Search results

Filters

  • Journals
  • Authors
  • Keywords
  • Date
  • Type

Search results

Number of results: 45
items per page: 25 50 75
Sort by:
Keywords drugs pathogens
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Novel types of drugs can very precisely target harmful proteins in our bodies.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Maria Górna
1

  1. University of Warsaw
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Sugar beet is a major sugar yielding crop in the states of Minnesota (MN) and North Dakota (USA). Sugar beet root samples collected from Moorhead, MN in September 2020 had typical rot symptoms along with whitish mycelia growth and blackish sclerotia on the external surface of the root. Pure, sterile cultures were obtained from infected roots. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was identified based on morphological features and further confirmed molecularly by sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) region and matching homology with reported ITS of the fungus. Pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum was confirmed through mycelial inoculation of seeds and roots under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Inoculated seeds showed a range of symptoms that included pre- and post-emergence damping off, wilting, black discoloration of roots, constricted collar regions and stunted seedling growth. Under laboratory conditions, roots were artificially wounded using a cork borer and inoculated by mycelial plug. This resulted in noticeable root decay and growth of whitish, cottony mycelia and sclerotia externally. Transverse sections of the diseased root showed brown to black discoloration and rotting of internal tissue. Root inoculation of 4-week old sugar beet plants was achieved by depositing pathogen colonized barley grains near roots in the greenhouse, resulting in brown to black lesions and necrosis of root tissue when evaluated at 28 days post inoculation. The S. sclerotiorum was re-isolated from inoculated roots showing infection and identical pure isolates of the pathogen were recovered from field samples. These findings could be useful for sugar beet growers in Minnesota, allowing better management of this pathogen under field and storage conditions before its widespread future occurrence.
Go to article

Bibliography


Alexopoulos C.J., Mims C.W., Blackwell M. 1996. Introductory Mycology. 4th ed. John Wiley, New York, 880 pp. Abawi G.S., Grogan R.G. 1979. Epidemiology of diseases caused by Sclerotinia species. Phytopathology 69: 899–904. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-69-899
Adams P.B., Ayers W.A. 1979. Ecology of Sclerotinia species. Phytopathology 69: 896–898. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/ Phyto-69-896
Bell A.A., Wheeler M.H. 1986. Biosynthesis and functions of fungal melanins. Annual Review of Phytopathology 24: 411–451. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.24.090186.002211
Berkeley G.H. 1994. Root-rots of certain non-cereal crops. Botanical Review 10 (2): 67−123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/ BF02861087
Boland G.J., Hall R. 1994. Index of plant hosts of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 16: 93−108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07060669409500766
Bolton M.V., Thomma B.P.H.J., Nelson B.D. 2006. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary: biology and molecular traits of a cosmopolitan pathogen. Molecular Plant Pathology 7: 1−16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2005.00316.x.
Bradley C.A., Henson R.A., Porter P.M., LeGare D.G., del Rio L.E., Khot S.D. 2006. Response of canola cultivar to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in controlled and field environments. Plant Disease 90: 215−219. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-90-0215
Bradley C.A., Lamey H.A. 2005. Canola disease situation in North Dakota, U.S.A. p. 1993−2004. In: Proceedings of the 14th Australian Research Assembly on Brassicas, Port Lincoln, Australia, 3−7 October 2005.
Brown J.G., Butler K.D. 1936. Sclerotiniose of lettuce in Arizona. p. 475−506. Agriculture Experiment Station Bulletin 63, 506 pp. Available on: https://repository.arizona.edu/ handle/10150/199475 [Accessed: 8 December 2021]
Buttner G., Pfahler B., Marlander B. 2004. Greenhouse and field techniques for testing sugarbeet for resistance to Rhizoctonia root and crown rot. Plant Breeding 123: 158−166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2003.00967.x
Cook G.E., Steadman J.R., Boosalis M.G. 1975. Survival of Whetzelinia sclerotiorum and initial August 31, 1976 infection of dry edible beans. Phytopathology 65: 250−255. DOI: h ttps://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-65-250
del Rio L.E., Martinson C.A., Yang X.B. 2002. Biological control of Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean with Sporidesmium sclerotivorum. Plant Disease 86: 999−1004. DOI: https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.9.999
del Rio L.E., Venette J.R., Lamey H.A. 2004. Impact of white mold incidence on dry bean yield under nonirrigated conditions. Plant Disease 88: 1352−1356. DOI: https://apsjournals. apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.12.1352
del Rio L.E., Bradley C.A., Henson R.A., Endres G.J., Hanson B.K., McKay K., Halvorson M., Porter P.M., Le Gare D.G., Lamey H.A. 2007. Impact of Sclerotinia stem rot on yield of canola. Plant Disease 91: 191−194. DOI: https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-91-2-0191
Fernando W.G.D., Nakkeeran S., Zhang, Y., Savchuk, S. 2007. Biological control of Sclerotinia scleotiorum (Lib.) de Bary by Pseudomonas and Bacillus species on canola petals. Crop Protection 26: 100−107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2006.04.007
Huang H.C., Hoes J.A. 1980. Importance of plant spacing and sclerotial position to development of Sclerotinia wilt of sunflower. Plant Disease 64: 81−84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-64-81
Inglis G.D., Boland G.J. 1990. The microflora of bean and rapeseed petals and the influence of the microflora of bean petals on white mold. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 12: 129–134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07060669009501015
Jacobson B.J. 2006. Root rot diseases of sugar beet. International symposium on sugar beet protection. Proceedings for Natural Sciences 110: 9–19.
Khan M.F.R. 2017. Managing common root diseases of sugar beet. NDSU Sugar beet extension. Available on: https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/crops/management-ofrhizoctonia- root-and-crown-rot-of-sugar-beets [Accessed: 10 December 2021]
Khan M.F.R., Bhuiyan M.Z.R., Chittem K., Shahoveisi F., Haque M.E., Liu Y., Hakk P., Solanki S., del Rio L.E., La- Plante G. 2020. First report of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing leaf blight in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) in North Dakota, U.S.A. Plant Disease 104 (4): 1258−1258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-19-2304-PDN
Khan M.F.R. 2021. 2021 Sugar beet production guide. North Dakota State University Extension. Available on: https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/crops/sugarbeet-production-guide [Accessed: 10 December 2021]
Kohn L.M. 1979. A monographic revision of the genus Sclerotinia. Mycotaxon 9 (2): 365–444.
Noor A., Khan M.F.R. 2014. Efficacy and safety of mixing azoxystrobin and starter fertilizers for controlling Rhizoctonia solani in sugar beet. Phytoparasitica 43: 51−55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-014-0416-3
Peltier A.J., Bradley C.A., Chilvers M.I., Malvick D.K., Mueller D.S., Wise K.A., Esker P.D. 2012. Biology, yield loss and control of Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean. Journal of Integrated Pest Management 3 (2): 1–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1603/IPM11033
Purdy L.H. 1979. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: History, diseases and symptomatology, host range, geographic distribution, and impact. Phytopathology 69: 875−880. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-69-875
Qin L., Fu Y., Xie J., Cheng J., Jiang D., Li G., Huang J. 2011. A nested-PCR method for rapid detection of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on petals of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Plant Pathology 60: 271−277. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02372.x
Sambrook J., Russell D. 2012. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. 4th ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 2000 pp.
Steadman J.R., Maier C.R., Schwartz H.F., Kerr E.D. 1975. Pollution of surface irrigation waters by plant pathogenic organisms. Water Resource Bulletin 11: 796−804. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1975.tb00731.x.
Turkington T.K., Morrall R.A.A., Gugel R.K. 1993. Use of petal infestation to forecast Sclerotinia stem rot of canola: The influence of inoculums variation over the flowering period and canopy density. Phytopathology 83: 682−689. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-83-682.
Underwood W., Misar C.G., Block C.C., Gulya T.J., Talukder Z.I., Hulke B.S., et al. 2020. A greenhouse method to evaluate sunflower quantitative resistance to basal stalk rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Plant Disease 105 (2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-19-1790-RE USDA. 2016. National Sclerotinia Research Initiative Strategic Plan for 2017 to 2021. 12 pp. Available on: https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/30000000/WhiteMoldResearch/SIStrategic- PLan_%202017-2021_v1_0_Jan16.pdf [Accessed: 18 November 2021]
White T.J., Bruns T.D., Lee S.B., Taylor J.W. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. p. 315−322. In: “PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications” (M.A. Innis, D.H. Gelfand, J.J. Sninsky, T.J. White, eds.). Academic Press, New York. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Willetts H.J., Wong J.A. 1980. The biology of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. trifoliorum, and S. minor with emphasis on specific nomenclature. The Botanical Review 46: 101–165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860868.
Workneh, F., Yang X.B. 2000. Prevalence of Sclerotinia stem rot of soybeans in the north-central United States in relation to tillage, climate, and latitudinal positions. Phytopathology 90: 1375–1382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/ PHYTO.2000.90.12.1375
Wu B.M., Subbarao KV. 2008. Effects of soil temperature, moisture and burial depths on carpogenic germination of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor. Phytopathology 98: 1144–1152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-98-10-1144
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Md. Ziaur Rahman Bhuiyan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dilip K. Lakshman
2
ORCID: ORCID
Luis E. Del Rio Mendoza
1
ORCID: ORCID
Presley Mosher
3
ORCID: ORCID
Mohamed F.R. Khan
1 4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA
  2. Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
  3. Plant Diagnostic Lab, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA
  4. Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Fargo, USA
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In 1997, supplying Plant Pathogenic Microorganism Collection, microflora of diseased root crops from field and storage was analyzed. Samples from Districts Inspectors of PIOR from area of Poland were received, and 139 isolates of fungi from 369 samples of sugar and forage beat, forage cabbage, forage carrot and potatoes were obtained. The most often fungi from genus Fusarium occurred, and 23.5% of isolates from beet, 14.2% from cabbage, 29.5% from carrot and 48,2% from potatoes were received. The second dominant was species Alternaria a/terna ta, isolated from diseased plants in 28.9%, 50%, I 8.5% and 20% respectively. Among saprophytic fungi, species Penicillium and Aspergillus were represented in 9,7% of obtained isolates. Received results suggested that Fusarium spp. and Alternaria a/tema/a could be potentially dangerous for root crops as a pathogens or weak pathogens.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Kamilla Wiśniewska
Kamila Kubicka
Dorota Remlein-Starosta
Maria Rataj-Guranowska
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Silver and tea, working together on the nanoscale, can be used to “brew up” a new weapon against treatment-resistant microorganisms.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Jan Paczesny
1
Magdalena Osial
2

  1. Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw
  2. Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

This report describes the isolation and characterization of bacterial isolates that produce anti−microbial compounds from one of the South Shetland Islands, King George Is − land, Antarctica. Of a total 2465 bacterial isolates recovered from the soil samples, six (BG5, MTC3, WEK1, WEA1, MA2 and CG21) demonstrated inhibitory effects on the growth of one or more Gram−negative or Gram−positive indicator foodborne pathogens ( i.e. Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Salmonella spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae , Enterobacter cloacae , Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Bacillus cereus ). Upon examination of their 16S rRNA sequences and biochemical profiles, the six Antarctic bacterial isolates were identified as Gram−negative Pedobacter cryoconitis (BG5), Pseudomonas migulae (WEK1), P. corrugata (WEA1) and Pseudomonas spp. (MTC3, MA2, and CG21). While inhibitors produced by strains BG5, MTC3 and CG21 were sensitive to protease treatment, those produced by strains WEK1, WEA1, and MA2 were insensitive to catalase, lipase, a −amylase, and protease enzymes. In addtion, the six Antarctic bacterial isolates appeared to be resistant to multiple antibiotics.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Clemente Michael Vui Ling Wong
Heng Keat Tam
Siti Aisyah Alias
Marcelo González
Gerardo González-Rocha
Mariana Domínguez-Yévenes
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In the recent years earlier appearance of late blight on potato crops and the increase of infection pressure of Phytophthora infestans has been observed due to the changes in its population. The occurrence of P. infestans on potato plants at early plant growth stages points to the possibility of existence of other infection sources such as infected seed tubers or volunteer plants and their increasing role in the disease epidemiology. These changes have led to late blight epidemics developing earlier and more severely than previously and changes in the occurrence and development of first symptoms of P. infestans infection on potato plants. In the years 1997–2006, field studies were conducted at the Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute of Bonin with the emphasis on comparison of time of the occurrence and incidence level of late blight of potato. The criteria for pathogen infection pressure assessment were assumed to be the percentage of haulm destruction at the end of growing season and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), the late blight development rate defining the increase of destruction of above ground plant parts in unit time and also tuber yield and its healthiness. The observations carried out at Bonin revealed that both time of occurrence and severity of late blight differed and were dependent upon meteorological conditions and upon the year. Late blight occurred the earliest at Bonin in 2001 (42 days after planting). The time of occurrence of late blight depends upon rainfall in May and June. A very high infection rate of the pathogen was observed, particularly in 2006 (0.517) and in 2004 (0.400) despite late time of late blight appearance in the season. In these years AUDPC on the unprotected cultivar was 0.071 and 0.508, respectively. The 10 years of observations conducted at Bonin revealed that the yield and occurrence of tuber late blight depended mostly upon meteorological conditions in particular years.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Józefa Kapsa
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Ability of five strains of Trichoderma pseudokoningii (antagonists) to suppress radial growth of Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (= Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon) was examined in vitro These were T. pseudokoningii strai n1 (IMI 380933), strain 2 (IMI 380937), strain 3 (IMI 3809 39), strain 4 (IMI 380940) a nd strain 5 (IMI 380941). Each strain was paired with pathogen by inoculating at opposite ends of 9 cm petri plates using three pairing methods. Gradings were assigned to varied growth inhibition of pathogen by antagonists and analysed using GLM procedure (SAS). Growth suppression of F. verticillioides by all strains of T. pseudokoningii was significantly different (R2 = 0.98, p = 0.05) from control in all pairing methods. It differed significantly (p > 0.0003) among the strains in all pairing methods. Growth suppression also differed significantly among (p>0.0001) and within (p > 0.018) pairing methods. Growth suppression was best when antagonists were inoculated before pathogen. Suppression mechanisms include mycoparasitism and competition for space and nutrients. T. pseudokoningii strains 3 and 4 had the best (p = 0.05) growth suppression of F. verticillioides and could be used as biocontrol agents for endophytic F. verticillioides in maize plant. This experiment was conducted in the search for resedent microorganisms that might be capable of checking F. verticillioides within maize plant by competitive exclusion in subsequent experiment.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Ayodele Adegboyega Sobowale
Kitty Francies Cardwell
Adegboyega Christopher Odebode
Ranajit Bandyopadhyay
Segun Gbolagade Jonathan
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The influence of oilseed rape glucosinolates on the grown in vitro pathogenic fungi was studied. Two pathogenic to oilseed rape fungi species: Fusarium roseum and Rhizoctonia so/ani were taken into consideration. It was observed that glucosinolates added to the medium limited the growth of both tested fungi to some extent, especially when higher concentrations of glucosinolates was supplied.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Danuta Waligóra
Marek Korbas
Dorota Remlein-Starosta
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The influence of glucosinolates isolated from oilseed rape seeds on the growth of pathogenic fungi infecting oilseed rape was studied. The activity of those compounds against 3 fungal species was tested in vitro. It was stated that glucosinolates present in the medium did not totally inhibit the growth of the fungi, but considerably confined the area of colonies of 2 out of 3 fungal species studied.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Danuta Waligóra
Dorota Remlein-Starosta
Marek Korbas
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Phytophthora cinnarnorni dominated among isolates obtained from diseased 9 species of ericaceous plants. Inoculation of leaves or shoot parts by that species resulted in the fast development of necrosis. In greenhouse trials the pathogen caused root and shoot rot within 10-12-week-growth. The source of isolate had significant influence on the development of Phytophthora rot.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Leszek B. Orlikowski
Grażyna Szkuta
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Predictive mathematical models have useful applications in the food industry – preventing the loss and wastage of food, thereby conserving resources.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Elżbieta Rosiak
1

  1. Institute of Human Nutrition SciencesWarsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW)
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Three plant extracts viz. bulbs of Allium sativum L. (Liliaceae), seeds of Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae) and leaves of Vitex negundo L. (Verbenaceae) were evaluated against cowpea wilt pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris by mycelial dry weight method under laboratory condtions. The mean mycelium dry weights of F. oxysporum of methanol and benzene extracts of A. sativum obtained from 125 g of crused dry plant material (bulbs) were 0.0113 and 0.0174 mg, respectively. This was followed by methanol and petroleum ether extracts of A. squamosa (0.2396 and 0.2381 mg). They effectively controlled mycelial growth of cowpea wilt pathogen, however V. negundo extracts did not cause any significant mycelium growth inhibition when compared to other plant extracts tested. Among the three plant extracts, methanol extracts of A. sativum bulbs could possibly be used for controlling F. oxysporum.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Kitherian Sahayaraj
Sathasivam Karthick Raja Namasivayam
Jesu Alexander Francis Borgio
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Plant secondary metabolites have a variety of functions, including mediating relationships between organisms, responding to environmental challenges, and protecting plants against infections, pests, and herbivores. In a similar way, through controlling plant metabolism, plant microbiomes take part in many of the aforementioned processes indirectly or directly. Researchers have discovered that plants may affect their microbiome by secreting a variety of metabolites, and that the microbiome could likewise affect the metabolome of the host plant. Pesticides are agrochemicals that are employed to safeguard humans and plants from numerous illnesses in urban green zones, public health initiatives, and agricultural fields. The careless use of chemical pesticides is destroying our ecology. As a result, it is necessary to investigate environmentally benign alternatives to pathogen management, such as plant-based metabolites. According to literature, plant metabolites have been shown to have the ability to battle plant pathogens. Phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids are a few of the secondary metabolites of plants that have been covered in this study.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Herlina Jusuf
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marischa Elveny
2
ORCID: ORCID
Feruza Azizova
3
ORCID: ORCID
Rustem A. Shichiyakh
4
ORCID: ORCID
Dmitriy Kulikov
5
ORCID: ORCID
Muataz M. Al-Taee
6
ORCID: ORCID
Karrar K. Atiyah
7
ORCID: ORCID
Abduladheem T. Jalil
8
ORCID: ORCID
Surendar Aravindhan
9
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Faculty of Sports and Health, Department of Public Health, Jln. Jenderal Sudirman 6, Gorontalo, 96128, Indonesia
  2. Universitas Sumatera Utara, DS & CI Research Group, Medan, Indonesia
  3. Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
  4. Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, Department of Management, Kuban, Russia
  5. Moscow State University of Technologies and Management named after K.G. Razumovsky (First Cossack University), Department of Digital Nutrition, Hotel and Restaurant Services, Moscow, Russia
  6. AL-Nisour University College, Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
  7. College of Dentistry, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
  8. Al-Mustaqbal University College, Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq
  9. Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The article presents the research into hygienizing process of chicken manure using calcium peroxide (CaO2) as an environmentally friendly biological deactivation agent. The influence of the addition of CaO2 to chicken manure on the bioavailability of phosphorus was also analyzed. The process of biological deactivation using CaO2, CaO and Ca(OH)2 agents was analyzed applying the disk diffusion method. To optimize the effect of the hygienizing parameters, (CaO2 concentration, pH, temperature and time) on the reduction of Enterobacteriaceae count the Taguchi method was applied. The content of bioavailable phosphorus was measured with the Egner-Riehm method and determined with spectrophotometry. The reduction in bacterial count followed an increase in the concentration of CaO2 in a sample. The optimal experimental conditions (CaO2=10.5 wt.%, pH=9.5, T=40°C, t=180 h) enabled a significant decrease in the Enterobacteriaceae count, from 107 cfu/g to 102 cfu/g. Analysis of the samples with Egner-Riehm method showed that the phosphorus content decreased with the addition of biocide CaO2: from 26.6 mg/l (for 3.5 wt.%) to 3.5 mg/l (for 10.5 wt.%). These values were slightly higher than the content of phosphorus deactivated with Ca(OH)2 i.e., from 11.25 mg/l (for 3.5 wt.%) to 4.49 mg/l (for 10.5 wt.%). The application of CaO2 for hygienizing chicken manure enables effective reduction of Enterobacteriaceae count to an acceptable level (below 1000 cfu/g). In comparison with the traditional techniques of hygienization, the application of CaO2 has a positive effect on the recovery of bioavailable phosphorus.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Angelika Więckol-Ryk
1
Barbara Białecka
2
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Thomas
3

  1. Central Mining Institute, Department of Risk Assessment and Industrial Safety, Poland
  2. Central Mining Institute, Department of Water Protection, Poland
  3. Chemiqua Water & Wastewater Company, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper contains a micobiological characteristic of sewage sludge composted in controlled conditions together with bio-wastes (straw, sawdust, bark). An experiment was carried out in which the composted material was mixed up in adequate weight proportion and placed in biorcactor chambers with a constant air flow. The composting process aimed at defining the development dynamics and the survival of pathogenic microorganisms in the sewage sludge composted with different additions in a cybernetic bioreactor. Samples of compost necessary for microbiological analyses were taken at the same time, in reference to the actual temperature value. Bacteriological studies were carried out on selected substrates by plate method determining the number of pathogenic bacteria from the species: Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, as well as from Enterobacteriaccac family. In the experiments, the presence of living eggs or intestinal ATT pathogens was determined by floatation method, as well. Il was found that the sewage sludge used in composting process did not contain any Salmonella spp. bacteria or any living eggs of intestinal ATT pathogens. Composting process completely eliminated the number or bacteria from Enterobactcriaccae family, bul it did not contribute lo the elimination of Clostridium perfringens bacteria. On the basis of the obtained results, it was found that the elimination of the studied groups of microorganisms, in all studied composts took place with the increase of temperature. In the case or Enterobacteriaceae, it was found that their complete removal from the composted material took place in chamber K3, while in the remaining chambers, it followed 48 hours later. Elimination ofthe vegetative forms ofC!oslridium perfringens bacteria followed after 96 hours of composting, in all composts at the same time. The obtained composts met the sanitary norms according lo the regulations of the EC Commission No. I 85/2007 of February 20, 2007 which changed the regulation of WE No. 809/2003 and WE No. 810/2003 referring to the extension of the validity period of transitional means for composting plants and biogas producing plants according to the instruction orWE No. 1774/2002 of European Parliament and Council and according to the instruction of the Minister for Agriculture and Country Development (2004).
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka
Jacek Dach
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The squash beetle Epilachna chrysomelina (F.) is an important insect pest which causes severe damage to cucurbit plants in Iraq. The aims of this study were to isolate and characterize an endogenous isolate of Myrothecium-like species from cucurbit plants and from soil in order to evaluate its pathogenicity to squash beetle. Paramyrothecium roridum (Tode) L. Lombard & Crous was isolated, its phenotypic characteristics were identified and ITS rDNA sequence analysis was done. The pathogenicity of P. roridum strain (MT019839) was evaluated at a concentration of 107 conidia · ml–1) water against larvae and adults of E. chrysomelina under laboratory conditions. The results revealed the pathogenicity of the isolate to larvae with variations between larvae instar responses. The highest mortality percentage was reported when the adults were placed in treated litter and it differed significantly from adults treated directly with the pathogen. Our results documented for the first time that P. roridum has potential as an insect pathogen.
Go to article

Bibliography

1. Abbott W.S. 1925. A method for computing the effectivenss of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology 8: 265–277.
2. Abdullah S.K., Abbas B.A. 2008. Fungi inhabiting surface sediments of Shatt Al-Arab River and its creeks at Basrah, Iraq. Basrah Journal of Science (B) 26 (1): 68–81.
3. Abdullah S.K., Al-Mosawi K.A. 2010. Fungi associated with seeds of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus) cultivars grown in Iraq. Phytopathologia 57: 11–20.
4. Abdullah S.K., Monfort E., Asensio L., Salinas J., LopezLlorca L.V., Jansson H.B. 2010. Mycobiota of date palm plantations in Elche, SE Spain. Czech Mycology 61 (2): 149–162.
5. Abdullah S.K., Saadullah A.A. 2013. Soil mycobiota at grapevine plantations in Duhok, North Iraq. Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture 41 (1): 437–447.
6. Abdullah S.K., Zora S.E. 1993. Soil microfungi from date palm plantations in Iraq. Basrah Journal of Science 11 (1): 45–57.
7. Abdul-Rassoul M.S. 1976. Check list of insects of Iraq. Natural History Research Centre, Publication No. 30: 1-41.
8. AmithaV., Shylaja M.D., Nalini M.S. 2014. Fungal endophytes from culinary herbs and their antioxidant activity. International Journal of Current Research 6 (8): 7996–8002.
9. Arnold A.E. 2007. Understanding the diversity of foliar endophytic fungi: progress, challenges, and frontiers. Fungal Biology Reviews 21: 51–66.
10. Assaf L.H., Hassan F.R., Younis G.H. 2011. Evaluation of the Entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.)Vuill.and Paecilomyces farinosus (Dicks ex Fr.) against the Poplar Leaf Beetle Melasoma populi L. Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences 14: 35-44.
11. Awadalla S.S., Abd-Wahab H.A., Abd El-Baky N.F., Abdel-Salam S.S. 2011. Host plant preference of the melon ladybird beetle Epilachna chrysomelina (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on different cucurbit vegetables in Mansoura region. Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology 2 (1): 41–47.
12. Bharath B.G., Likesh S., Yashovarma B., Prakash H.S., Shetty H.S. 2006. Seed-borne nature of Myrothecium roridium in watermelon seeds. Research Journal of Botany 1 (1): 44–45. DOI: 10.3923/rib.2006.44.45.
13. Bosio P., Siciliano I., Gilardi G., Gullino, M.L., Garibaldi A. 2017. Verrucarin A and roridin E produced on rocket by Myrothecium roridium under different temperatures and CO2 levels. World Mycotoxin Journal 10: 229–236.
14. Chavan S.B.,Vidhate R.P., Kallure G.S., Dandawate N.L., Khire J.M., Deshpande M.V. 2017. Stability studies of cuticle and mycolytic enzymes of Myrothecium verrucaria for control of insect pests and fungal phytopathogens. Indian Journal of Biotechnology 16: 404–412.
15. Domsch K.H., Gams W., Anderson T. 2007. Compendium of Soil Fungi. 2nd ed. IHW Verlag, Eching, Germany, 672 pp.
16. Gindin G., Levski S., Glazer I., Soroker V. 2006. Evaluation of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana against the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. Phytoparasitica 34: 370–379.
17. Han K.S., Choi S.K., Kim H.H., Lee S.C., Park J.H., Cho M.R., Park M.J. 2014. First report of Myrothecium roridium causing leaf and stem rot disease of Pepteromia quadrangularis in Korea. Mycobiology 42 (2): 203–205. DOI: 10.5941/MYCO.2014.42.2.203
18. Hassan F.R. 2003. Studies in poplar leaf beetle Melasoma (= Chrysomela) populi L. (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) in Duhok region. M.Sc. thesis, University of Duhok, College of Agriculture, Iraq, 83 pp.
19. Hassan F.R. 2019. Selective Isolation and Biomass Production of Beauveria bassiana and its Virulence to Squash Beetle Epilachna chrysomelina F. Ph.D dissertation, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Duhok, Iraq, 165 pp.
20. Hassan F.R., Abdullah S.K., Assaf L.H. 2019. Pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. endophytic and a soil isolate against the squash beetle, Epilachna chrysomelina (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 29: 74. DOI: 10.1186/s41938-019-0169-x
21. Haudenshield J.S., Pawlowski M., Miranda C., Hartman G.L. 2018. First report of Paramyrothecium roridium causing Myrothecium leaf spot on soybean in Africa. Plant Disease 102 (12): 2638. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-04-18-0624-PDN
22. Ismail A.L.S., Abdullah S.K. 1977. Studies on the soil fungi of Iraq. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Section B 86 (3): 151–154.
23. Kwon H.W., Kim J.Y., Choi M.Ah., Son S.Y., Kim S.H. 2014. Characterization of Myrothecium roridium isolated from imported Anthurium plant culture medium. Mycobiology 42 (1): 82–85. DOI: 10.5941/MYCO.2014.42.1.82
24. Lee H.B., Kim J.C., Hong K.S., Kim C.J. 2008. Evaluation of fungal strain, Myrothecium roridium F0252, as a bioherbicide agent. The Plant Pathology Journal 24 (2): 453–460.
25. Li T.-X., Xiong Y.-M., Chen X., Yang Y.-N., Wang, Jia X.-W., Yang X.-P., Tan L.-L., Xu C.-P. 2019. Antifungal macrocyclic Trichothecens from the insect-associated fungus Myrothecium roridium. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 67 (47): 13033–13039. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04507.
26. Liang J., Li G., Zhou S., Zhao M., Cai l. 2019. Myrothecium-like new species from turfgrasses and associated rhizosphere. MycoKeys 51: 29–53. DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.51.31957.
27. Liu J.Y., Huang L.L., Ye Y.H., Zou W.X., Guo Z.J., Tan R.X. 2006. Antifungal and new metabo¬lites of Myrothecium sp. Z16, a fungus associated with white croaker Argyromosumar¬gentatus. Journal of Applied Microbiology 100: 195–202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 2672.2005.02760.x
28. Liu H.X., Liu W.Z., ChenY.C., Sun Z.H., Tan Y.Z., Li H.H., Zhang W.M. 2016. Cytotoxic trichothecene macrolides from the endophyte fungus Myrothecium roridium. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research 18 (7): 684–689. DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2015.1134505.
29. Lombard L., Houbraken J., Decock C., Samson R.A., Meijer M., Reblova M., Groenewald J.Z., Crous P.W. 2016. Genetic hyper-diversity in Stachybotriaceae. Persoonia 36: 156–246. DOI: 10.3767/003158516X691582
30. Macia-Vicente J. G., Jansson H. B., Abdullah S. K., Descals E., Salinas J., Lopez-Llorca L. V. 2008. Fungal root endophytes from natural vegetation in Mediterranean environments with special reference to Fusarium spp. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 64: 90–105. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007. 00443.
31. Matic S., Gilardi G., Gullino M.L., Garibaldi A. 2019. Emergence of leaf spot disease on leafy vegetable and ornamental crops caused by Paramyrothecium and Albifimbria species. Phytopathology 109: 1053–1061. DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-10-18-0396-R
32. Mou J.Y. 1975. Preliminary study on Myrothecium sp. (in Chinese). Applicationand Research on Entomogenous Fungus in China 2: 237–238.
33. Okunowo W.O., Gbenle G.O., Osuntoki A.A., Adekunle A.A., Ojokuku S.A. 2010. Production of cellulolytic enzymes by a phytopathogenic Myrothecium roridium and some avirulent fungal aisolates from water hyacinth. African Journal of Biotechnology 9 (7): 1074–1078. DOI: 10.5897/AJB09.1598
34. Pappachan A., Rahul K., Debashish Ch., Sivaprasad V. 2019. Phylogenetic analysis of Paramyrothecium roridium causing brown leaf spot of mulberry. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8(03): 1393–1399. DOI: 10.20546/ijcmas.2019.803.163
35. Parker B.L., Skinner M., Costa S.D., Gouli S., Reid W., El Bouhssini M. 2003. Entomopathogenic fungi of Eurygaster. integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae): collection and characterization for development. Biological Control 27: 260–272.
36. Shen L., Ai C.Z., SongY.C.,Wang F.W., Jiao R.H., Zhang A.H., Man H.Z., Tan R.X. 2019. Cytotoxic trichothecene macrolides produced by the endophytic Myrothecium roridium. Journal of Natural Products 82 (6): 1503–1509.
37. Soliman M.S. 2020. Characterization of Paramyrothecium roridium (basionym Myrothecium roridium) causing leaf spot of strawberry. Journal of Plant Protection Research 60 (2): 141–149. DOI: 10.24425/jppr.2020.133308
38. Talukdar D., Dantre R.K. 2014. Biochemical studies on Myrothecium roridium Tode. ex. Fries causing leaf spot of soybean. Global Journal of Research Analysis 3: 7–9.
39. Tulloch M. 1972. The genus Myrothecium Tode ex Fr. Mycological Papers 130: 1–42.
40. Vidhate R., Singh J., Ghormade V., Chavan S.B., Patil A., Deshpande M.V. 2015. Use of hydrolytic enzymes of Myrothecium verrucaria and conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae, singly and sequentially to control pest and pathogens in grapes and their compatibility with pesticides used in the field. Biopesticides International 11 (1): 48–60.
41. Warcup J.H.1960. Methods for isolation and estimation of activity of fungi in soil. p. 3–21. In: "The Ecology of Soil Fungi" (D. Parkinson, J.S. Waid, eds.). Liverpool University Press, UK.
42. White T.J., Bruns T., Lee S., Taylor J. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. p. 315–322. In: "PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Aapplications" (M.A. Innis, D.H. Gelfand, J.J. Shinsky, T.J. White, eds.). Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Feyroz Ramadan Hassan
1
Nacheervan Majeed Ghaffar
2
Lazgeen Haji Assaf
3
Samir Khalaf Abdullah
4

  1. Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq
  2. Duhok Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Duhok University, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq
  3. Plant Protection, General Directorate of Agriculture-Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq
  4. Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-Noor University College, Nineva, Iraq
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Modern agriculture and plant breeding must continuously meet the high and increasingly growing requirements of consumers and recipients. In this context, one of the conditions for effective management of any farm is access to quick and efficient diagnostics of plant pathogens, the result of which, together with the assessment of experts, provide breeders with tools to effectively reduce the occurrence of plant diseases. This paper presents information about biodiversity and spectrum of endophytic and phytopathogenic bacterial species identified in plant samples delivered to the Plant Disease Clinic in 2013–2019. During the tests, using the Biolog Gen III system, the species affiliation of the majority of detected bacterial strains found in plant tissues as an endophyte and not causing disease symptoms on plants was determined. These data were compiled and compared with the number of found identifications for a given species and data on the pathogenicity of bacterial species towards plants. In this way, valuable information for the scientific community was obtained about the species composition of the bacterial microbiome of the crop plants studied by us, which were confronted with available literature data. In the study, special attention was paid to tomato, which is the plant most often supplied for testing in the Plant Disease Clinic due to its economic importance.
Go to article

Bibliography

1. Ahmed F.A., Arif M., Alvarez A.M. 2017. Antibacterial effect of potassium tetraborate tetrahydrate against soft rot disease agent Pectobacterium carotovorum in tomato. Frontiers in Microbiology 8: 1–9. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01728
2. Bosmans L., Moerkens R., Wittemans L., De Mot R., Rediers H., Lievens B. 2017. Rhizogenic agrobacteria in hydroponic crops: epidemics, diagnostics and control. Plant Pathology 66: 1043–1053. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12687
3. Buell C.R., Joardar V., Lindeberg M. Selengut J, Paulsen I.T., Gwinn M.L., Dodson R.J., Deboy R.T., Durkin A.S., Kolonay J.F., Madupu R., Daugherty S., Brinkac L., Beanan M.J., Haft D.H., Nelson W.C., Davidsen T., Zafar N., Zhou L., Liu J., Yuan Q., Khouri H., Fedorova N., Tran B., Russell D., Berry K., Utterback T., Van Aken S.E., Feldblyum T.V., D'Ascenzo M., Deng W.L., Ramos A.R., Alfano J.R., Cartinhour S., Chatterjee A.K., Delaney T.P., Lazarowitz S.G., Martin G.B., Schneider D.J., Tang X., Bender C.L., White O., Fraser C.M., Collmer A. 2003. The complete genome sequence of the Arabidopsis and tomato pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100: 10181–10186. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1731982100
4. Chojniak J., Jałowiecki Ł., Dorgeloh E. Hegedusova B., Ejhed H., Magnér J., Płaza G. 2015. Application of the BIOLOG system for characterization of Serratia marcescens ss marcescens isolated from onsite wastewater technology (OSWT). Acta Biochimica Polonica 62: 799–805. DOI: 10.18388/abp.2015_1138
5. Ciardi J.A., Tieman D.M., Lund S.T., Jones J.B., Stall R.E., Klee H.J. 2000. Response to Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in tomato involves regulation of ethylene receptor gene expression. Plant Physiology 123: 81–92. DOI: 10.1104/pp.123.1.81
6. Coutinho T.A., Venter S.N., 2009. Pantoea ananatis: an unconventional plant pathogen. Molecular Plant Pathology 10: 325–335. DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00542.x
7. Daami-Remadi M. 2007. First report of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum on tomato plants in Tunisia. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 2: 1–5.
8. Esker P.D., Nutter F.W. 2002. New frontiers in plant disease losses and disease management assessing the risk of stewart’s disease of corn through improved knowledge of the role of the corn flea beetle vector. Phytopathology: 1999–2001.
9. Freeman N.D., Pataky J.K. 2001. Levels of stewart’s wilt resistance necessary to prevent reductions in yield of sweet corn hybrids. Plant Disease 85: 1278–1284. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.12.1278
10. Gartemann K.H., Kirchner O., Engemann J., Gräfen I., Eichenlaub R., Burger A. 2003. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis: first steps in the understanding of virulence of a Gram-positive phytopathogenic bacterium. Journal of Biotechnology 106: 179–191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2003.07.011
11. SP. 2018. Produkcja upraw rolnych i ogrodniczych w 2017 r. Statistics Poland: 1–84.
12. Iakimova E.T., Sobiczewski P., Michalczuk L., Wegrzynowicz-Lesiak E., Mikiciński A., Woltering E.J. 2013. Morphological and biochemical characterization of Erwinia amylovora-induced hypersensitive cell death in apple leaves. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 63: 292–305. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.12.006
13. Jones J.B. 1986. Survival of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in Florida on tomato crop residue, weeds, seeds, and volunteer tomato plants. Phytopathology 76: 430.
14. Kalużna M., Pulawska J., Waleron M., Sobiczewski P. 2014. The genetic characterization of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis, the causal agent of walnut blight in Poland. Plant Pathology 63: 1404–1416. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12211
15. Kałużna M., Willems A., Pothier J.F., Ruinelli M., Sobiczewski P., Puławska J. 2016. Pseudomonas cerasi sp. nov. (non Griffin, 1911) isolated from diseased tissue of cherry. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 39: 370–377. DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2016.05.005
16. Krawczyk K., Borodynko-Filas N. 2020. Kosakonia cowanii as the new bacterial pathogen affecting soybean ( Glycine max Willd.). European Journal of Plant Pathology 157: 173–183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-020-01998-8
17. Krawczyk K., Kamasa J., Zwolińska A., Pospieszny H. 2010. First report of Pantoea ananatis associated with leaf spot disease of maize in Poland. Journal of Plant Pathology 92: 807–811. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4454/jpp.v92i3.332
18. Krawczyk K., Łochyńska M. 2020. Identification and characterization of Pseudomonas syringae pv. mori affecting white mulberry ( Morus alba) in Poland. European Journal of Plant Pathology 158: 281–291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-020-02074-x
19. Krawczyk K., Zwolińska A., Pospieszny H., Borodynko N. 2016. First report of ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’- related strain affecting juniperus plants in Poland. Plant Disease 100: 2521–2521. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-16-0621-PDN
20. Lukezic F.L. 1979. Pseudomonas corrugate, a pathogen of tomato, isolated from symptomless alfalfa roots. Phytopathology 69: 27. DOI: 10.1094/Phyto-69-27
21. Mansfield J., Genin S., Magori S., Citovsky V., Sriariyanum M., Ronald P., Dow M., Verdier V., Beer S.V., Machado M.A., Toth I., Salmond G., Foster G.D. 2012. Top 10 plant pathogenic bacteria in molecular plant pathology. Molecular Plant Pathology 13:614–629. DOI: 10.1111/J.1364-3703.2012.00804.X
22. Mikiciński A., Sobiczewski P., Puławska J., Maciorowski R. 2016. Control of fire blight ( Erwinia amylovora) by a novel strain 49M of Pseudomonas graminis from the phyllosphere of apple ( Malus spp.). European Journal of Plant Pathology 145: 265–276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-015-0837-y
24. Mikiciński A., Sobiczewski P., Sulikowska M., Puławska J., Treder J. 2010. Pectolytic bacteria associated with soft rot of calla lily ( Zantedeschia spp.) tubers. Journal of Phytopathology 158: 201–209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2009.01597.x
25. Nabhan S., Boer S.H. De Maiss E., Wydra K. 2019. Pectobacterium aroidearum sp. nov., a soft rot pathogen with preference for monocotyledonous plants. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 2520–2525. DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.046011-0
26. Ottesen A.R., González Peña A., White J.R. Pettengill J.B., Li C., Allard S., Rideout S., Allard M., Hill T., Evans P., Strain E., Musser S., Knight R., Brown E. 2013. Baseline survey of the anatomical microbial ecology of an important food plant: Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). BMC Microbiology 13: 114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-13-114
27. Pospieszny H., Krawczyk K., Kamasa J., Petrzik K. 2007. First report of a phytoplasma affecting tomato in Poland. Plant Disease 91: 1054. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-91-8-1054B
28. Pulawska J., Maes M., Willems A., Sobiczewski P. 2000. Phylogenetic analysis of 23S rRNA gene sequences of Agrobacterium, Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium strains. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 23: 238–244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0723-2020(00)80010-7
29. Rapicavoli J., Ingel B., Blanco-Ulate B., Cantu D., Roper C. 2018. Xylella fastidiosa: an examination of a re-emerging plant pathogen. Molecular Plant Pathology 19: 786–800. DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12585
30. Sawada H., Azegami K. 2014. First report of root mat (hairy root) of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum) caused by Rhizobium radiobacter harboring cucumopine Ri plasmid in Japan. Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 80: 98–114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.80.98
31. Scarlett C.M., Fletcher J.T., Roberts P., Lelliott R.A. 1978. Tomato pith necrosis caused by Pseudomonas corrugata n. sp. Annals of Applied Biology 88: 105–114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1978.tb00684.x
32. Schaad N.W., Jones J.B., Chun W. 2001. Laboratory Guide for the Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. American Phytopathological Society (APS Press), 373 pp.
33. Tian B., Zhang C., Ye Y., Wen J., Wu Y., Wang H. 2017. Beneficial traits of bacterial endophytes belonging to the core communities of the tomato root microbiome. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 247: 149–156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.06.041
34. Xin X.F., Kvitko B., He S.Y. 2018. Pseudomonas syringae: what it takes to be a pathogen. Nature Reviews Microbiology 16: 316–328. DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2018.17
35. Zhao Y., Thilmony R., Bender C.L., Schaller A., He S.Y., Howe G.A. 2003. Virulence systems of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato promote bacterial speck disease in tomato by targeting the jasmonate signaling pathway. The Plant Journal 36: 485–499. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01895.x
36. Zwolińska A., Borodynko N., Krawczyk K., Pospieszny H. 2016. First report of aster yellows related phytoplasma affecting sugar beets in Poland. Plant Disease 100: 2158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-16-0225-PDN
37. Zwolińska A., Krawczyk K., Klejdysz T., Pospieszny H. 2011. First report of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ associated with oilseed rape phyllody in Poland. Plant Disease 95: 1475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-11-0177
38. Zwolińska A., Krawczyk K., Pospieszny H. 2012. Molecular characterization of stolbur phytoplasma associated with pea plants in Poland. Journal of Phytopathology 160: 317–323. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0434.2012.01903.x
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Weronika Zenelt
1
Krzysztof Krawczyk
2
ORCID: ORCID
Natasza Borodynko-Filas
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Plant Disease Clinic and Bank of Plant Pathogen, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Poznań, Poland
  2. Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Poznań, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The purpose of the studies carried out in the years 1996-1998 was to establish the composition of bacteria and fungi communities in the potato rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil. Besides, in the examined samples the studies established the proportion of bacteria and fungi antagonistic towards soilbome pathogens. The microbiological analysis of 1 g of dry weight of soil coming from the rhizosphere of potato revealed from 3.96 x 10' to 7 .26 x 10 6 bacteria colonies and from 51.38 x 103 to 69.96 x 103 fungi colonies. In the case of nonrhizosphere soil of 1 g of dry weight of soil revealed from 3.50 x 10' to 4.75 x 106 bacteria colonies and from 16.16 x 103 to 34.1 0 x 103 fungi colonies. Moreover, potato cultivation had a positive effect on the increase of numbers of antagonistic bacteria (Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp.) and fungi (Gliocladium spp., Penicillium spp., Trichoderma spp.). A larger number of the communities of bacteria and fungi, including antagonistic ones, in the root area of potato, indicates considerable biological activity, which contributes to a better phytosanitary condition of the soil.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Danuta Pięta
Elżbieta Patkowska
Alina Pastucha
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Phoma exigua var. inoxydabilis var. nov. predominated among fungal isolates obtained from diseased stem runners and leaves of periwinkle ( Vinca minor). The growth of the fungus was observed at temperature ranges from 7.5 to 30°C with optimum at 25°C. Abundant formation of picnidia was noticed mainly on malt extract agar at temp. I 5-25°C. On potato-dextrose agar picnidia were observed 3-5 days later. On inoculated leaves of periwinkle, development of necrosis was observed at temperature I0-25°C with optimum 20°C. On field grown periwinkle the first necrosis on the base of stem runners was observed 2 weeks after inoculation and during the next I O weeks discoloration of tissues occurred on about 1/2 of their length.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Leszek B. Orlikowski
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Streptococcus agalactiae, commonly known as S. agalactiae, is a critical zoonotic pathogen that significantly reduces milk yield and product quality and poses a significant risk to public health. Although S. agalactiae is increasingly recognised as a principal agent causing milkborne infections, research dedicated to this pathogen in dairy cattle has been less extensive than that of other pathogens. This study aimed to examine the antibiotic resistance profiles of S. agalactiae derived from dairy cows and assess its pathogenicity using validated in vivo models. The findings contribute essential scientific insights into the realm of environmental antibiotic resistance research. The resistance of S. agalactiae isolates to drugs was assessed using the broth microdilution technique. Additionally, PCR analysis was used to identify six important virulence genes. The study revealed that S. agalactiae was fully susceptible to streptomycin, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, cefquinome, and cloxacillin in general laboratory settings and within milk samples. However, among the antibiotics tested, tetracycline exhibited the highest level of resistance, with rates reaching 70%. Penicillin showed a resistance level of 50%, followed by doxycycline at 30%. Additionally, the resistance rates for apramycin and cefoxitin were both 20%, whereas florfenicol resistance was observed at a rate of 10%. All isolates of S. agalactiae carried the cfb gene. However, it is noteworthy that only one isolate possessed this gene exclusively, while the other nine isolates shared a uniform set of four additional virulence genes. The study highlighted the significant impact of these virulence factors on the pathogenic behaviour of S. agalactiae from dairy sources. This was demonstrated by the high mortality rates observed in experimental infections using Galleria mellonella (G. mellonella) larvae and mouse models. These findings contribute to understanding the relationship between the pathogenic properties of S. agalactiae and the virulence genes it carries.
Go to article

Bibliography

Bengtsson-Palme J, Kristiansson E, Larsson DGJ (2018) Environmental factors influencing the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. FEMS Microbiol Rev 42: 68-80.

Chen L, Yang J, Yu J, Yao Z, Sun L, Shen Y, Jin Q (2005) VFDB: a reference database for bacterial virulence factors. Nucleic Acids Res 33: D325-328.

CLSI (2018) Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. CLSI Standard 7: 11.

Cutuli MA, Petronio G, Vergalito F, Magnifico I, Pietrangelo L, Venditti N, Di Marco R (2019) Galleria mellonella as a consolidated in vivo model hosts: new developments in antibacterial strategies and novel drug testing. Virulence 10: 527-541.

Dmitriev A, Shakleina E, Tkáciková L, Mikula I, Totolian A (2002) Genetic heterogeneity of the pathogenic potentials of human and bovine group B streptococci. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 47: 291-295.

Gaddy JA, Arivett BA, McConnell MJ, López-Rojas R, Pachón J, Actis LA (2012) Role of acinetobactin-mediated iron acquisition functions in the interaction of Acinetobacter baumannii strain ATCC 19606T with human lung epithelial cells, Galleria mellonella caterpillars, and mice. Infect Immun 80: 1015-1024.

Gelalcha BD, Ensermu DB, Agga GE, Vancuren M, Gillespie BE, D’Souza DH, Okafor CC, Kerro Dego O (2022) Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistant and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Dairy Cattle Farms in East Tennessee. Foodborne Pathog Dis 19: 408-416.

Guevara MA, Francis JD, Lu J, Manning SD, Doster RS, Moore RE, Gaddy JA (2022) Streptococcus agalactiae cadD Is Critical for Pathogenesis in the Invertebrate Galleria mellonella Model. ACS Infect Dis 8: 2405-2412.

Han R, Niu M, Liu S, Mao J, Yu Y, Du Y (2022) The effect of siderophore virulence genes entB and ybtS on the virulence of Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Microb Pathog 171: 105746.

Jiang LJ, Xiao X, Yan KX, Deng T, Wang ZQ (2022) Ex Vivo Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Modeling and Optimal Regimens Evaluation of Cefquinome Against Bovine Mastitis Caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Front Vet Sci 9: 837882.

Kannika K, Pisuttharachai D, Srisapoome P, Wongtavatchai J, Kondo H, Hirono I, Unajak S, Areechon N (2017) Molecular serotyping, virulence gene profiling and pathogenicity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia farms in Thailand by multiplex PCR. J Appl Microbiol 122: 1497-1507.

Kayansamruaj P, Pirarat N, Katagiri T, Hirono I, Rodkhum C (2014) Molecular characterization and virulence gene profiling of pathogenic Streptococcus agalactiae populations from tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) farms in Thailand. J Vet Diagn Invest 26: 488-495.

Leitão JH (2020) Microbial Virulence Factors. Int J Mol Sci 21: 5320

Megaw J, Thompson TP, Lafferty RA, Gilmore BF (2015) Galleria mellonella as a novel in vivo model for assessment of the toxicity of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids. Chemosphere 139: 197-201.

Mikulak E, Gliniewicz A, Przygodzka M, Solecka J (2018) Galleria mellonella L. as model organism used in biomedical and other studies. Przegl Epidemiol 72: 57-73.

Paria P, Behera BK, Mohapatra PKD, Parida PK (2021) Virulence factor genes and comparative pathogenicity study of tdh, trh and tlh positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from Whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in India. Infect Genet Evol 95: 105083.

Rodríguez-Andrade E, Hernández-Ramírez KC, Díaz-Peréz SP, Díaz-Magaña A, Chávez-Moctezuma MP, Meza-Carmen V, Ortíz-Alvarado R, Cervantes C, Ramírez-Díaz MI (2016) Genes from pUM505 plasmid contribute to Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 109: 389-396.

San Francisco J, Astudillo C, Vega JL, Catalán A, Gutiérrez B, Araya JE, Zailberger A, Marina A, García C, Sanchez N, Osuna A, Vilchez S, Ramírez MI, Macedo J, Feijoli VS, Palmisano G, González J (2022) Trypanosoma cruzi pathogenicity involves virulence factor expression and upregulation of bioenergetic and biosynthetic pathways. Virulence 13: 1827-1848.

Schnitt A, Lienen T, Wichmann-Schauer H, Tenhagen BA (2021) The occurrence of methicillin-resistant non-aureus staphylococci in samples from cows, young stock, and the environment on German dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 104: 4604-4614.

Shome BR, Bhuvana M, Mitra SD, Krithiga N, Shome R, Velu D, Banerjee A, Barbuddhe S B, Prabhudas K, Rahman H (2012) Molecular characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus uberis isolates from bovine milk. Trop Anim Health Prod 44: 1981-1992.

Tsai CJ, Loh JM, Proft T (2016) Galleria mellonella infection models for the study of bacterial diseases and for antimicrobial drug testing. Virulence 7: 214-229.

Waseem H, Williams M R, Jameel S, Hashsham S A (2018) Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment. Water Environ Res 90: 865-884.

Yang JY, Lee SN, Chang SY, Ko HJ, Ryu S, Kweon MN (2014) A mouse model of shigellosis by intraperitoneal infection. J Infect Dis 209: 203-215.

Zastempowska E, Twarużek M, Grajewski J, Lassa H (2022) Virulence Factor Genes and Cytotoxicity of Streptococcus agalactiae Isolated from Bovine Mastitis in Poland. Microbiol Spectr 10: e0222421.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

L.J. Jiang
1 2
H.R. Liu
1
Z.Y. Liu
3 2
Q. Li
1
Y.C. Wang
1
B.W. Tan
1

  1. Department of Customs Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai Customs College, Shanghai, China
  2. College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
  3. College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, China
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of lactation number, lactation stage and somatic cell count (SCC) on the presence of pathogenic or opportunistic pathogens in cow milk. A total of 1712 milk samples were collected from the udder quarters of 428 lactating Holstein breed cows for bacteriological examination. Somatic cell count was taken from the controlled bovine records. The cows were divided into four groups according to the lactation number (viz. lactation numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and above) and into three groups according to the lactation month (viz. 1-4, 5-8, 9 months and above). The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 27.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Frequencies of microorganisms were calculated by determi-ning their confidence intervals (Wilson Confidence Interval 95%, CI). Various farm pathogens were identified: CNS (Coagulase negative staphylococci), S. aureus, Enterococcus spp., Str. agalactiae, E. coli. It was found that CNS and S. agalactiae increased with somatic cell count, lactation number and lactation stage. E. coli increased at the end of the lactation stage (p≤0.05). Enterococcus spp., count in milk differed significantly between cows in lactations 1 and 4 and older (p≤0.05). Pathogen number also increased with milk fat, but decreased with increased protein content (p≤0.01).

Go to article

Bibliography

Ágredo-Campos ÁS, Fernández-Silva JA, Ramírez-Vásquez NF (2023) Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella spp. prevalence in bulk tank milk of Colombian herds and associated milking practices. Vet World 16: 869-881.

Antanaitis R, Juozaitiene V, Jonike V, Baumgartner W, Paulauskas A (2021) Milk Lactose as a Biomarker of Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 11: 1736.

Bradley AJ, De Vliegher S, Green MJ, Larrosa P, Payne B, van de Leemput ES, Samson O, Valckenier D, Van Werven T, Waldeck HWF, White V, Goby L (2015) An investigation of the dynamics of intramammary infections acquired during the dry period on European dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 98: 6029-6047.

Breen JE, Green MJ, Bradley AJ (2009) Quarter and cow risk factors associated with the occurrence of clinical mastitis in dairy cows in the United Kingdom. J Dairy Sci 92: 2551-2561.

Cheng J Qu W, Barkema HW, Nobrega D B, Gao J, Gang L, De Buck J, Kastelic JP, Sun H, Han B (2019) Antimicrobial resistance profiles of 5 common bovine mastitis pathogens in large Chinese dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 102: 2416-2426.

Cheng WN, Han SG (2020) Bovine mastitis: risk factors, therapeutic strategies, and alternative treatments – A review. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 33: 1699-1713.

Cobirka M, Tancin V, Slama P (2020) Epidemiology and Classification of Mastitis. Animals (Basel) 10: 2212.

De Visscher A, Piepers S, Haesebrouck F, De Vliegher S (2016) Intramammary infection with coagulase-negative staphylococci at parturition: Species-specific prevalence, risk factors, and effect on udder health. J Dairy Sci 99: 6457-6469.

Duse A, Persson-Waller K, Pedersen K (2021) Microbial aetiology, antibiotic susceptibility and pathogen-specific risk factors for udder pathogens from clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Animals (Basel) 11: 2113.

Elmaghraby MM, El-Nahas AF, Fathala MM, Sahwan F, Tag EL-Dien MA (2017) Incidence of Clinical Mastitis and its Influence on Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cows. Alex J Vet Sci 54: 84-91.

Goli M, Ezzatpanah H, Ghavami M, Chamani M, Doosti A (2012) Prevalence assessment of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR) in bovine sub-clinical mastitis and their effect on somatic cell count (SCC) in Iranian dairy cows. Afr J Microbiol Res 6: 3005-10.

Hagi T, Kobayashi M, Nomura M (2010) Molecular-based analysis of changes in indigenous milk microflora during the grazing period. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 74: 484-487.

Hussain R, Khan A, Javed MT, Rizvi F (2012) Possible risk factors associated with mastitis in indigenous cattle in Punjab, Pakistan. Pak Vet J 32: 605-608.

Jagielski T, Krukowski H, Bochniarz M, Piech T, Roeske K, Bakuła Z, Wlazło Ł, Woch P (2019) Prevalence of Prototheca spp. on dairy farms in Poland – a cross-country study. Microb Biotechnol 12: 556-566.

Kaczorek-Łukowska E, Małaczewska J, Wójcik R, Duk K, Blank A, Siwicki AK (2021) Streptococci as the new dominant aetiological factors of mastitis in dairy cows in north-eastern Poland: analysis of the results obtained in 2013-2019. Ir Vet J 74: 2.

Kayano M, Itoh M, Kusaba N, Hayashiguchi O, Kida K, Tanaka Y, Kawamoto K, Gröhn YT (2018) Associations of the first occurrence of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis with milk yield and milk composition in dairy cows. J Dairy Res 85: 309-316.

Kester HJ, Sorter DE, Hogan JS (2015) Activity and milk compositional changes following experimentally induced Streptococcus uberis bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci 98: 999-1004.

Kibebew K (2017) Bovine Mastitis: A Review of Causes and Epidemiological Point of View. J Biol Agric Health 7: 1-14.

Kline KE, Flores S, Joyse F (2018) Factors affecting Somatic Cell Count in milk of dairy cows in Costa Rica. Int J Vet Sci Res 8: 1-8.

Król J, Brodziak A, Litwińczuk Z, Litwińczuk A (2013) Effect of age and stage of lactation on whey protein content in milk of cows of different breeds. Pol J Vet Sci 16: 395-397.

Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Animal Welfare and Protection No XI-2271 (2012) Official Gazette ‘Valstybės žinios’. https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/TAIS.434660

Levison LJ, Miller-Cushon EK, Tucker AL, Bergeron R, Leslie KE, Barkema KW, DeVries TJ (2016) Incidence rate of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis on conventional and organic Canadian dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 99: 1341-1350.

Morales-Ubaldo AL, Rivero-Perez, N, Valladares-Carranza B, Velazquez-Ordoñez, V, Delgadillo-Ruiz L, Zaragoza-Bastida A (2023) Bovine mastitis, a worldwide impact disease: Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and viable alternative approaches. Vet Anim Sci 21: 100306.

Olde Riekerink RG, Barkema HW, Kelton DF, Scholl DT (2008) Incidence rate of clinical mastitis on Canadian dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 91: 1366-1377.

Petzer IM, Karzis, J, Donkin EF, Webb EC, Etter EM (2017) Somatic cell count thresholds in composite and quarter milk samples as indicator of bovine intramammary infection status. J Vet Res 84: e1-e10.

Quigley L, O’Sullivan O, Stanton C, Beresford TP, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Cotter PD (2013) The complex microbiota of raw milk. FEMS Microbiol Rev 37: 664-698.

Rifatbegović M, Nicholas RAJ, Mutevelić T, Hadžiomerović M, Maksimović Z (2024) Pathogens Associated with Bovine Mastitis: The Experience of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Vet Sci 11: 63.

Souza FN, Cunha AF, Rosa DL, Brito MA, Guimarães AS, Mendonça LC, Souza GN, Lage AP, Blagitz MG, Libera AM, Heinemann MB, Cerqueira MM (2016) Somatic cell count and mastitis pathogen detection in composite and single or duplicate quarter milk samples. Pesq Vet Bras 36: 811-818.

Sumon SMMR, Parvin MS, Ehsan MA, Islam MT (2020) Dynamics of somatic cell count and intramammary infection in lactating dairy cows. J Adv Vet Anim Res 7: 314-319.

Taponen S, Liski E, Heikkilä AM, Pyörälä S (2017) Factors associated with intramammary infection in dairy cows caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Corynebacterium bovis, or Escherichia coli. J Dairy Sci 100: 493-503.

Vangroenweghe F, Duchateau L, Burvenich C (2020) Short communication: J-5 Escherichia coli vaccination does not influence severity of an Escherichia coli intramammary challenge in primiparous cows. J Dairy Sci 103: 6692-6697.

Watts LJ (1988) Etiological agents of bovine mastitis. Vet Microbiol 16: 41-66.

Youssif NH, Hafiz NM, Halawa MA, Saad MF (2021) Association of selected risk factors with bovine subclinical mastitis. Acta Vet Bras 15: 153-160.

Zhang Z, Li XP, Yang F, Luo JY, Wang XR, Liu LH, Li HS (2016) Influences of season, parity, lactation, udder area, milk yield, and clinical symptoms on intramammary infection in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 99: 6484-93.

 

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

R. Mišeikienė
1
S. Tušas
1
J. Rudejevienė
2
M. Virgailis
3
B. Pilarczyk
4
A. Tomza-Marciniak
4

  1. Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Veterinary Academy,Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
  2. Dr. L.Kriauceliunas Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy,Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės 18, Kaunas, Lithuania
  3. Microbiology and Virology Institute,Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
  4. Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene,West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In Cameroon, oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is of economic importance. However, it is affected by vascular wilt presumed to be caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis (FOE). Accurate species identification requires molecular-based comparisons. The aim of this work was to molecularly identify Fusarium species associated with diseased oil palms and to determine the pathogenicity of selected isolates. Fungal samples of diseased palms were collected from the canopies and the soil of five oil palm estates of the Cameroon Development Corporation and characterized by sequencing and comparing the translation elongation factor 1a gene. The results revealed the presence of FOE from approximately 80% of the isolates. Cameroonian isolate within FOE clade 1 exhibited the greatest variability grouping with isolates from Suriname, Brazil and Democratic Republic of Congo. Other isolates found in FOE clade 2 formed a unique group which was comprised solely of isolates originating from Cameroon. Twenty-two isolates were chosen for pathogenicity tests. After a short time, 14 isolates were found to be pathogenic to oil palm seedlings. This study revealed the pathogenicity of FOE isolates from Cameroon and demonstrated that FOE in Africa is more diverse than previously reported, including a lineage not previously observed outside of Cameroon. Comparisons between all isolates will ultimately aid to devise appropriate control mechanisms and better pathogen detection methods.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Rosemary Tonjock Kinge
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lilian Moforcha Zemenjuh
2
Evelyn Manju Bi
3
Godswill Ntsomboh-Ntsefong
4
Grace Mbong Annih
5
Eneke Esoeyang Tambe Bechem
2

  1. Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Northwest Region, Cameroon
  2. Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Southwest Region, Cameroon
  3. Department of Crop Production Technology, College of Technology, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Northwest Region, Cameroon
  4. Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Center Region, Cameroon
  5. Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, West Region, Cameroon
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Root rot of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), caused by Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group AG 2-2 IIIB is responsible for significant crop losses in North Dakota and Minnesota, USA. Understanding the association between plant age and inoculum density with disease sever­ity of sugar beet cultivars is a prerequisite to properly screen for varietal resistance. There­fore, investigations were conducted to determine the responses of 4-, 6-, and 8-week-old plants in seven commercial sugar beet cultivars to inoculum densities of one, two, and three grains of R. solani-colonized barley in a greenhouse and with three corresponding levels of colonized barley, mycelial plugs, and sclerotia in field experiments. Under greenhouse con­ditions, disease severity was greatest before plants reached six weeks of age (p = 0.05). There was a positive linear relationship between the density of the inoculum and disease severity. All seven cultivars were equally susceptible (p > 0.05) to R. solani. Interactions between cul­tivars and plant age and between plant age and intensity of inoculum were not significant (p > 0.05). Field experiments showed that the density of inoculums was significant (p < 0.001), and the disease severity was highest in plants inoculated with three colonized barley seeds per plant compared to doses of other inoculum types.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

M.Z.R. Bhuiyan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Luis Del Río Mendoza
1
Dilip K. Lakshman
2
ORCID: ORCID
Aiming Qi
3
M.F.R. Khan
1 4

  1. Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
  2. Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
  3. School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Haltfield, UK
  4. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA

This page uses 'cookies'. Learn more