Single Frequency Networks (SFN) of transmitters are currently used in television and digital broadcasting to effectively cover large areas using minimal spectral resources and using transmitters with much lower power than if the same area were covered using one transmitter. It is therefore a very ecological solution. In this way, much better reception conditions are obtained in large city areas, as the signal reaches the receiving antenna from different directions, reducing the risk of shading. However, in this type of network one should take into account the loss of signal caused by signal interference. Using the appropriate propagation model, it is possible, with appropriate assumptions, to check how the operation of the third transmitter affects the distribution and size of the deepest fades in relation to the network in which there are two transmitters.

Villa architecture after 1914 comprises a diverse and extensive group of buildings. The lack of a system of valuating them leads to their analyses being a time-consuming and complex process. Their justification can refer primarily to architectural and urban planning tendencies, including: the impact on the space of previously built estates, the assessment of the quality of their architecture in the landscape context and the continuity of design traditions, contemporary interventions associated with renovation work. The protection of villas from the interwar period, appears to be particularly important. Their cultural value and the quality of the landscape, that they co-create with their accompanying gardens is highly significant to the identity of the city.

This paper presents the main dilemma of development of the Polish energy sector on the 20th anniversary of the first liberalization directive of the European Union, which created the energy market. The situation in the Polish energy sector based on fossil fuels, its transformation into lower emission one is closely connected to the process of restructuring and further development of the mining sector. On the other hand, we are witnessing the development of RES, household installations producing electricity with storage and the electrification of public transport. The investments in new, large scale fossil fuel fired power plants are very expensive and not economically proven when electricity prices are low. Until the new direction of investment in energy sector will be decided, the option of the lasting of the operating existing power units seems to be a good proposal. Is the thesis: “The energy security of Poland should be fully based on indigenous sources, generation and distribution assets, delivering electricity to end users. Ensuring competitive energy prices to the economy and households, the market should be fully open to producers and consumers, including chip electricity arising from the European single market” the right assumption for the Polish energy policy?

The article presents reviews of the European Union regulation on reporting formalities for ships entering the EU ports. It also analyses IMO regulation concerning that matter. Finally, the author exposes the differences between both legal systems and weaknesses of the solutions adopted. In the second part of the article the author discusses the Polish way of the reporting formalities system’s implementation. On the basis of a legal analysis as well as practice of the maritime authorities in Poland, the author finds that the Polish regulations seem to be exemplary.

The corporate cost of capital is used by valuators to discount future flows of income from an entity in order to derive a present-day, forward-looking value of that entity. The cost of capital is therefore determined as the weighted cost of the various sources of funding, being typically equity, debt and preference instruments. The tricky and important part is estimating the cost of equity, which usually needs the application of finance models. The study on the texts on mineral valuation or mineral project evaluation demonstrates that the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is a general model for estimating the cost of equity. However, according to shortfalls and problems relating to it a relatively similar and simpler model i.e. the single-index market model is proposed. The single index market model is an important tool in contemporary research in finance. Much of the importance of the model follows from its 'beta' parameter which, ideally, measures the sensitivity of returns on a security to changes in a market model. To estimate the cost of equity of the mining and cement companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) The single-index market model is selected because of the shortfalls and problems of the CAPM as well as the lack of commercial services for determining the market premium. The regression analysis as well as the statistical analysis is carried out using Excel spreadsheet. The statistic significance of the model is tested using t and F test statistics. The results showed that the independent variable (the rate of return on the market index) has a genuine effect on the dependent variable (the rate of return for the stock) and there is a statistically significant linear relationship between the two variables at significance level of 5%. Finally, the cost of equity formining and cement companies is estimated 25.0% and 31.0% respectively. Knowing the cost of equity, calculating the discount rate will not be very difficult.

In order to realize constant current and constant voltage charging for batteries by inductively coupled power transfer (ICPT) technology, a single-switch CL/LCL circuit is designed. The single-switch CL/LCL circuit is composed of a CL/LCL compensation network and single-switch inverter. The proposed circuit is compared with the traditional constant current and constant voltage circuit in the structure. The operating process of the single-switch CL/LCL circuit and the principle to realize a zero-voltage switch (ZVS) are analysed in detail in this paper. The voltage gain and current gain of the circuit are cal- culated, which demonstrates that the circuit is able to suppress higher harmonics strongly. By using Fourier decomposition, the voltage on the primary-side compensation capaci- tor can be obtained. After constructing the equivalent mutual inductance model of the circuit, the formulas and parameters are deduced and calculated. Finally, an experiment platform is built to verify the proposed circuit can realize constant current and constant voltage.

River training structures; such as submerged groynes are low profile linear structures that are generally located on the outside bank to form groynes fields and prevent the erosion of stream banks by keeping a flow away from it. In the present research, the maximum scour depth was measured based on laboratory experiments where different shapes of submerged groynes (I-shape, L-shape, T-shape) were used as sort of countermeasures to investigate about most shapes that reduce the scour around them. The result of submerged groynes showed a clear decrease in scour depth ratio due to increasing sub-merged ratio and increase the scour hole geometry with increasing of flow intensity, and also Froude number. The maxi-mum scour hole in this research was observed at T-shape groyne and then followed by I-shape groyne and L-shape groyne. The maximum scour depth that cased by I-shape was more than L-shape by a percentage about 8.2%, and it was less than T-shape by a percentage about 16.4%.

Single Image Super-Resolution (SISR) through sparse representation has received much attention in the past decade due to significant development in sparse coding algorithms. However, recovering high-frequency textures is a major bottleneck of existing SISR algorithms. Considering this, dictionary learning approaches are to be utilized to extract high-frequency textures which improve SISR performance significantly. In this paper, we have proposed the SISR algorithm through sparse representation which involves learning of Low Resolution (LR) and High Resolution (HR) dictionaries simultaneously from the training set. The idea of training coupled dictionaries preserves correlation between HR and LR patches to enhance the Super-resolved image. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, a visual comparison is made with popular SISR algorithms and also quantified through quality metrics. The proposed algorithm outperforms compared to existing SISR algorithms qualitatively and quantitatively as shown in experimental results. Furthermore, the performance of our algorithm is remarkable for a smaller training set which involves lesser computational complexity. Therefore, the proposed approach is proven to be superior based upon visual comparisons and quality metrics and have noticeable results at reduced computational complexity.

Following paper is focused on experimental and numerical studies of the behavior and energy absorption for both: quasi-static and dynamic axial crushing of thin-walled cylindrical tubes filled with foam. The experiments were conducted on single walled and double walled tubes. Unfilled profiles were compared with tubes filled with various density polyurethane foam. All experiments were done in order to possibility of the safety of the elements absorbing collision energy which can applied in car body. The dynamic nonlinear simulations were carried out by means of PAM-CRASH™ explicit code, which is dedicated calculation package to modelling of crush. Computational crushing force, plastic hinges locations and specimens post-crushed geometry found to be convergent with the real experiments results. Conducted experiments allowed to draw conclusion, that crashworthiness ability is directly proportional to foam density. The investigation of the experimental data revealed, that double walled tubes have greater energy absorbing ability. A proposed investigation enable to analyze and chosen of optimal parameters of these elements, which can use in automotive industry as an absorption energy components.

When a single line-to-ground fault occurs in the ungrounded distribution system, the steady-state fault current is relatively small for fault analysis and the transient fault current is observable, which can be used for faulted feeder identification and location. The principal frequency component retains most of the characteristics of the transient current. The principal frequency is related to the distance from the fault point to the substation and can be used for fault location. This paper analyzes the sequence network model of a single line-to-ground fault in the distribution network, and gives a method for principal frequency calculation. Depending on the characteristics of the maximum amplitude of the principal frequency component of the faulted feeder, the method of faulted feeder identification is given. Based on the complementary characteristics of the phase angle of the principal frequency component of the fault current and the phase angle at the substation bus, the faulted section location is carried out. MATLAB simulation is used to verify the effectiveness of the faulted feeder identification and location method.

As for a single line-to-ground fault in an ungrounded distribution system, the power-frequency current is too low to detect the fault. The transient current is more palpable than that at a power-frequency of 50 or 60 Hz. It is an effective method to estimate the fault using the transient fault current. To analyze and calculate the transient current of single line-to-ground faults, an equivalent circuit is proposed in this paper. This model is based on distributed parameters of power lines. And it contains positive, negative and zero sequence information. The transient equivalent circuit consists of equivalent resistance, equivalent inductance and equivalent capacitance. And the method of calculation the equivalent ele- ments is also submitted.MATLAB simulation results showthat the newtransient equivalent circuit has higher accuracy and stronger adaptability compared with the traditional one.

A design of microwave installation for energy concentration on a surface of a heated object is proposed. In the installation a dipole lattice on the basis of a single-wire transmission line is used which is located inside of reflector in a form of specular parabolic conducting cylinder. The heated object is placed in the area of microwave energy concentration.

In the article a waveguide field of a surface wave in a reradiation mode is explored. The surface wave is reradiated by a group of vibrators coaxial with the waveguide wire. Results of experimental studies of field distribution along the waveguide operating in various modes are presented. The possibility of efficiency increase in reradiated field and its adjustment by contactless movement of reflector is shown.