The Telbesmi Formation, at the northern margin of the Arabian Plate, Turkey, is composed of alternating darkbrown,
pinky-brown fluvial arkosic sandstone/mudstones with thin-bedded cherty limestones and channel
conglomerates. The formation contains rare and poorly diversified trace fossils. The siltstone/sandstone beds of
levels 1 and 2 of the formation yielded, however, a moderately diverse assemblage composed of: Cochlichnus
isp., Palaeophycus isp., Planolites beverleyensis, Teichichnus isp. and ?Treptichnus rectangularis. This assemblage,
made up of traces left by deposit feeding organisms, represents the Scoyenia ichnofacies. Treptichnus
rectangularis and Palaeophycus isp., of the assemblage, can be considered markers for the base of the Cambrian
in southeast Turkey.
Ch-chalcedony is a green colored member of the quartz group of gem stones. The appearance of Ch-chalcedony is very similar to that of chrysoprase. Differently, Ch-chalsedonies have a chromium element instead of a nickel element as a trace element. Green quartz used in jewelery as a seal stone, in necklaces and rings and has been one of the most valuable quartz varieties throughout history, with its beautiful green color,more rare than other quartz varieties. The Ch-chalcedonies in the North Anatolian region is yellowish-white, brownish gray, light green to dark green in color ranging from several centimeters to one meter thick in veins and lenses in the Lower-Middle Eocene dolomitic limestones. Ch-chalcedonies are composed of fine-grained and occasionally fibrous needle-like quartz; in some examples, quartz is present together with cristobalite, tridimite and cuspidine minerals. According to geochemical investigations in Ch-chalcedonies, the main oxides that were determined are as follows: SiO2 was observed in the range of 95.86–97.81%, Fe2O3 was observed in the range of 0.61–0.91% and Cr2O3 was observed in the range of 0.125–0.168%. A trace element analysis of Ch-chalcedonies, shows their significant enrichments in: Ni, Mo, Cu, Mn, V, Cr and W, especially in the Cr (up to 705 ppm). The green color of the studied Cr-chalcedonies originates from the element chromium. Taking the possible reserves into account, the hardness, color, massive structures, mineralogical, petrographical and gemological features of Ch-chalcedonies in the region are evaluated together. It is determined that they are suitable for the production of jewelry and ornaments.
The possibility of construction disputes can be reduced, but they cannot be avoided due to the uncertain and risky nature of the building industry. Conflicts between construction parties often have very unfavourable effects, such as cost increases, poor construction quality and time extension in the schedule. Lots of studies have been carried out in order to try and avoid these disagreements. However, there are no common resolution tools or techniques due to the improving conditions and scope of contracted works. Advanced methods and dispute reasons should be fully monitored and updated for the applicable solutions. This paper discusses the current major constructional dispute reasons in Turkey. The questionnaire method was applied within the scope of this study. The questionnaire documents were randomly distributed to 80 contractors to analyse major dispute reasons in Turkey. Analysis of the questionnaire results indicates that the major current dispute causes are poor quality of performed works, delays in progress payments, inefficient site management, poorly written contracts and design mistakes.
Feldspar raw materials belong to such raw materials for which demand has risen in Poland in the last years to a largest extent. The reason of it is the expansion of domestic branch of ceramic tiles. Larger and larger demand of the Polish industry of ceramic tiles for feldspar raw materials is covered among others in greater and greater extent by import from Turkey. Feldspar raw materials in that country are mainly obtained from albite-rich rocks which occur in the west part of the country in Menderes Massif particularly in its south fragment (Submassif Çine). Their exploitation and proccessing are carried out by many companies from which KALTUN, ESAN ECZACIBASI, ÇINE AKMADEN, KALEMADEN and ERMAD are of the greatest importance in the Polish market. The raw material of the highest quality [...] is obtained as a result of benefication of primary rocks by flotation. The main compounds - apart from quartz - of studied samples analized by means of microscopic method are feldspars represented first of all by albite. This mineral occurs in two varieties. First of them - which strongly dominates - is so called chessboard albite. This variety is formed as a result of albitization of feldspars of various types. On the other hand, typical, multitwinned crystals of this mineral are observed significantly rarer. Albite most often contains 5-10 mol.% of anorthite molecule. Sporadically minor and/or trace minerals (e.g. titanite, rutile, micas) occur in samples studied. They are the carriers of colouring oxides (Fe2O3, TiO2) presence of which is outstandingly undesirable, especially in raw materials for the production of ceramic tiles of the highest quality such as gres porcellanato. The characteristic feature of the Turkish feldspar raw materials is occurrence of minor or trace amount of TiO2 in domination compared to Fe2O3 which mostly is more common colouring oxide in feldspar raw materials. It is connected with sporadic occurrence of such titanium minerals as titanite [...] and rutile TiO2. However, in the majority of investigated samples the presence of these carriers of colouring oxides was not stated which confirms the opinion about high quality of feldspar raw materials of Turkish production.