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Abstract

Simulation is used today in many contexts, such as simulating technology to tune or optimize performance, safety engineering, testing, training, education, and entertainment. In some industries, simulations are commonly used, but in heat treatment this is rather an exception. The paper compares the simulation of carburization and nitrocementation of 16MnCr5 steel with a practical application. The aim was to determine the applicability of chemical heat treatment simulation. We were looking for an answer to the question: to what extent can we rely on the technological design of heat treatment? The software designed the heat treatment technology. He drew the technological process of chemical-thermal treatment of 16MnCr5 steel. The thickness of the cementite layer was 1 mm and the nitrocementation 1.2 mm. Changes in mechanical properties were observed. Cementing, nitrocementing, hardness, microhardness, metallography, and spectral analysis were practically performed. This article describes the benefits of simulation, speed and accuracy of the process. The only difference was in determining the carbon potential. The simulation confirmed the practical use and its contribution in the technological process.
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Bibliography

[1] Atraszkiewicz, R., Januszewicz, B., Kaczmarek, Ł., Stachurski, W., Dybowski, K., Rzepkowski, A. (2012). High pressure gas quenching: Distortion analysis in gears after heat treatment. Materials Science & Engineering A. 558, 550-557.
[2] Mallener, H. (1990). Maß- Und Formänderungen beim Einsatzhärten. Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials. 45(1), 66-72. (in German)
[3] Jurči, P., Stolař, P. (2006). Distortion behavior of gear parts due to carburizing and quenching with different quenching media. BHM Berg - und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte. 151, 437–441. DOI: 10.1007/BF03165203
[4] Rajan, T.V., Sharma, C.P., Sharma, A. (2001). Heat treatment Principles and Techniques. New Delhi.
[5] Farokhzadeh, K., Edrisy A. (2017). Surface Hardening by Gas Nitriding. Materials Science and Materials Engineering. 2, 107-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.09163-3
[6] NITREX. (2021). Simulation software for carburizing, carbonitriding, nitriding, & nitrocarburizing processes. Retrieved September 2021 from https://www.nitrex.com/en/solutions/process-flow-controls/products/production-software/ht-tools-pro-simulator/
[7] EN 10084. 1.7131/1.7139. Cr-Mn-legierter Einsatzstahl. (2011)
[8] Parrish, G. (1999). Carbuzing: Microstructures and Properties. (pp. 55-57). ASM International.
[9] Somers, M., Christiansen, T. (2020). Nitriding of Steels. Encyclopedia of Materials: Metals and Alloys. 2, 173-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819726-4.00036-3
[10] Llewellyn, D.T. & Cook, W.T. (1977). Heat-treatment distortion in case-carburizing steels. Metals Technology. 4(1), 265-278. https://doi.org/10.1179/030716977803292385
[11] Bepari M.M.A. (2017). Carburizing: A method of case hardening of steel. Materials Science and Materials Engineering. 2, 71-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.09187-6
[12] Skočovský, P., Bokůvka, O., Konečná, R., Tillová, E. (2014). Materials science. Edis – vydavateľstvo Žilinskej university, 343. ISBN 978-80-554-0871-2. (in Slovak).

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Authors and Affiliations

E. Kantoríková
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Fabian
1
M. Sýkorová
1

  1. Department of Technological Engineering, University of Žilina in Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia
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Abstract

The work presents the results of the experimental research concerning the impact of a heat treatment (toughening) of aluminum bronze CuAl10Fe4Ni4 on its mechanical properties. The conditions of the experiments and selected results are described. A detailed description of the effects of individual heat treatment conditions namely low and high temperature aging is also presented in the work.

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Authors and Affiliations

S. Kluska-Nawarecka
Z. Górny
K. Saja
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Abstract

The influence of the hold time of the austempering heat treatment at 280°C on the microstructure and corrosion resistance in NaCl-based media of austempered ductile iron was investigated using X-ray diffraction, micro-hardness measurements, corrosion tests and surface observations. Martensite was only found in the sample which was heat treated for a short period (10 minutes). Corrosion tests revealed that this phase does not play any role in the anodic processes. Numerous small pits were observed in the α-phase which is the precursor sites in all samples (whatever the value of the hold time of the austempering heat treatment).

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Authors and Affiliations

H. Krawiec
V. Vignal
J. Lelito
A. Krystianiak
E. Tyrała
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Abstract

The effect of heat treatment on the corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was investigated in the artificial saliva solution (MAS). It has been revealed that the thermal annealing treatment temperature favors the cathodic reactions and reduce the protective properties of passive film. The heat treatment causes the enrichment of β phase in vanadium. The lowest corrosion resistance in the artificial saliva revealed the Ti-6Al-4V alloy heated for 2 hours at 950°C. Heterogeneous distribution of vanadium within the β phase decreases the corrosion resistance of the Ti-6Al-4V.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Ryba
M. Kawalec
E. Tyrała
H. Krawiec
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Abstract

The study presents methods to be used for improving the performance parameters of car engine pistons made of EN AC-AlSi12CuNiMg alloy according to the PN-EN 1706: 2011. Pistons of slow sucking and turbocharged engines were researched. A solution heat and ageing treatments were applied according to four variants. Temperatures of the solution heat treatment were: 550 ±5°C; 510°C ±5°C; and alternate: 276 ±5°C/510 ±5°C. The solution time ranged from 6 min to 4 h. Temperatures of the ageing heat treatment were 20°C and 250°C, while the ageing time ranged from 1,5 to 3h. Natural ageing was performed in 5 days. Measurements of hardness HRB and the piston diameters were performed. An improvement in the performance parameters of combustion engines was observed. Three solution heat treatment and ageing variants, allowed to obtain the pistons with hardness equal/higher than pistons of the turbocharged engines. The test results confirmed the possibility of providing a piston with properties exceeding the high load parameters specified by the manufacturer. Further studies will make it possible to improve the effects of the proposed solutions.
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Bibliography

[1] Stone, R. (2012). Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines. Fourth Edition, SAE and Macmillan.
[2] Heywood, J.B. (2018). Internal Combustion Engines Fundamentals, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill Education.
[3] Kirkpatrick, A.T. (2020). Internal Combustion Engines: Applied Thermosciences. Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons.
[4] Bosch, R. (2018). Automotive Handbook. 10th Edition: Robert Bosch GmbH
[5] Siemińska-Jankowska, B. & Pietrowski, S. (2003). The effects of temperature on strength of the new piston aluminum materials. Journal of KONES Internal Combustion Engines. 10(1-2), 237-250.
[6] Wajand, A., Wajand, J. (2005). Reciprocating internal combustion engines. Wydawnictwa Naukowo Techniczne PWN. (in Polish).
[7] Manasijevic, S., Pavlovic-Acimovic, Z., Raic, K., Radisa, R. & Kvrgi´c, V. (2013). Optimisation of cast pistons made of Al–Si piston alloy. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 26(5), 255-261.
[8] Javidani, M. & Larouche, D. (2014). Application of cast Al–Si alloys in internal combustion engine components. International Materials Reviews. 59(3), 132-158.
[9] Pietrowski, S. (2001) Silumins. Łódź: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Łódzkiej. (in Polish).
[10] Poniewierski, Z. (1989). Crystallization, Structure and Mechanical Properties of Silumins. Warszawa: WNT. (in Polish).
[11] Kaufman, J.G., Rooy, E.L. (2004). Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes and Applications. ASM International.
[12] Zolotorevsky, V.S., Belov, N.A., Glazoff, M.V. (2007). Casting Aluminium Alloys. Elsevier: Oxford, UK, pp. 327-376.
[13] Pezda, J. (2015). The effect of the T6 head treatment on change of mechanical properties of the AlSi12CuNiMg alloy modified with strontium. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 60(2), 627-632.
[14] Czekaj, E., Fajkiel, A. & Gazda, A. (2005). Short-lived ultrahigh temperature silicon spheroidization treatment of silumins. Archiwum Odlewnictwa. 5(17), 51-68. (in Polish).
[15] Dobrzański, L.A., Reimann, L. & Krawczyk, G. (2008). Influence of the ageing on mechanical properties of the aluminium alloy AlSi9Mg. Archives of Materials Science and Engineering. 31, 37-40.
[16] Pezda, J. (2010). Heat treatment of EN AC-AlSi13Cu2Fe silumin and its effect on change of hardness of the alloy. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 10(1), 131-134.
[17] Pezda, J. (2014). Effect of a selected heat treatment parameters on technological quality of a silumin-cast machinery components; Bielsko-Biała: ATH Scientific Publishing House: Bielsko-Biała, Poland.
[18] Pezda, J. & Jarco, A. (2016). Effect of T6 heat treatment parameters on technological quality of the AlSi7Mg alloy. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(4), 95-100.
[19] Czekaj, E., Kwak, Z., Garbacz-Klempka, A. (2017). Comparison of impact of immersed and micro-jet cooling during quenching on microstructure and mechanical properties of hypoeutectic silumin AlSi7Mg0.3. Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering. 43(3), 153-168.
[20] Pezda, J. & Jezierski, J. (2020). Non-standard T6 heat treatment of the casting of the combustion engine cylinder head. Materials. 13(18), 4114.
[21] Jarco, A. & Pezda, J. (2021). Effect of heat treatment process and optimization of its parameters on mechanical properties and microstructure of the AlSi11(Fe) alloy. Materials (Basel) 14(9), 2391.
[22] Nikitin, K.V., Chikova, O.A., Amosov, E.A. & Nikitin, V.I. (2016). Shortening the time of heat treatment of silumins of the Al – Si – Cu system by modifying their structure. Metal Science and Heat Treatment. 58(7), 400-404.
[23] Prudnikov, A., Prudnikov, V. (2019). The mode of hardening heat treatment for deformable piston hypereutectic silumins. International Scientific Journal Materials science. Non-equilibrium phase transformations. 5(3), 74-77.
[24] Kantoríková, E., Kuriš, M. & Pastirčák, R. (2021). Heat treatment of AlSi7Mg0.3 Aluminium alloys with increased zirconium and titanium content. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(2), 89-93.
[25] Kuriš, M., Bolibruchova, D. M., Matejka M. & Kantoríková, E. (2021). Effect of the precipitation hardening on the structure of AlSi7Mg0.3Cu0.5 alloy with addition of Zr and combination of Zr and Ti. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(1), 95-100.
[26] Rychter, T., Teodorczyk, A. (2006). Theory of piston engines. Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Łączności. (in Polish).

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Trepczyńska-Łent
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Műller
2

  1. Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Al. prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
  2. Bergerat Monnoyeur Sp. z o.o. – Caterpillar, Poland
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Abstract

The study presented in this paper concerned the possibility to apply a heat treatment process to ductile cast-iron thin-walled castings in order to remove excessive quantities of pearlite and eutectic cementite precipitates and thus meet the customer’s requirements. After determining the rates of heating a casting up to and cooling down from 900°C feasible in the used production heat treatment furnace (vh = 300°C/h and vc = 200°C/h, respectively), dilatometric tests were carried out to evaluate temperatures Tgr, TAc1start, TAc1end, TAr1start, and TAr1end. The newly acquired knowledge was the base on which conditions for a single-step ferritizing heat treatment securing disintegration of pearlite were developed as well as those of a two-step ferritization process guaranteeing complete disintegration of cementite and arriving at the required ferrite and pearlite content. A purely ferritic matrix and hardness of 119 HB was secured by the treatment scheme: 920°C for 2 hours / vc = 60°C/h / 720°C for 4 hours. A matrix containing 20–45% of pearlite and hardness of 180–182 HB was obtained by applying: 920°C for 2 hours or 4 hours / vc = 200°C/h to 650°C / ambient air.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Mróz
ORCID: ORCID
A.W. Orłowicz
ORCID: ORCID
M. Tupaj
ORCID: ORCID
B. Kupiec
M. Kawiński
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Abstract

Heat treatment processes, due to qualitative requirements for the cast machinery components and restrictions on energy consumption resulting on the one hand from environmental concerns, and on the other hand from a requirements coming from minimization of manufacturing costs, are resulting in searching after a technologies enabling obtainment of satisfactory results, in form of improved mechanical properties mainly, while minimizing (limiting) parameters of successive operations of the heat treatment. Heat treatment of the T6 type presented in this paper consists in operations of heating of investigated alloys to suitably selected temperature (range of this temperature was evaluated on the base of the ATD method), holding at such temperature for a short time, and next rapid cooling in water (20 oC) followed by artificial ageing, could be such technology in term s of above mentioned understanding of this issue. Performed T6 heat treatment with limited parameters of solutioning operation resulted in visible increase in tensile strength Rm of AlSi7Mg, AlSi7Cu3Mg and AlSi9Cu3(Fe) alloys.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Pezda
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Abstract

The results of microstructure examinations and UTS, YS, El, RA carried out on low-carbon cast steel containing 0.15% C. The tests were carried out on specimens cut out from samples cast on a large-size casting and from samples cast in separate foundry moulds. It has been shown that significant differences in grain size observed in the material of the separately cast samples and cast-on samples occur only in the as-cast. In the as-cast state, in materials from different tests, both pearlite percent content in the structure and mean true interlamellar spacing remain unchanged. On the other hand, these parameters undergo significant changes in the materials after heat treatment. The mechanical properties (after normalization) of the cast-on sample of the tested cast steel were slightly inferior to the values obtained for the sample cast in a separate foundry mould. The microscopic examinations of the fracture micro-relief carried out by SEM showed the presence of numerous, small non-metallic inclusions, composed mainly of oxide-sulphides containing Mn, S, Al, Ca and O, occurring individually and in clusters.
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Bibliography

[1] Kniaginin, G. (1977). Metallurgy and casting of steel. Katowice: Śląsk. (in Polish).
[2] Standard PN-ISO 3755-1994. Cast carbon steels for general engineering purposes.
[3] Głownia, J. (2017). Metallurgy and technology of steel castings. Sharjah: Bentham Books. ISBN: 978-1-68108-571-5.
[4] Kasińska, J. (2017). Effects of rare earth metal addition on wear resistance of chromium-molybdenum cast steel. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(3), 63-68. ISSN: 1897-3310.
[5] Lis, T. (2009). High purity steel metallurgy. Gliwice: Wyd. Politechniki Śląskiej. (in Polish).
[6] Torkamani, H., Raygan, S., Mateo, C. G., Rassizadehghani, J. & Palizdar, Y. et al. (2018). Contributions of rare earth element (La, Ce) addition to the impact toughness of low carbon cast niobium microalloyed steels. Metals and Materials International. 24(4), 773-788. DOI: 10.1007/ s12540-018-.0084-9.
[7] Bartocha, D., Suchoń, J., Baron, Cz. & Szajnar, J. (2015). Influence of low alloy cast steel modification on primary structure refinement type and shape of nonmetallic inclusions. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 60(1). 77-83. DOI: 10.1515/2015-0013.
[8] Żak, A., Zdonek, B., Adamczyk, M., Szypuła, I., Kutera, W. & Kostrzewa, K. (2015) Technology for manufacturing large – size steel castings for applications under extreme operating conditions. Prace IMŻ. 2: 21-28.
[9] Najafi, H., Rassizadehghani, J. & Halvaaee, A. (2007) Mechanical properties of as-cast microalloyed steels containing V, Nb and Ti. Materials Science and Technology. 23, 699-705. https ://doi.org/10.1179/17432 8407X17975 5.
[10] Miernik, K., Bogucki, R. & Pytel, S. (2010) Effect of quenching techniques on the mechanical properties of low carbon structural steel. Archives Foundry Engineering. 10 (SI 3), 91-96.
[11] Brooks, Ch. R. (1999). Principles of the heat treatment of plain carbon and low alloy steels. Materials Park: ASM International.
[12] Bolouri, A., Tae-Won, Kim & Chung, Gil Kang. (2013). Processing of low-carbon cast steels for offshore structural applications. Materials and Manufacturing Processes. 28: 1260-1267. DOI: 10.1080/10426914.2013.792424.
[13] Standard PN-EN ISO 3755-1994. 6892-1:2009. Metallic materials. Tensile testing. Part 1: Method of test at room temperature.
[14] Ryś, J. (1983). Quantitative metallography. AGH. (in Polish).
[15] Vander Voort, G. F. (1984). Measurement of the interlamellar spacing of pearlite. Metallography. 17: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0800(84)90002-8.
[16] Wyrzykowski, J., W., Pleszakow, E., Sieniawski, J. (1999). M etal deformation and fracture. Warszawa: WNT. ISBN 83-204-2341-4. (in Polish).
[17] Maciejny, A. (1973). The fragility of metals. Katowice: Śląsk. (in Polish).
[18] Pacyna, J. (1986). Effects of nonmetallic inclusions on fracture toughness of tool steels. Steel Research. 57(11), 586-592. https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.198600830.

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Authors and Affiliations

B.E. Kalandyk
1
Renata E. Zapała
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Cast Alloys and Composites Engineering, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, ul. Reymonta 23, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

In this study, the effects of heat-treatment conditions of Fe powder compacts on densification, microstructure, strength and magnetic properties were investigated. The prepared Fe powder was compressed in a mold of diameter 20 mm at a pressure of 800 MPa for 30 sec. This Fe powder compact was heat-treated under different atmospheres (air and 90% Ar + 10% H2 and heat-treatment temperatures (300 and 700℃). The Fe powder compacts heat-treated in an Ar+H2 mixed gas atmosphere showed a denser microstructure and higher density than the Fe powder compacts heat-treated in an air atmosphere. Oxygen content in the heat-treatment conditions played a significant role in the improvement of the densification and magnetic properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hyo-Sang Yoo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yong-Ho Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Cheol-Woo Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hyeon-Taek Son
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Automotive Materials & Components R&D Group, 1110-9 Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61012, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

In the present time, advanced high strength steel (AHSS) has secured a dominant place in the automobile sector due to its high strength and good toughness along with the reduced weight of car body which results in increased fuel efficiency, controlled emission of greenhouse gases and increased passengers’ safety. In the present study, four new advanced high strength steels (AHSS) have been developed using three different processing routes, i.e., thermomechanical controlled processing (TMCP), quenching treatment (QT), and quenching & tempering (Q&T) processes, respectively. The current steels have achieved a better combination of the high level of strength with reasonable ductility in case of TMCP as compared to the other processing conditions. The achievable ultrahigh strength is primarily attributed to mixed microstructure comprising lower bainite and lath martensite as well as grain refinement and precipitation hardening.

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Authors and Affiliations

G. Mandal
S.K. Ghosh
S. Chatterjee
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Abstract

The aim of this paper was to determine the effect of heat treatment for the corrosion resistance of the ZnAl40Ti2Cu alloy under “acid rain” conditions. ZnAl40TiCu alloy after supersaturation and after supersaturation and aging was studied. Potentiodynamic studies, potentiostatic studies and studies on structure of the alloy top layer of samples after corrosion tests were carried out. These investigations indicated a significant influence of heat treatment on corrosion resistance of the ZnAl40Ti2Cu alloy. The highest increase in corrosion resistance comparing to the alloy in the as-cast condition may be obtained by supersaturation. A significant influence of the aging temperature and time on corrosion resistance was proved.
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Authors and Affiliations

R. Michalik
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Abstract

Secondary or multiple remelted alloys are common materials used in foundries. For secondary (recycled) Al-Si-Cu alloys, the major problem is the increased iron presence. Iron is the most common impurity and with presence of other elements in alloy creates the intermetallic compounds, which may negatively affect the structure. The paper deals with effect of multiple remelting on the microstructure of the AlS9iCu3 alloy with increased iron content to about 1.4 wt. %. The evaluation of the microstructure is focused on the morphology of iron-base intermetallic phases in caste state, after the heat treatment (T5) and after natural aging. The occurrence of the sludge phases was also observed. From the obtained results can be concluded that the multiple remelting leads to change of chemical composition, changes in the final microstructure and also increases sludge phases formation. The use of heat treatment T5 led to a positive change of microstructure, while the effect of natural aging is beneficial only to the 3rd remelting.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Matejka
D. Bolibruchová
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Abstract

Improvement of Al-Si alloys properties in scope of classic method is connected with change of Si precipitations morphology through:

using modification of the alloy, maintaining suitable temperature of overheating and pouring process, as well as perfection of heat

treatment methods. Growing requirements of the market make it necessary to search after such procedures, which would quickly deliver

positive results with simultaneous consideration of economic aspects. Presented in the paper shortened heat treatment with soaking of the

alloy at temperature near temperature of solidus could be assumed as the method in the above mentioned understanding of the problem.

Such treatment consists in soaking of the alloy to temperature of solutioning, keeping in such temperature, and next, quick quenching in

water (20 0

C) followed by artificial ageing. Temperature ranges of solutioning and ageing treatments implemented in the adopted testing

plan were based on analysis of recorded curves from the ATD method. Obtained results relate to dependencies and spatial diagrams

describing effect of parameters of the solutioning and ageing treatments on HB hardness of the investigated alloy and change of its

microstructure. Performed shortened heat treatment results in precipitation hardening of the investigated 320.0 alloy, what according to

expectations produces increased hardness of the material.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Pezda
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Abstract

Mechanical and technological properties of castings made from 3xx.x alloys depend mainly on properly performed process of melting and

casting, structure of a casting and mould, as well as possible heat treatment. Precipitation processes occurring during the heat treatment of

the silumins containing additives of Cu and/or Mg have effect on improvement of mechanical properties of the material, while choice of

parameters of solutioning and ageing treatments belongs to objectives of research work performed by a number of authors. Shortened heat

treatment, which is presented in the paper assures suitable mechanical properties (Rm), and simultaneously doesn’t cause any increase of

production costs of a given component due to long lasting operations of the solutioning and ageing. Results of the research concern effects

of the solutioning and ageing parameters on the Rm tensile strength presented in form of the second degree polynomial and illustrated in

spatial diagrams. Performed shortened heat treatment results in considerable increase of the Rm tensile strength of the 320.0 alloy as early

as after 1 hour of the solutioning and 2 hours of the ageing performed in suitable.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Pezda
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Abstract

Neodymium-Iron-Boron (Nd-Fe-B) magnets are considered to have the highest energy density, and their applications include electric motors, generators, hard disc drives, and MRI. It is well known that a fiber structure with a high aspect ratio and the large specific surface area has the potential to overcome the limitations, such as inhomogeneous structures and the difficulty in alignment of easy axis, associated with such magnets obtained by conventional methods. In this work, a suitable heat-treatment procedure based on single-step and multistep treatments to synthesize sound electrospun Nd-Fe-B-O nanofibers of Φ572 nm was investigated. The single-step heat-treated (directly heat-treated at 800°C for 2 h in air) samples disintegrated along with the residual organic compounds, whereas the multistep heat-treated (sequential three-step heat-treated including three steps;: dehydration (250°C for 30 min in an inert atmosphere), debinding (650°C for 30 min in air), and calcination (800°C for 1 h in air)) fibers maintained sound fibrous morphology without any organic impurities. They could maintain such fibrous morphologies during the dehydration and debinding steps because of the relatively low internal pressures of water vapor and polymer, respectively. In addition, the NdFeO3 alloying phase was dominant in the multistep heat-treated fibers due to the removal of barriers to mass transfer in the interparticles.

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Authors and Affiliations

Eun Ju Jeon
Nu Si A. Eom
Jimin Lee
Bin Lee
Hye Mi Cho
Ji Sun On
Yong-Ho Choa
Bum Sung Kim
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Abstract

17-4PH stainless steel finds application in the aerospace industry owing to its good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. In the literature, this steel is described as good for welding, but research shows that it may be problematic due to the formation of defects. In this study, the welded joints were made by the robotic TIG welding method with various welding speeds (2 and 3 mm/s). The joints were subjected to non-destructive testing and were free from defects. The microstructure was observed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Changes in the microstructure of the heat affected zone were observed and discussed. Based on the observation of the microstructure and the change in the hardness profile, the heat affected zone was divided into 4 characteristic regions. δ-ferrite and NbC were observed in the martensite matrix. The welded joints were subjected to heat treatment consisting of solution and aging in 550°C for 4 h. The microstructure of the heat affected zone become homogenized as a result of the heat treatment. The content of stable austenite in the welded joint after the heat treatment was about 3%.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Nalborczyk-Kazanecka
1
ORCID: ORCID
G. Mrowka-Nowotnik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, 12 Powstańców Warszawy Av., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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Abstract

Casting is one method of making metal components that are widely used in industry and up to date. The sand casting method is used due to its simplicity, ease of operation, and low cost. In addition, the casting method can produce cast products in various sizes and is well-suited for mass production. However, the disadvantage of casting, especially gravity casting, is that it has poor physical and mechanical properties.
Tin bronze Cu20%wt.Sn is melted in a furnace, then poured at a temperature of 1100°C into a sand mold. The cast product is a rod with 400 mm in length, 10 mm in thickness, and 10 mm in width. The heat treatment mechanism is carried out by reheating the cast specimen at a temperature of 650°C, holding it for 4 hours, and then rapid cooling. The specimens were observed microstructure, density, and mechanical properties include tensile strength and bending strength. The results showed that there was a phase change from α + δ to α + β phase, an increase in density as a result of a decrease in porosity and a coarse grain to a fine grain. In addition, the tensile strength and bending strength of the Cu20wt.%Sn alloy were increased and resulted in a more ductile alloy through post-cast heat treatment.
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Bibliography

[1] C.D. Association, (1992). Copper Development Association Equilibrium Diagrams the major types of phase transformation.
[2] He, Z., Jian, C.A.O. & Ji-cai, F. (2009). Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V / Cu-10Sn bronze diffusion-bonded joint. Transaction Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 19, 414-417.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Slamet
1
S. Suyitno
2
I. K. Indraswari Kusumaningtyas
3

  1. Universitas Muria Kudus, Indonesia
  2. Universitas Tidar Magelang, Indonesia
  3. Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of research conducted in the field of crystallization and microstructure of duplex alloy cast steel GX2CrNiMoCuN 25-6-3-3 grade. The material for research was the above-mentioned cast steel with a chemical composition compliant with the relevant PN-EN 10283 standard, but melted at the lowest standard allowable concentration of alloying additives (some in short supply and expensive), i.e. Cr, Ni, Mn, Mo, Cu and N. The analysis of the crystallization process was performed based on the DTA (Derivative Thermal Analysis) method for a stepped casting with a thickness of individual steps of 10, 20, 40 and 60 mm. The influence of wall thickness was also taken into account in the cast steel microstructure testing, both in the as-cast state and after solution heat treatment. The phase composition of the cast steel microstructure was determined by using an optical microscope and X-ray phase analysis. The analysis of test results shows that the crystallization of tested cast steel uses the ferritic mechanism, while austenite is formed as a result of solid state transformation. The cast steel under analysis in the as-cast state tends to precipitate the undesirable σ-type Fe-Cr intermetallic phase in the microstructure, regardless of its wall thickness. However, the casting wall thickness in the as-cast state affects the austenite grain size, i.e. the thicker the casting wall, the wider the γ phase grains. The above-mentioned defects of the tested duplex alloy cast steel microstructure can be effectively eliminated by subjecting it to heat treatment of type hyperquenching.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Wróbel
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Jurczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
C. Baron
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Nuckowski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Foundry Engineering, Towarowa 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Silesian University of Technology, Materials Research Laboratory, Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

To further improve the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) modified aluminum alloy (ZL105), the first principle was used to build the atomic structure of the alloy system and the alloy system was simulated by the VASP. After that, the heat treatment process of the cast aluminium alloy material with CNTs to enhance the alloy performance by the orthogonal experiment. The results of the research show that: (1) The energy status of the alloy system could be changed by adding the C atoms, but it did not affect the formation and structural stability of the alloy system, and the strong bond compounds formed by C atoms with other elements inside the solid solution structure can significantly affect the material properties. (2) The time of solid solution has the greatest influence on the performance of material that was modified by CNTs. The solution temperature and aging temperature were lower strength affection, and the aging time is the lowest affection. This paper provides a new research method of combining the atomic simulation with the casting experiment, which can provide the theoretical calculations to reduce the experiment times for the casting materials’ performance improvement.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ziqi Zhang
1
Zhilin Pan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rong Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Qi Zeng
2
ORCID: ORCID
Yong Liu
3
ORCID: ORCID
Quan Wu
1

  1. School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, China
  2. Guiyang Huaheng Mechanical Manufacture CO., LTD, China
  3. Guizhou University, China
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Abstract

In this study, stainless steel 316L and Inconel 625 alloy powders were additively manufactured by using directed energy deposition process. And heat treatment effect on hardness and microstructures of the bonded stainless steel 316L/Inconel 625 sample was investigated. The microstructures shows there are no secondary phases and big inclusions near interfacial region between stainless steel 316L and Inconel 625 except several small cracks. The results of TEM and Vickers Hardness show the interfacial area have a few tens of micrometers in thickness. Interestingly, as the heat treatment temperature increases, the cracks in the stainless steel region does not change in morphology while both hardness values of stainless steel 316L and Inconel 625 decrease. These results can be used for designing pipes and valves with surface treatment of Inconel material based on stainless steel 316L material using the directed energy deposition.
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Bibliography

[1] G .H. Shin, J.P. Choi, K.T. Kim, B.K. Kimm, J.H. Yu, J. Korean Powder Metall. Inst. 24, 210 (2017).
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Authors and Affiliations

Yeong Seong Eom
1 2
Kyung Tae Kim
1
Dong Won Kim
1
Ji Hun Yu
1
Chul Yong Sim
3
Seung Jun An
3
Yong-Ha Park
4
Injoon Son
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwon-daero, Changwon, Republic of Korea
  2. Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
  3. Insstek, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
  4. Samsung Heavy Industries, Geoje-si, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

Steel is basically used in construction, automobile, buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, appliances, machines and weapons due to its good mechanical as well as metallurgical properties. Heat treatment of steels significantly enhance its mechanical and metallurgical properties due to the formation of various phases depending upon the type of steel used for specific application. In present study, blank of EN353 grade steel having different sizes were used to investigate the effect of heat treatment and microstructural changes. JMat-Pro software was used to predict the continuous cooling transformation behaviour of EN353 steel. Different phases such as bainite, perlite and other carbide inclusion can be observed in the microstructural examination. Pearlitic microstructure developed for the specimen of size 40×40×40 mm heated at 870°C for 2 hrs and then isothermal heating was performed for same specimen at 600°C for 73 min followed by air cooling.
Relevance Statement: Steel is an important material which is frequently used in almost all areas such as structure building, pressure vessels, transportation and many more other applications. Addition of alloying elements in parent steel significantly improve the metallurgical as well as mechanical properties. Steel properties like tensile strength, toughness, ductility, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, hardness, hot hardness, weldability, fatigue etc. significantly improved with the addition of alloying and heat treatment. Heat treatment processes can be used to improve the properties of steel which are frequently used in many manufacturing industries. Different grades of steels which are heat treated under a set of sequence of heating and cooling to change their physical and mechanical properties so that it can fulfil its function under loading condition. With the help of heat treatment process desired microstructure has been achieved which exhibit good mechanical properties of steels.
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Authors and Affiliations

Lochan Sharma
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Sandeep Kumar Chaubey
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Chandigarh University, Institute of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Mohali-140413, Punjab, India
  2. University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali-140413, Punjab, India
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Abstract

In this study, the effects of heat treatment on aluminum/steel structural transition joint (STJ) strength were analyzed with ram tensile tests to find the right welding conditions. Before ram tensile tests, the specimens were subjected to different heat treatments to simulate possible thermal conditions, which may occur during the welding of STJ to the steel side of ship construction. Temperatures were varied from 100°C to 500°C, and durations were changed between 5-25 minutes in the heat treatments. The results of the ram tensile tests indicated that tensile strength decreased above 300°C. Micro-hardness test and microstructure examination were conducted to understand behavior change during ram tensile tests. The investigation showed that precipitation of the secondary hard phases with aging at interface above 300°C, reduced the bonding between aluminum and steel materials, which lead to a decrease of strength, and also changed the mechanical behavior of the STJ during ram test from ductile to brittle fracture. If the temperature is below 500°C and the duration is under 15 minutes, the STJ strength value meets the standard requirement. Short and rapid welding could be suggested to reduce heat buildup during welding.
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Authors and Affiliations

Y. Palaci
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Olgun
1

  1. Yildiz Technical University, Naval Arch. and Marine Eng. Dept, Besiktas , Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract

The study was intended to determine the effect of the input condition of the 17-4PH steel on the microstructure, mechanical properties and stress state of welded joints. The steel adopted for testing was in the solution condition at 1040°C, the aged condition at 550°C/4h and the overaged condition at 760°C/2 h + 620°C/4 h. Samples of 17-4PH steel, after heat treatment processed with different parameters, were electron beam welded (EBW). The microscopic observation (LM, SEM/EDS) showed that the microstructure of the weld consisted of martensite with a δ-ferrite lattice. In the heat-affected zone (HAZ), transformed martensite was found with evidence of niobium carbides. The results of hardness testing revealed the different nature of the hardness profile with the condition the material before the EB welding process. The hardness profile of the HAZ of the welded samples in the as-solution (ES2) and overaged (ES12) condition was varied (from about 340 HV to 450 HV). However, in the aged condition specimen of 17-4PH steel (ES22) showed a similar hardness level, at around 370 HV. The solution condition (ES2) had the highest strength properties Rm 1180.6 MPa with the lowest elongation A 7.6% of all samples tested. The aged welded specimen (ES22) retained high strength Rm 1103.4 MPa with a better relative elongation A 10.1%, whereas the overaged welded specimen (ES12) saw a reduction of strength Rm 950.4 MPa with an improvement in plastic properties A 18.8%. Obtained results showed a significant effect of the input steel condition on the obtained EB welded joints.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Nalborczyk-Kazanecka
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Grażyna Mrówka-Nowotnik
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Pytel
1 2

  1. Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineeri ng and Aeronautics, 12 Powstańców Warszawy Av., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
  2. Pratt & Whitney Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents the research results concerning the chromium-nickel-molybdenum duplex cast steel GX2CrNiMoCuN 25-6-3-3 grade. The aim of studies was the description of the influence of hyperquenching temperature Tp i.e. 1100, 1125 and 1150℃ on microstructure and mainly mechanical properties i.e. tensile strength UTS, yield strength YS, hardness HB, elongation EL and impact energy KV of duplex cast steel GX2CrNiMoCuN 25-6-3-3 grade. The range of studies included ten melts which were conducted in foundry GZUT S.A. Based on the obtained results was confirmed that application of hyperquenching process guarantees the elimination of brittle s phase in the microstructure of studied duplex cast steel. Moreover on the basis of conducted statistical analysis of the researches results is concluded that with the decrease in hyperquenching temperature increases ductility and amount of austenite, while decreases strength and amount of ferrite in studied duplex cast steel GX2CrNiMoCuN 25-6-3-3 grade.

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Jurczyk
ORCID: ORCID
T. Wróbel
ORCID: ORCID
Cz. Baron

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