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Assessment of groundwater quality and their vulnerability to pollution using GQI and DRASTIC indices

Siti Mardiana Rabeya Anzum Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra Ahmad Azhar Mansoor Al Sarraf Anton Timoshin Elena Sergushina Iskandar Muda Natalia Zhilnikova Yasser Fakri Mustafa Evgeny Tikhomirov
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2022 | No 53 | 138-142 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2022.140789
Keywords DRASTIC index groundwater quality groundwater quality index (GQI) groundwater vulnerability
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Abstract

Surface and groundwater resources are two important sources in meeting agricultural, urban, and industrial needs. Random supply of surface water resources has prevented these resources from being a reliable source of water supply at all times. Therefore, groundwater acts as insurance in case of water shortage, and maintaining the quality of these resources is very important. On the other hand, studying vulnerability and identifying areas prone to aquifer pollution seems necessary for the development and optimal management of these valuable resources. Identifying the vulnerabilities of the aquifer areas to pollution will lead to a greater focus on preserving those areas. Therefore, groundwater quality assessment was performed in this study using the groundwater quality index (GQI), and groundwater vulnerability to pollution was assessed using the DRASTIC index. GQI is developed based on the values of six quality parameters (Na +, Mg 2+, Ca 2+, SO 42–, Cl–, and TDS). The DRASTIC index is developed based on the values of seven parameters (depth to the water table, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of vadose zone, hydraulic conductivity). The zoning of both indexes has been done using geographic information system (GIS) software. The results show that the GQI of the region was about 93, and its DRASTIC index was about 86. Therefore, the quality of aquifer groundwater is excellent, and its vulnerability to pollution is low.
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Authors and Affiliations

Siti Mardiana
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rabeya Anzum
2
ORCID: ORCID
Ngakan Ketut Acwin Dwijendra
3
ORCID: ORCID
Ahmad Azhar Mansoor Al Sarraf
4
ORCID: ORCID
Anton Timoshin
5
ORCID: ORCID
Elena Sergushina
6
ORCID: ORCID
Iskandar Muda
7
ORCID: ORCID
Natalia Zhilnikova
8
ORCID: ORCID
Yasser Fakri Mustafa
9
ORCID: ORCID
Evgeny Tikhomirov
10
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universitas Medan Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Medan, 20223, North Sumatera, Indonesia
  2. International Islamic University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  3. Udayana University, Faculty of Engineering, Bali, Indonesia
  4. Sawah University, College of Health and Medical Technology, Department of Medical Laboratory, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Al-Muthanna, Samawa, Iraq
  5. I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Department of Propaedeutics of Dental Diseases, Russia
  6. National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, Republic of Mordovia, Saransk, Russia
  7. Universitas Sumatera Utara, Faculty Economic and Business, Department of Doctoral Program, Medan, Indonesia
  8. Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation (SUAI), Institute of Fundamental Training and Technological Innovations, Russia
  9. University of Mosul, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Iraq
  10. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Department of Economics and Management, Russia

Statistical analysis of groundwater quality at Wonji Shoa Sugar Estate

Megersa Olumana Dinka
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2022 | No 53 | 45-50 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2022.140778
Keywords correlation groundwater quality principal component quality parameters statistical analysis
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Abstract

Quality assessment of shallow groundwater table is very important because it is the water that recharges deeper aquifers and constantly feeds the water levels of our surface streams and wetlands. Continuous monitoring of large number of quality parameters is essential for effective maintenance of water quality through appropriate control measures. However, it is very difficult and laborious task for regular monitoring of all the parameters even if adequate manpower and laboratory facilities are available. Therefore, this study presents the statistical analysis of physico- chemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, Na, K, Ca, Mg, HCO3, Cl, CO3, SO4, TH, B, F) using correlation and Principal Component Analysis. The statistical analysis of the groundwater quality variables indicated that most of the variables are highly correlated. The strong correlation is an opportunity to develop a regression equation and monitor using few parameters. This provides an easy and rapid method of continuous groundwater quality monitoring. Moreover, groundwater of the area showed significant compositional variation. The compositional variability has implications for the source and origin of groundwater quality in the study area.
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Authors and Affiliations

Megersa Olumana Dinka
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. University of Johannesburg, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Civil Engineering Sciences, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006 Johannesburg, South Africa

Hydrochemical characterisation of groundwater using multifactorial approach in Foum el Gueiss basin, Northeastern Algeria

Somia Lakhdari Slimane Kachi Vincent Valles Laurent Barbiero Belgacem Houha Suzanne Yameogo Meryem Jabrane Naouel Dali
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2022 | No 52 | 60-65 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.139944
Keywords discriminant analysis Foum El Gueiss groundwater quality hydrochemistry irrigated agriculture
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Abstract

Knowledge of the quantity and quality of groundwater is a prerequisite to encourage investment in the development of a region and to consider the sedentarisation of populations. This work synthesises and analyses data concerning the chemical quality of the available water acquired in the Foum el Gueiss catchment area in the Aures massif. Two families of waters are observed, on the one hand, calcium and magnesian chlorated-sulphate waters and on the other hand, calcium and magnesium bicarbonate waters. Multivariate statistical treatments (Principal Component Analysis – PCA and Discriminant Analysis – DA) highlight a gradient of minerality of the waters from upstream to downstream, mainly attributed to the impact of climate, and pollution of agricultural origin rather localised in the lower zones. These differences in chemical composition make it possible to differentiate spring, well and borehole waters. The main confusion is between wells and boreholes, which is understandable because they are adjacent groundwater, rather in the lower part of the catchment area. The confusion matrix on the dataset shows a complete discrimination with a 100% success rate. There is a real difference between spring water and other samples, while the difference between wells and boreholes is smaller. The confusion matrix for the cross-validation (50%).
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Authors and Affiliations

Somia Lakhdari
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Slimane Kachi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Vincent Valles
3
ORCID: ORCID
Laurent Barbiero
4
ORCID: ORCID
Belgacem Houha
2
ORCID: ORCID
Suzanne Yameogo
5
ORCID: ORCID
Meryem Jabrane
6
ORCID: ORCID
Naouel Dali
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. University 8 May 1945, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences and Earth Sciences and Universe, Department Ecology and Environment, P.O. Box 401, Guelma, 24000, Algeria
  2. Abbes Laghrour University, Department of Ecology and Environment, Khenchela 40004, Algeria
  3. Avignon University, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, Mediterranean Environment and Modeling of Agro-Hydrosystems, Avignon, France
  4. The National Center for Scientific Research, Toulouse University, Midi-Pyrénées Observatory, UMR 5563, Géoscience Environement Toulouse, Toulouse, France
  5. Ouagadougou University Professor Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
  6. Mohammed V University, Faculty of Sciences, Geoscience, Water and Environment Laboratory, Rabat, Morocco

Effect of the quality of shallow groundwaters on the occurrence of selected relic plant species of peatlands in the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland

Artur Serafin Magdalena Pogorzelec Urszula Bronowicka-Mielniczuk
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2020 | No 45 | 133-142 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2020.133055
Keywords groundwater quality peatlands physical-chemical parameters relic species shallow groundwaters
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Abstract

The aim of the study was to compare the physical-chemical quality parameters of shallow groundwater quality in peat bogs of the Łęczna-Włodawa Lake District in the context of the occurrence of selected boreal species of plant relics: dwarfbirch (Betula humilis Schrank), downy willow (Salix lapponum L. ) and swamp willow (Salix myrtylloides L. ). Analyzes of shallow groundwater quality parameters included physical-chemical parameters: reaction (pH), electrolytic conductivity(EC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium nitrogen (NH4), nitrite nitrogen (NO2), nitrate nitrogen (NO3), total phosphorus (TP), phosphate (PO4), sulfate (SO2), sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and mag-nesium (Mg) by certified laboratory tests.

It was found that the natural hydrochemical specification of peat bogs is characterized by fluctuations associated with the dynamics of internal metabolism of peat ecosystems without the visible impact of anthropopressure. This is confirmed by the concentration of nutrients: TNat the study sites were within a broad range of mean values: 16.92–45.31 mg·dm–3; NH4 (0.55–0.76 mg·dm–3); NO2 (0.06–4.33 mg·dm–3); and NO3 did not exceed 0.2 mg·dm–3, and concentration of TP adopted mean values in a range of 0.22–0.42 mg·dm–3.

The studied physical-chemical factors of shallow groundwater were within the habitat preferences of the studied species, but in differentiated qualitative and quantitative ways determined optimal conditions for building the population of the studied species. Particularly values of TP lower than other obtained values in a range of: 0.08–0.32 mg·dm–3; PO4 = 0.1 mg·dm–3; TN = 2.2–21.2 mg·dm–3; NH4 = 0.1–0.46 mg·dm–3; DOC = 24.6–55.9 mg·dm–3, as well as higher than average pH values in a range of: 5.34–5.95 and concentration of Ca = 5.67–28.1 mg·dm–3 and Mg = 0.56–2.41 mg·dm–3, as well as EC = 72.1–142.3 μS·cm–1 can be treated as a condition favouring proper development of the population of dwarf birch. For Salix lapponum: a reduced level of values of nitrogen fractions (TN = 3.01–18.84 mg·dm–3; NH4 = 0.1–0.41 mg·dm–3), a reduced level of values of phosphorus fractions (TP = 0.09–0.44 mg·dm–3; PO4 = 0.1–0.44 mg·dm–3), part of ions (Ca = 4.39–19.63 mg·dm–3; Mg = 0.77–3.37 mg·dm–3), pH = 5.9–6.4, EC = 124–266 μS·cm–1 and DOC = 24.1–57.5 mg·dm–3. For the equally studied Salix myrtylloides, such conditions were met by: TP = 0.1–0.41 mg·dm–3; PO4 = 0.1–0.18 mg·dm–3, DOC = 27.5–50.9 mg·dm–3, pH = 5.3–5.94 andEC = 62.2–139.3 μS·cm–1.

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Authors and Affiliations

Artur Serafin
ORCID: ORCID
Magdalena Pogorzelec
Urszula Bronowicka-Mielniczuk
ORCID: ORCID

Analysis of groundwater quality in the lower Soummam Valley, North-East of Algeria

Messaoud Ghodbane Lahcen Benaabidate Abderrahmane Boudoukha Aissam Gaagai Omar Adjissi Warda Chaib Hani Amir Aouissi
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2022 | No 54 | 1-12 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2022.141549
Keywords Algeria analysis of groundwater quality hydrochemical data multivariate statistical analysis Soummam Valley
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Abstract

Analysis of groundwater quality in the alluvial aquifer of the lower Soummam Valley, North-East of Algeria, was realised through the application of multivariate statistical methods: hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) in Q and R modes, factorial correspondence analysis (FCA), and principal component analysis (PCA), to hydrochemical data from 51 groundwater samples, collected from 17 boreholes during periods of June, September 2016 and March 2017. The objectives of this approach are to characterise the water quality and to know the factors which govern its evolution by processes controlling its chemical composition. The Piper diagram shows two hydrochemical facies: calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate. Statistical techniques HCA, PCA, and FCA reveal two groups of waters: the first (EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl–, SO42– and NO3–) of evaporitic origin linked to the dissolution processes of limestone rocks, leaching of saliferous soils and anthropogenic processes, namely contamination wastewater and agricultural activity, as well marine intrusion; and the second group (Na+, K+, and HCO3–) of carbonated origin influenced by the dissolution of carbonate formations and the exchange of bases. The thermodynamic study has shown that all groundwater is undersaturated with respect to evaporitic minerals. On the other hand, it is supersaturated with respect to carbonate minerals, except for water from boreholes F9, F14, and F16, which possibly comes down to the lack of dissolution and arrival of these minerals. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the utility of multivariate statistical methods in the analysis of groundwater quality.
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Authors and Affiliations

Messaoud Ghodbane
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lahcen Benaabidate
2
ORCID: ORCID
Abderrahmane Boudoukha
3
ORCID: ORCID
Aissam Gaagai
4
ORCID: ORCID
Omar Adjissi
5
ORCID: ORCID
Warda Chaib
4
ORCID: ORCID
Hani Amir Aouissi
4
ORCID: ORCID
  1. University of Mohamed Boudiaf, Faculty of Technology, Laboratory of City, Environment, Society and Sustainable Development, 166 Ichebilia, 28000, M’sila, Algeria
  2. University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environment Engineering, Fez, Morocco
  3. University of Batna 2, Laboratory of Applied Research in Hydraulics, Batna, Algeria
  4. Scientific and Technical Research Center for Arid Areas (CRSTRA), Biskra, Algeria
  5. University of Mohamed Boudiaf, Faculty of Technology, M’sila, Algeria

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