The scope of the paper refers to long- and medium-run trends of labour supply in Poland. The main purpose is to determine current trends in the labour supply and its projections till the year 2050. In the theoretical part of the paper determinants of labour supply are considered. The projections are based on the population forecasts till 2050 made by the Central Statistical Office of Poland (CSO) and by the authors’ own simulations. Several variants of upper limit of working age and activity rates are taken into account. The population forecasts by the CSO indicate it will occur big decrease of working age population till 2050. The biggest decrease will refer to the group of working age 18–59/64 years and the lowest decrease in the age group 18–66 years. The analysis shows that the declines in labour supply in the years 2020–2050 will occur in all variants of working age population, the biggest decline in the variant assuming the age group 18–59/64 and the smallest decline – in the group 15–74 years. Retirement age is of big importance for the size of labour supply. This is why it is recommended to encourage older people to prolong their economic activity. It is also necessary to increase activity rates in the working age population.

Research shows that positive affective displays in customer service interactions are positively related to customers’ perception of overall service quality. Consequently, the way customer service employees manage their feelings is seen as an important aspect of providing their services. In most service contexts, employees are expected to express positive emotions, e.g., be cheerful and suppress negative emotions, such as resentment. Emotional labor is regarded as a type of impression management, because it involves deliberate effort undertaken by service workers in order to adhere to organizational display rules when dealing with customers. Surface acting is an emotional labor strategy and consists of managing observable emotional expression without modifying underlying genuine feelings (service with a fake smile). Research shows that surface acting is positively related to employee burnout. The present study (N=180) was designed to examine the effects of surface acting on emotional exhaustion while controlling for employees’ trait emotional intelligence. The results demonstrated that employees who declared greater use of surface acting during their interactions with customers reported more symptoms of emotional exhaustion. As predicted, however, this effect was observed only among employees low in trait emotional intelligence. The discussion encompasses the implications these results may have for managing emotional expression in public performance that may result in reducing performance anxiety.

The objective of this research is to minimize product defects based on labor performance and prove the hypothesis on how labor performance affects the quality of a product through a scientific calculation using Overall Labor Effectiveness (OLE). The primary data is obtained by interviewing the supervisor and labor directly. For secondary data is obtained from the company, such as labor working time, machine scheduled downtime, total production, and defective products. The approach to extract the data is using OLE and the continued regression method. Furthermore, it proceeds to Six Sigma using the DMAIC approach since the results show a significant correlation. The result from Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) shows four of six potential failures caused by product defects are coming from labor. To prevent failure mode, it is recommended to have the regular machine checked by labor, check the temperature of the machine, and provide Standard Operating Procedures.

The main aim of the essay is to examine three philosophical narrations. One of them, Hegel’s master-slave dialectic, clearly inspired the other two, that is: Marx’s reflections in his Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 and the interpretation of the Odyssey in Horkheimer and Adorno’s Dialectic of Enlightenment. Whereas Hegel’s dialectic opens a perspective of mutual recognition of individuals, permanently codified in their fundamental rights, the two remaining narrations lead to totally different conclusions. According to young Marx, the subjects not only do not recognize themselves mutually but even, under the influence of economic relationships, treat each other with disregard. Also in Adorno and Horkehimer’s view the labor processes, which according to Hegel led towards the freedom of individuals, distort interpersonal relations and strengthen the growing coercion. At the end, the proposal of Jürgen Habermas is taken into consideration. He argues that communication acts instead of labor processes are the real emancipating factor.

This article concerns “living zones of the imagination”—areas of social life in which intensive “interpretive labor” is underway. Thanks to these zones, it is possible to engage in universally accepted exercises that enable a person to “see the world through the eyes of another person” and that yet do not disturb the current socio-cultural order. They provide an important basis for understanding among people, for harmonizing meanings in the sphere of social realities, and for integration that goes beyond certain permanent boundaries and hierarchies. The basic aim of the article is to prove that hospitality, understood as a value in Polish culture, could contribute to a considerable degree to the creation of such zones. The author analyzes the zones’ character, function, and meaning, paying attention to how they resist the expansion of bureaucratic ways of organizing social life. He also draws attention to the influence that an axio-normative pattern could have within specific models of behavior and cultural practices. Key words: hospitality, resistance practices, social imagination, interpretive labor

I n t r o d u c t i o n: Induction of labor is an intervention in the obstetrics, which aim is to achieve cervical ripening and stimulate contractions of uterus before beginning of labor. The purpose of our study was to evaluate efficacy of combinations of vaginal misoprostol, intracervical dinoprostone and Foley catheter at term with regard to mode of delivery and rate of emergency C-sections due to birth asphyxia.

Ma t e r i a l a n d Me t h o d s: 403 singleton pregnant women, who underwent pharmacological labor induction at term, were reviewed. Patients were divided into 2 main cohorts due to beginning of induction algorithm: vaginal misoprostol (66) or intracervical dinoprostone (337) consisting of 3 subgroups — PGE2 alone (184), PGE2+Foley catheter (125), PGE2+Foley catheter+PGE1 (28).

R e s u l t s: Comparison of maternal age, presence of cervical dilation and parity revealed no major differences between cohorts. Eff ectiveness of labor induction with misoprostol, dinoprostone and dinoprostone followed by Foley catheter were respectively 90.9%, 51.3%, and 82.8%. Addition of PGE1 was effective in 83% of patients with negative response to PGE2 followed by Foley catheter. There was no statistically significant diff erence in rate of C-sections between dinoprostone and misoprostol cohorts, C-section due to birth asphyxia were insignificantly more frequent in PGE1 than in PGE2 cohort. Efficacy in the subgroup administered only dinoprostone was significantly higher in 40th than in 41th (p = 0.016).

C o n c l u s i o n s: Intracervical dinoprostone seems to be safer, but less effective in labor induction than vaginal misoprostol. Following PGE2 by other methods increased efficacy of induction in this cohort.

Labor absenteeism is a factor that affects the good performance of organizations in any

part of the world, from the instability that is generated in the functioning of the system.

This is evident in the effects on quality, productivity, reaction time, among other aspects.

The direct causes by which it occurs are generally known and with greater reinforcement

the diseases are located, without distinguishing possible classifications. However, behind

these or other causes can be found other possible factors of incidence, such as age or sex.

This research seeks to explore, through the application of neural networks, the possible

relationship between different variables and their incidence in the levels of absenteeism. To

this end, a neural networks model is constructed from the use of a population of more than

12,000 employees, representative of various classification categories. The study allowed the

characterization of the influence of the different variables studied, supported in addition to

the performance of an ANOVA analysis that allowed to corroborate and clarify the results

of the neural network analysis.

Anthropopression has become a factor of many negative environmental changes, including climate change. As a response to these changes, the European Union (EU) has already cut the GHG emission by 24% compared to 1990 levels. However, the goals are far greater since the Paris Agreement states that global warming should be kept down to near 2 degrees Celsius, ideally 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels. By 2050, the proportion of global energy produced from coal must decline by between 73 and 97 percent to accomplish this objective. The global employment structure would definitely be affected by this decarbonization in the long run. In this paper, we concentrate on a preliminary evaluation of Poland’s future job market. As Poland’s economy is still driven by coal, energy conversion will have a significant influence on the country’s economy. However, decarbonization is both an opportunity and a challenge for the future labor market. As per research findings, the transition to renewable power would be a net job creator with the potential for new quality workers in the renewable energy industry both directly in the construction and installation of renewable power plants and indirectly in the industry that supplies the items for the system. According to the preliminary investigation of Poland’s future labor market, the future of Polish energy is the cohesion of clean energy sources and decentralized energy, while offshore wind energy in the Baltic Sea can play an important role in the national energy transition, as well as contributing to the country’s energy security and reducing environmental pollution.

This article is about immigrants’ perceptions of their host society and cultural differences. The analysis is based on twenty in-depth interviews conducted in 2018 with persons from Turkey working in Poland. Their narratives are a rich source of information about the challenges of the integration process and about the opportunities and dilemmas of ethnically and religiously diverse groups in Polish society, which is becoming increasingly multicultural. The respondents pointed to the recent noticeable deterioration in the attitude of Poles toward foreigners in general, which translates into more negative attitudes toward Turks. The cultural differences most commonly noticed related to work culture and working conditions. Although Poland’s fairly large ethnic uniformity was mostly declared to be a hindrance in the adaptation process, some immigrants saw it as strengthening social cohesion and facilitating adaptation to life in the new country. In defining the cultural differences and expectations of the host society, the foreigners became more aware of the values, practices, and attitudes with which they had become acquainted. Some interviewees did not define the differences they observed as traits of the sending or receiving society but rather “de-nationalized” the differences and referred to other categories of diversity, for example, of a class nature.

Labor productivity in building construction has long been a focused research topic due to the high contribution of labor cost in the building total costs. This study, among a few studies that used scaled data that were collected directly from measuring equipment and onsite activities, utilized neural networks to model the productivity of two main construction tasks and influencing factors. The neural networks show their ability to predict the behaviors of labor productivity of the formwork and rebar tasks in a test case of a high-rise building. A multilayer perceptron that had two layers and used sigmoid as its activation function provided the best effectiveness in predicting the relations among data. Among eleven independent factors, weather (e.g., temperature, precipitation, sun) generally played the most important role while crew factors were distributed in the mid of the ranking and the site factor (working floor height) played a mild role. This study confirms the robustness of neural networks in productivity research problems and the importance of working environments to labor productivity in building construction. Managerial implications, including careful environmental factors and crew structure deliberation, evolved from the study when labor productivity improvement is considered.

The fourth industrial revolution has broadly transformed the manufacturing system. However, this transformation is somewhat lacking in traditional or manual production systems due to the absence of IT infrastructure. Such traditional industries need to have the advantage of real-time control and monitoring. This study has developed economic assembly planning, scheduling, and control for a traditional assembly system. We used the concept of the configurable virtual workstation as the digitalization framework. Then, we employed the decentralized scheduling concept to reduce the computational effort in scheduling the complex product. The implementation result showed that scheduling and planning have transformed the traditional assembly process into intelligent scheduling and control with low digitalization effort

At present, the speed of production and its complexity increases with each passing year due

to the shorter product life cycle and competition in the global market. This trend is also

observed in the machine-building industry, therefore, in order to ensure the competitiveness

of enterprises and reduce the cost of production, it is necessary to intensify production.

This is especially true in the machining of complex parts that require a great number of

setups, and technological equipment. The problem-oriented analysis of complex parts was

carried out, the parts classification was structured and developed according to the design

and technological features. This made it possible to offer advanced manufacturing processes

for complex parts like levers, forks, and connecting rods. The flexible fixtures for specified

complex parts were developed. The effectiveness of the proposed manufacturing processes,

The article examines the trends in the development of renewable energy in Ukraine in accordance

with the long-term strategy of the energy sector of the state in the context of the transformation

of employment in the energy sector of the country. It is emphasized that investments in renewable

energy technologies create more jobs compared to traditional electricity generation technologies.

It is defined that in Ukraine there is a significant untapped potential for energy efficiency, which

requires accelerating the pace of modernization and development of renewable energy sources and

raises the issue of labor supply to the industry. It was emphasized that there are a number of opportunities

for the development of the energy sector of Ukraine related to the development of renewable

energy sources. It is underlined that the formation of territorial-industrial clusters in Ukraine

for the production of equipment for solar and wind energy with a closed production cycle forms

long-term prerequisites for socio-economic stability in the country and stimulates employment. It is

substantiated that an important reserve for increasing employment in Ukraine is to ensure the energy

efficiency of buildings. At the same time, it was noted that in the field of renewable energy and

energy efficiency in Ukraine there is a significant shortage of qualified technicians and specialists

in the field of innovative technologies, which confirms the importance of studying the problem of

labor support in the industry. It is determined that today the solution of the issue of labor supply

of the industry takes place mainly at the level of enterprises that invest in the development of their

own staff.

The aim of this paper is to consider the not so well investigated problem of the role that language has played in Karl Marx’s thinking. The first section discusses several examples of Marxist attempts at philosophical or linguistic reflection on language. I propose the thesis that Marxist meaning theory did not seriously evolve due to the domination of the ‛Traditional Meaning Theory’ (TMT) – irrespective of the actual social conditions. In the second section I undertake some adumbrations on the tendencies of contemporary philosophy of language, such as externalism or pragmatism, whose premonitions can be found in Marx. I also point out that combined with historical materialism they can no longer fit TMT. Finally, I argue that the notion of language and the division of linguistic labor may solve some issues of Marx’s conception of ideology.