard coal mines arc more and more significant because ofhigh request for aggregates and mineral mixtures to road and highway building. The paper presents that, despite the lowering of the factor of wastes created by coal production, the amounts of wastes created by current coal extraction arc still high and in the 2006 their amounts in Kompania Węglowa achieved 14,6 mil. tons (tab. I). In the further part of the paper, the possibilities of mineral aggregates production were discussed in the example of chosen mines KW S.A. and their application in building and road branch (tab. 6). In the example of KWK .. Bielszowice" the currently existing technological installation of mineral aggregates production was precisely characterized (fig. 2, 3) and the concept of its development was presented (fig. 4). Also, the modem solutions of similar installations were presented for ..Halemba" and .Marccl" mines (fig. 5). In the paper. also some physico-mechanical properties of the aggregates from coal wastes were characterized (tab. 2. 3. 4), as well the researches and law and technical procedures were discussed, which arc performed by mines in the purpose of achieving possibilities of introducing these aggregates to the market.
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Tomasz Gawenda
Tomasz Olejnik
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Abstract

This publication presents an assessment of the economic efficiency of a hypothetical installation for the gasification of the municipal and industrial waste for the production of syngas used subsequently for the production of energy or chemical products. The first part of the work presents an example of a technological system for the energo-chemical processing of coal mud and municipal waste, based on the gasification process using a fluidized bed reactor. A hypothetical installation consists of two main blocks: a fuel preparation unit and a gasification unit. In the fuel preparation installation, reception operations take place, storage, and then grinding, mixing, drying and transporting fuel to the gasification unit. In the gasification installation, fuel gasification, oxygen production, cooling and purification of raw process gas and ash treatment are carried out. The following key assumptions regarding the gasification process, as well as the capital expenditures and operating costs related to the process, were estimated. Consequently, based on the method of discounted cash flows, the unit cost of generating energy contained in the synthesis gas (cost of energy, COE) was determined and the results were interpreted. In order to obtain an acceptable efficiency of the gasification process for waste fuels for the production of alternative fuel (process gas), it is necessary to supplement the mixture of waste coal and coal mud with the RDF. In this case, the unit cost of fuel measured by the PLN/GJ index is lower than in the case of hard coal and comparable with brown coal. The use of coal mud for the production of process gas in an economically efficient way is possible only in the case of changes in the legal system allowing for charging fees for the utilization of industrial waste – coal mud.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Kwaśniewski
Paweł Grzesiak
Radosław Kapłan
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Abstract

In the process of determining the content of impurities, including fossil fuels, crude oil, coke, pitch, plastics, glass, slag, rust, metals, and rock dust, in charcoal and wood briquettes via microscopic examination, the question of the use of ashes from the combustion of grill fuels (taking the scale of the new national sport into account, commonly referred to as „weekend grilling”) was raised. Another reason for addressing this issue was the question regarding the use of organic additives to acidified soil (mineral) fertilizers submitted by one of the clients of the bituminous coal and reservoir rocks analysis laboratory. In addition, the manufacturer of gardening soil has also expressed an interest in an unconventional deacidifying agent; the introduction of a new product with a unique ingredient is considered as a chance to stand out from the competition. A review of the literature shows that attempts to use ashes obtained from the biomass combustion in power boilers have been made. However, due to the biomass composition and additives and pollutants used in biomass for energy purposes, the production of such mixtures has been dropped. Based on the data from numerous samples of grill fuel, which meet the requirements regarding the content of impurities set out in the PN-EN 1860-2 standard, the question of the possible use of ash obtained from charcoal and wood briquette grilling as a component for use in the production of acidified soil (mineral) fertilizers was discussed. The article will present the amount of material obtained based on the statistical sales of barbecue fuels based on the experimentally calculated ash mass resulting from the combustion of 1 kg of starting material. In addition, a logistic proposal for obtaining ash from individual grill users will be developed. On the day of the submission of the present work, the results of the chemical analysis of charcoal and wood briquettes subjected to the gasification process have not yet been obtained. However, based on the microscopic analysis, it can be concluded that the content of impurities in the examined samples is highly unlikely to prevent the use of the mentioned ashes in agriculture.

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Zbigniew Jelonek
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Abstract

The amount of knowledge and tools to make the environmental risk assessment of old landfills and polluted industrial areas has already been very large. The tools of such activities applied in the United States and Great Britain can be found on the internet websites www.nap.edu and some publications on the website of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (www.cpa.gov) arc available free of charge. The selection of the applied algorithms, parameters and scale of grades depends on the available data or the possibilities of obtaining them, which is practically impossible for most landfills in Poland. To estimate the risk and classify the objects requiring repairing measures, a mathematical formula has been created for Poland. To define the nuisance made by landfills for the environment two parameters were introduced: -parameter ofwaste accumulation UN, defined as the ratio ofthe synthetic environmental risk index (R) to the amount of deposited wastes, -parameter of the neutralization ofwastes U u, defined as the ratio of the synthetic environmental risk index (R) to the number of residents sending wastes to the landfill.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy Mikołajczak
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Abstract

The new legislative provisions, regulating the trade in solid fuels in our country, draw attention to the need to develop and improve methods and methods of managing hard coal sludge. The aim of the work was to show whether filtration parameters (mainly the permeability coefficient) of hard coal sludge are sufficient for construction of insulating layers in landfills at the stage of their closing and what is the demand for material in the case of such a procedure. The analysis was carried out for landfills for municipal waste in the Opolskie, Śląskie and Małopolskie provinces. For hard coal sludge, the permeability coefficient values are in the range of 10–8–10–11 m/s, with the average value of 3.16 × 10–9 m/s. It can be concluded that this material generally meets the criteria of tightness for horizontal and often vertical flows. When compaction, increasing load or mixing with fly ash from hard coal combustion and clays, the achieved permeability coefficient often lowers its values. Based on the analysis, it can be assumed that hard coal sludge can be used to build mineral insulating barriers. At the end of 2016, 50 municipal landfills were open in the Opolskie, Śląskie and Małopolskie Provinces. Only 36 of them have obtained the status of a regional installation, close to 1/3 of the municipal landfill are within the Major Groundwater Basin (MGB) range. The remaining storage sites will be designated for closure. Assuming the necessity to close all currently active municipal waste landfills, the demand for hard coal sludge amounts to a total of 1,779,000 m3 which, given the assumptions, gives a mass of 2,704,080 Mg. The total amount of hard coal sludge production is very high in Poland. Only two basic mining groups annually produce a total of about 1,500,000 Mg of coal sludge. The construction of insulating layers in landfills of inert, hazardous and non-hazardous and inert wastes is an interesting solution. Such an application is prospective, but it will not solve the problem related to the production and management of this waste material as a whole. It is important to look for further solutions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Klojzy-Karczmarczyk
Jarosław Staszczak
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Abstract

Tailings produced during the manufacture of aggregates in the Rakowice sand and gravel plant (Middle Bóbr River valley, SW Poland) were characterized in the paper. A 3.0 inches laboratory Knelson concentrator was used to evaluate the recovery of free gold from tailings collected from the sand and gravel processing plant. Gravity recoverable gold (GRG) was determined using the difference between the gold content in the Knelson feed and the tails. Analysis of several samples collected from different types of tailings revealed the average content of 0.27 ppm of gold and recoveries ofgold between 85-98% in the concentrates. The sand and gravel deposits are thus potential sources of gold and other economic heavy minerals, mainly of ilmenite and titanomagnetite, as well as small amounts of zircon, monazite and rutile. The annual deposition of about 6 kg of Au and 1000 Mg of other heavy minerals in the tailing pond during the last 5 years of the Rakowice Mine operation has been assessed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Wierchowiec
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Abstract

Hard coal mining industry in Poland is one of the biggest recipients of fly ashes produced by the power industry. They are used in the form of aqueous suspensions in various mining technologies on the basis of environmental and technical requirements defined in adequate regulations and standard PN/G-1 I O 11. The standard sets requirements for material samples after 28 days of seasoning. There is a lack of studies which evaluate properties of samples seasoned for a longer period of time, especially in natural conditions. The author received samples from 7 mines. The samples were excavated after a few years of staying underground. They were tested in the laboratory after adequate preparation. The test results are presented in the paper.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zygmunt Piotrowski
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Abstract

In 2002 MMSD Report it was stated that "in a well-functioning market economy, the price paid for a mineral commodity-as for any other good or service -should reflect the full marginal costs of both production and use". It could have lost some of actuality now, when most of raw mineral commodities prices is rising, but it can be still true for European producers, especially when new ecological charges arc anticipated. Mining is one of most environmentally destructive activities, often producing high output of waste. The idea that mining companies have the responsibility to manage and pay for the rehabilitation of mine sites during and after production is now widely accepted. Usually a mine, together with the processing plant and the tailings and waste-rock facilities, will only be in operation for a few decades, but mine voids, tailings and waste-rock may remain long after termination of the mining activity. Therefore special attention needs to be given to the proper closure, rehabilitation and after-care of these facilities. Moreover, all operators from the extractive industry should secure sufficient financial means to ensure the eventual full reinstatement of the waste management facilities for which they arc responsible. EU Environmental Policy promotes the green market economy, which include internalisation of environmental and social costs as well as subsidies reform to achieve environmental efficiency. The introduction of environmental charges cause an increase of the production cost and influence the company competitiveness. Therefore the level of any charges for any pollutant should be uniform within the EU. In this paper operating activity of mining companies is analysed, in the aspect of EU enlargement, valid and prepared legislation, environmental initiatives, but most of all - with the consideration of common market conditions determining production costs. The main emphasis is put on costs of waste management, especially for tailings, as for obligatory funds, taxes, fees and charges related to environmental protection (monitoring and post-closure, waste disposal, ctc.). Comparisons of different economic instruments for environmental protection in chosen countries and total operating costs for waste management is also presented.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Koneczny
Joanna Kulczycka
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Góralczyk
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Abstract

The costs connected with utilizing secondary materials (waste) as substitute of the raw materials depend on many factors. In this paper, the emphasis is put on the functioning of the plant depending on: capital costs, ecological unit cost ofwaste recycling [zł/Mg], unit costs of processing I Mg ofwaste into secondary materials, marketing costs of the obtained product, mass fraction of the substitute obtained from the waste mass, social unit costs [zł/Mg] taking into account such aspects as creating new workplaces, etc., amount ofwork allocated for the production in fixed units, fixed costs and the amount of the processed raw material (waste). The factors will be considered in two ways: a)maximization ofthe production with the costs ofproduction fixed, b)minimization ofthe costs of production with the volume of production fixed. Much research has been done throughout the world to determine the economic and ecological profitability of secondary materials (waste) utilization in the substitution of raw materials. Unfortunately, Poland does not have sufficiently good solutions on this field. The deficiency in such solutions impedes the work of groups of specialists in various fields involved with the rational planning ofrecycling. These are the result ofourmathematical model of economic profitability of the secondary materials (waste) utilization as the substitute of primary materials, at the moment no empirical analyses have been carried out on this issue. We think that it might be a good topic for further applied studies.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohamed Alwaeli

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