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Abstract

A review of night vision metrology is presented in this paper. A set of reasons that create a rather chaotic metrologic situation on night vision market is presented. It is shown that there has been made a little progress in night vision metrology during last decades in spite of a big progress in night vision technology at the same period of time. It is concluded that such a big discrep- ancy between metrology development level and technology development can be an obstacle in the further development of night vision technology.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Chrzanowski
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Testing of image intensifier tubes is still done using mostly manual methods due to a series of both technical and legal problems with test automation. Computerized stations for semi-automated testing of IITs are considered as novelty and are under continuous improvements. This paper presents a novel test station that enables semi-automated measurement of image intensifier tubes. Wide test capabilities and advanced design solutions rise the developed test station significantly above the current level of night vision metrology.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Chrzanowski
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Abstract

The paper deals with the design of equipment for verification and calibration of axle and crane weighing instruments. In its introduction, it discusses the basic concepts of axle and crane weighing instruments, their calibration, and verification. The paper briefly describes the original technical design solution used in the calibration and verification of these weighing instruments. Subsequently, the article describes the legislative, technical and functional requirements for metrological equipment being developed. The paper presents two design solutions for handling calibration weights. In both solutions, the construction and individual functional parts of the equipment are described. Both of these solutions were designed and tested in practical measurements in the Laboratory for Testing ofWeighing Instruments of the Slovak Legal Metrology n.o. Finally, the paper presents the results of the development of a new measuring system at the University of Žilina.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomas Gajdosik
1
Lubos Kucera
1
Igor Gajdac
1
Anton Fric
2
Jaromir Markovic
2

  1. University of Žilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Design and Mechanical Elements, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia
  2. Slovak Legal Metrology, Hviezdoslavova 1124/31, 974 01 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
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Abstract

The article presents the methodology to estimate the operator influence on measurements performed with a coordinate measuring arm. The research was based on the R&R analysis, adapted to the specifics of redundant devices such as ACMM (selection of a test object difficult to measure). The method provides for measurements by three operators, who measure ten parts in two or three samples (measurement data developed in the article relate to the three measurements of holes). The methodology is designed to identify which operator has the best predisposition to perform measurements (generates the smallest measurement errors). Statistica software was used to analyse and visualize measurement data.

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Bibliography

[1] VDI/VDE 2617 – Accuracy of coordinate measuring machines – characteristics and their testing. VDI/VDE, 2011 (in German).
[2] ASME B89.4.22 – 2004 Method for Performance Evaluation of Articulated Arm Coordinate Measuring Machines. ASME, 2004.
[3] ISO 10360-12 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) – Acceptance and reverification tests for coordinate measuring systems (CMS) – Part 12: Articulated arm coordinate measurement machines (CMM). ISO, 2016. Determination of the operator’s influence on measurements with AACMM 81
[4] D. González-Madruga, J. Barreiro, E. Cuesta, B. González, and S. Martínez-Pellitero. AACMM performance test: Influence of human factor and geometric features. Procedia Engineering, 69:442–448, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.03.010.
[5] E. Cuesta, A. Telenti, H. Patiño, B. J. Alvarez, D. A. Mantaras, and P. Luque. Development of a force sensor prototype integrated on a coordinate measuring arm. Procedia Engineering, 132:998–1005, 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.12.588.
[6] E. Cuesta, D.A. Mantaras, P. Luque, B. J. Alvarez, and D. Muina. Dynamic deformations in coordinate measuring arms using virtual simulation. International Journal of Simulation Modelling, 14(4):609–620, 2015. doi: 10.2507/IJSIMM14(4)4.311.
[7] S. Martínez-Pellitero, J. Barreiro, E. Cuesta, and B. J. Álvarez. A new process-based ontology for KBE system implementation: application to inspection process planning. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 57(1-4):325, 2011. doi: 10.1007/s00170-011-3285-7.
[8] J. Sładek. Accuracy of Coordinate Measurements. Publishing House of Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland, 2011 (in Polish).
[9] Measurement system analysis. Chrysler Group LLC, Ford Motor Company, General Motors Corporation, 2010.
[10] K. Ostrowska, D. Szewczyk, and J. Sładek. Determination of operator’s impact on the measurement done using coordinate technique. Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal, 7(20):11–16, 2013.
[11] T.D. Doiron. Dimensional measurement uncertainty from data. Part 2: Uncertainty R&R. International Journal of Metrology, 2016.
[12] Dell Inc. Dell Statistica (data analysis software system), volume 16. software.dell.com, 2016.
[13] M. Melichar, D. Kubátová, and J. Kutlwašer. CMM measuring cycle and human factor. In Proceeding of the 27th DAAAM International Symposium, pages 371–376, 2016. doi: 10.2507/27th.daaam.proceedings.055.
[14] G. Constable and E. Gasper. Conducting an R&R study yields information about measurement systems. Quality, 53:28–30, 2014.
[15] J. Minix, H. Chapman, N. Joshi, and A. Zargari. An investigation of measurement uncertainty of coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) by comparative analysis. The Journal of Technology Studies, 42(1):54–64, 2016. https://www.jstor.org/stable/90018737.
[16] ISO/TS 23165:2006(E) – Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Guidelines of the evaluation of coordinate measuring machine (CMM) test uncertainty. ISO, 2006.
[17] K. Ostrowska, A.Gąska, and J. Sładek. Determining the uncertainty of measurement with the use of a virtual coordinate measuring arm. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 71(1-4):529–537, 2014. doi: 10.1007/s00170-013-5486-8.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sławomir Jurkowski
1

  1. Technical Institute, State University of Applied Sciences in Nowy Sącz, Nowy Sącz, Poland.
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Abstract

Microvibrations are mechanical oscillations caused by components such as the reaction wheels of an attitude control system of a spacecraft. These microvibrations are transferred through the spacecraft structure onto important instruments (e.g., optical instruments), causing those to produce diminished results (e.g., reduced image quality, imprecise geolocation etc.). At the present state, microvibrations in spacecraft cannot be actively controlled because their very high frequencies of up to 1000 Hz are above the control bandwidth a current attitude control system can provide. However, being able to reduce the effects of microvibrations on a space mission is becoming increasingly more critical as the envelope of future optical satellite missions expands. Furthermore, the advancements made in the performance of small satellites as well as the growing interest in laser and quantum communication call for a cost-efficient solution for managing microvibrations. This paper describes how cheap MEMS-based measurement systems have already proven that they are a potential solution. Showing high sensitivity and low-noise performance while allowing fast and easy prototyping.
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Bibliography

[1] ECSS. Micro-vibrations, Space Engineering: Spacecraft Mechanical Loads Analysis Handbook, ECSS-E-HB-32-26A, 2013.
[2] A. Bronowicki. Forensic investigation of reaction wheel nutation on isolator. In 49th AIAA Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Schaumburg, IL, USA, 7-10 April 2008. doi: 10.2514/6.2008-1953
[3] T. Runte, Z. Perez, and M. Baro. Microvibration engineering – a key to high-performance space missions. In 70th International Astronautical Congress, Washington, D.C., USA, 21-25 Oct. 2019.
[4] C.J. Dennehy. A survey of reaction wheel disturbance modeling approaches for spacecraft line-of-sight jitter performance analysis. In Proceeding of 18 European Space Mechanisms and Tribology Symposium, Munich, Germany, 18-20 Sept. 2019.
[5] H. Heimel. Spacewheel microvibration-sources, appearance, countermeasures. In Proceedings of the 8th International ESA Conference on Guidance & Navigation Control Systems, Karlove Vary, Czech Republic, 5-10 June 2011.
[6] C. Dennehy and O.S. Alvarez-Salazar. Spacecraft micro-vibration: A survey of problems, experiences, potential solutions, and some lessons learned. Technical report, 2018.
[7] M. Manso and M. Bezzeghoud. On-site sensor noise evaluation and detectability in low cost accelerometers. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Sensor Networks – SENSORNETS, pages 100–106. [Online], 9-10 Febr. 2021. doi: 10.5220/0010319001000106.
[8] G. Heinzel, A. Rudiger, and R. Schilling. Spectrum and spectral density estimation by the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), including a comprehensive list of window functions and some new flat-top windows. Technical report, 2002.
[9] A. Wiebe. Entwicklung eines Teststandes zur Messung von Mikrovibrationen inklusive Auslegung eines Datenaufnahmesystems. Technical report, 2021.
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Authors and Affiliations

Antonio Garcia
1
Tim Gust
1
Enes Basata
1
Tim Gersting
1
Michal Deka
1
Sven Thiele
1
Mohammad Salah
1
Matias Bestard Koerner
2
Torben Runte
3
Miguel Gonzalez
3

  1. City University of Applied Sciences Bremen, Institute of Aerospace Technologies, Bremen, Germany
  2. German Aerospace Center – DLR, Institute of Space Systems. Guidance, Navigation and Control Systems. Bremen, Germany
  3. OHB System AG, Bremen, Germany
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Abstract

Gear involute artifact (GIA) is a kind of calibration standard used for traceability of involute metrology. To machine GIAs with sub-micron profile form deviations, the effect on the involute profile deviations caused by the geometric deviations and 6-DoF errors of the machining tool based on the double roller-guide involute rolling generation mechanismwas analysed.At the same time, a double roller-guide involute lapping instrument and a lapping method for GIAs was proposed for lapping and in-situ measuring the gear involute artifacts. Moreover, a new GIA with three design base radii (50 mm, 100 mm, and 131 mm) was proposed for more efficient calibration and was machined with profile form deviations of 0.3 μm (within evaluation length of 38 mm, 68 mm, 80 mm, respectively, measured by the Chinese National Institute of Metrology), and the surface roughness Ra of the involute flanks was less than 0.05 μm. The research supports small-batch manufacturing for high-precision GIAs.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ming Ling
1
Siying Ling
2
Dianqing Yu
3
Zhihao Zhang
1
Fengtao Wang
2
Liding Wang
1

  1. Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
  2. Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology of the Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
  3. Liaoning Inspection, Examination & Certification Centre, Shenyang 110004, China
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Abstract

A set of sound power assessments was performed to determine measurement precision in specified conditions by the comparison method in a reverberation room with a fixed position array of six microphones. Six blenders (or mixers) and, complementary, a reference sound source were the noise sources. Five or six sound power calculations were undertaken on each noise source, and the standard deviation (sr) was computed as “measurement precision under repeatability conditions” for each octave band from 125 Hz to 8 kHz, and in dB(A). With the results obtained, values of sr equal 1.0 dB for 125 Hz and 250 Hz, 0.8 dB for 500 Hz to 2 kHz, and 0.5 dB for 4 kHz and 8 kHz. Those can be considered representative as sound power precision for blenders according to the measurement method used. The standard deviation of repeatability for the A-weighted sound power level equals 0.6 dB. This paper could be used for house or laboratory tests to check where their uncertainty assessment for sound power determination is similar or not to those generated at the National Metrology Institute.

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Authors and Affiliations

Rodrigo P.B. Costa-Felix
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Abstract

This paper concerns the issues of measurement techniques, analysis and assessment of the machined surface geometric structure. The aim of this work was to show the application of surface analysis in diagnosing the causes of discrepancies occurring in the manufacturing process, which may result from ill-matched (poorly fitting) process parameters. An appropriate system of control and interpretation of results may allow early reaction to unfavorable trends (for example blunting of the tool) and prevention of undesirable defects. The subject of research was a waste basket used in the construction of retaining sewer systems. In this paper, the quality of the waste basket as well as its manufacturing process were analyzed and assessed. The research was carried out with the use of three measurement stands, i.e. optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and white light interferometer (WLI). The surface analysis proved to be important from the viewpoint of outlining the production process as well as improving the product quality. The software used for topographical analysis appeared to be significant for the success of the analysis, providing notable economic effects, namely the lack of defects.

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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Niemczewska-Wójcik
Jerzy Sładek
Małgorzata Tabaka
Artur Wójcik
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Abstract

This paper presents a preoperative hip reconstruction method with diagnosed osteoarthritis using Durom Hip Resurfacing System (DHRS). The method is based on selection and application of the resurfacing to the pelvis reconstructed on the basis of computed tomography. Quality and geometrical parameters of distinguished tissues have a fundamental significance for locating and positioning the acetabular and femoral components. The application precedes the measurements of anatomical structures on a complex numerical model. The developed procedure enables functional selection of endo-prosthesis and its positioning in such a way that it secures geometric parameters within the bone bed and the depth , inclination angles and ante-version of the acetabular component, the neck-shaft angle and ante-torsion angle of the neck of the femoral bone, and reconstruction of the biomechanical axis of the limb and the physiological point of rotation in the implanted joint. Proper biomechanics of the bone-joint complex of the lower limb is determined by correlation of anatomical-geometrical parameters of the acetabular component and parameters of the femoral bone.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna M. Ryniewicz
Łukasz Bojko
Tomasz Madej
Andrzej Ryniewicz
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Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive methodology for measuring and characterizing the surface topographies on machined steel parts produced by precision machining operations. The performed case studies concern a wide spectrum of topographic features of surfaces with different geometrical structures but the same values of the arithmetic mean height Sa. The tested machining operations included hard turning operations performed with CBN tools, grinding operations with Al2O3 ceramic and CBN wheels and superfinish using ceramic stones. As a result, several characteristic surface textures with the Sa roughness parameter value of about 0.2 μm were thoroughly characterized and compared regarding their potential functional capabilities. Apart from the standard 2D and 3D roughness parameters, the fractal, motif and frequency parameters were taken in the consideration.

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Authors and Affiliations

Wit Grzesik
Krzysztof Żak
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Abstract

The paper presents examinations of the surface of base concrete with a 3D scanner. Two base concrete surfaces, differently prepared, were examined, together with two measurement strategies: simple and fast 3D scanning and partial scanning in selected areas corresponding to the device measurement space. In order to complete the analysis of a concrete surface topography an original Matlab-based program TAS (Topography Analysis and Simulation) was developed for both 2D and 3D surface analyses. It enables data processing, calculation of parameters, data visualization and digital filtration.
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Authors and Affiliations

Radomir Majchrowski
Michał Wieczorowski
Mirosław Grzelka
Łukasz Sadowski
Bartosz Gapiński
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Abstract

There exists a need in a quality and accuracy of a three-dimensional laser metrology operating in numerically controlled automatic machines. For this purpose, one sends three laser beams mutually perpendicular. These three beams of the wavelength λ = 0.6328 μm are generated by the same laser and are directed along three independent, orthogonal, mutually perpendicular, optical paths with a given light polarization plain. Using these beams, constituting the frame of coordinates, three independent laser rangefinders are able to determine spatial coordinates of a working tool or a workpiece. To form these optical pulses, a special refractive index matched Half-Wave Plate with nematic Liquid Crystal (LCHWP) was applied. The presented half-wave plate is based on a single Twisted Nematic (TN) cell (with the twist angle Φ = π/2) of a rather high cell gap d ~15 μm filled with a newly developed High-Birefringence Nematic Liquid Crystal Mixture (HBLCM) of optical anisotropy as high as Δn ~0.40 at λ = 0.6328 μm, where the Mauguin limit above 5.00 ~ Δnd >> λ/2 = 0.32 is fulfilled.

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Authors and Affiliations

W. Piecek
L.R. Jaroszewicz
ORCID: ORCID
E. Miszczyk
Z. Raszewski
M. Mrukiewicz
P. Perkowski
E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki
J. Zieliński
M. Olifierczuk
J. Kędzierski
X.W. Sun
K. Garbat
K. Kowiorski
P. Morawiak
R. Mazur
J. Tkaczyk
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Abstract

Thermal imagers often work in extreme conditions but are typically tested under laboratory conditions. This paper presents the concept, design rules, experimental verification, and example applications of a new system able to carry out measurements of performance parameters of thermal imagers working under precisely simulated real working conditions. High accuracy of simulation has been achieved by enabling regulation of two critical parameters that define working conditions of thermal imagers: imager ambient temperature and background temperature of target of interest. The use of the new test system in the evaluation process of surveillance thermal imagers can bring about a revolution in thermal imaging metrology by allowing thermal imagers to be evaluated under simulated, real working conditions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Chrzanowski
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1.   Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
  2. INFRAMET, Bugaj 29a, Koczargi Nowe, 05-082 Stare Babice, Poland
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Abstract

Dynamic angle measurement (DAM) plays an important role in precision machining, aerospace, military and artificial intelligence. Because of its advantages including high sensitivity, solid state and miniaturization, fibre-optic gyroscope (FOG) has great application prospects in the field of DAM. In this paper, we propose a dynamic angle metrology method based on FOG and a rotary table to evaluate the DAMaccuracy with FOG. The system synchronously collects data from the FOG and rotary table, and analyses the DAM accuracy of the FOG for different sway conditions compared with that of the angle obtained from the rotary table. An angle encoder in the rotary table provides absolute or incremental angular displacement output with angular displacement measurement accuracy of 10′′ (0:0028◦) and angular displacement repeat positioning accuracy of 3′′ (0:00083◦), and can be used as an angle reference. The experimental results show that the DAM accuracy of the FOG is better than 0:0028◦ obtained with the angular encoder, and the absolute DAM accuracy of the FOG is better than 0:0048◦ for given conditions. At the same time, for the multi-path signal synchronization problem in the metrology field, this paper proposes a signal delay measurement method combining test and algorithm procedures, which can control a delay within 25 μs.

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Authors and Affiliations

Lei Chen
Yilan Zhou
Dengwei Zhang
Xiaowu Shu
Cheng Liu
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Abstract

Reliable measurement uncertainty is a crucial part of the conformance/nonconformance decision-making process in the field of Quality Control in Manufacturing. The conventional GUM-method cannot be applied to CMM measurements primarily because of lack of an analytical relationship between the input quantities and the measurement. This paper presents calibration uncertainty analysis in commercial CMM-based Coordinate Metrology. For the case study, the hole-plate calibrated by the PTB is used as a workpiece. The paper focuses on thermo-mechanical errors which immediately affect the dimensional accuracy of manufactured parts of high-precision manufacturers. Our findings have highlighted some practical issues related to the importance of maintaining thermal equilibrium before the measurement. The authors have concluded that the thermal influence as an uncertainty contributor of CMM measurement result dominates the overall budgets for this example. The improved calibration uncertainty assessment technique considering thermal influence is described in detail for the use of a wide range of CMM users.
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Bibliography

[1] International Organization for Standardization (2009). Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Acceptance and reverification tests for coordinate measuring machines (CMM) – Part 2: CMMs used for measuring linear dimensions (ISO Standard No. 10360-2:2009). https://www.iso.org/standard/40954.html
[2] International Organization for Standardization (2017). Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Inspection by measurement of workpieces and measuring equipment – Part 1: Decision rules for proving conformance or non-conformance with specifications (ISO Standard No. 14253-1:2017). https://www.iso.org/standard/70137.html
[3] Mussatayev, M., Huang, M.,&Tang, Zh., (2020). Current issues in uncertainty of dimensional tolerance metrology and the future development in the domain of tolerancing. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 715(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/715/1/012084
[4] Leach, R., & Smith, S. T. (Eds.). (2018). Basics of Precision Engineering. CRC Press.
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[6] International Organization for Standardization (2013). Geometrical product specifications (GPS) – Coordinate measuring machines (CMM): Technique for determining the uncertainty of measurement – Part 1: Overview and metrological characteristics (ISO Standard No. ISO/TS 15530-1). https://www.iso.org/standard/38693.html
[7] Płowucha, W. (2019). Point-straight line distance as model for uncertainty evaluation of coordinate measurement. Measurement, 135, 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.11.008
[8] Mussatayev, M., Huang, M., & Beshleyev, S. (2020). Thermal influences as an uncertainty contributor of the coordinate measuring machine (CMM). The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 111, pp. 537–547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-06012-3
[9] Sładek, J., & G˛aska, A. (2012). Evaluation of coordinate measurement uncertainty with use of virtual machine model based on Monte Carlo method. Measurement, 45(6), 1564–1575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2012.02.020
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[12] International Organization for Standardization (2004). Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) – Coordinate measuring machines (CMM): Technique for determining the uncertainty of measurement – Part 3: Use of calibrated workpieces or standards (ISO Standard No. ISO/TS 15530-3). https://www.iso.org/standard/38695.html
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Authors and Affiliations

Meirbek Mussatayev
1
Meifa Huang
1
Marat Nurtas
2
Azamat Arynov
3

  1. Guilin University of Electronic Technology, School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, 1 Jinji Rd, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
  2. International Information Technology University, Department of Mathematical and Computer Modelling, Kazakhstan
  3. School of Engineering at Warwick University, United Kingdom
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Abstract

QIT–Quantum Information Technologies promises are very serious, greatly exceeding only technical and market levels. Development of QIT in Europe, treated as building a new infrastructural civilization level, requires a broader view of coordination, funding and priority-setting policy. Simple measures used in the case of the development of new technologies, but not creating a significant ecosystem, are insufficient in this case. Quantum technologies are poised to create a new information layer of knowledge-based society. In this essay, the author subjectively addresses some of the issues such as: what we already know and what we don't know, and what efforts are being made in Europe. Polish version of this paper was published in Przegl.Telekom.2.23.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard S. Romaniuk
1

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
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Abstract

We present a prototype of a simple, low-cost setup for a fast scatterometric surface texture measurements. We used a total integrated scatter method (TIS) with a semiconductor laser (λ =  638 nm) and a Si photodiode. Using our setup, we estimated the roughness parameters Rq for two reference surfaces (Al mirrors with flatness λ/10) and seven equal steel plates to compare. The setup is easily adaptable for a fast, preliminary manufacturing quality control. We show is possible to construct a low-cost measurement system with nanometric precision.

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D. Kucharski
H. Zdunek
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Abstract

Spatial light modulators (SLM) are devices used to modulate amplitude, phase or polarization of a light wave in space and time. Current SLMs are based either on MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical system) or LCD (liquid crystal display) technology. Here we report on the parameters, trends in development and applications of phase SLMs based on liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) technology. LCoS technology was developed for front and rear projection systems competing with AMLCD (active matrix LCD) and DMD (Digital Mirror Device) SLM. The reflective arrangement due to silicon backplane allows to put a high number of pixels in a small panel, keeping the fill-factor ratio high even for micron-sized pixels. For coherent photonics applications the most important type of LCoS SLM is a phase modulator. In the paper at first we describe the typical parameters of this device and the methods for its calibration. Later we present a review of applications of phase LCoS SLMs in imaging, metrology and beam manipulation, developed by the authors as well as known from the literature. These include active and adaptive interferometers, a smart holographic camera and holographic display, microscopy modified in illuminating and imaging paths and active sensors.

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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata Kujawińska
Rosario Porras-Aguilar
Weronika Zaperty
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Abstract

Digital photoelasticity is an important optical metrology follow-up for stress and strain analysis using full-field digital photographic images. Advances in digital image processing, data acquisition, procedures for pattern recognition and storage capacity enable the use of the computer-aided technique in automation and facilitate improvement of the digital photoelastic technique. The objective of this research is to find new equations for a novel phase-shifting method in digital photoelasticity. Some innovations are proposed. In terms of phaseshifting, only the analyzer is rotated, and the other equations are deduced by applying a new numerical technique instead of the usual algebraic techniques. This approach can be used to calculate a larger sequence of images. Each image represents a pattern and a measurement of the stresses present in the object. A decrease in the mean errors was obtained by increasing the number of observations. A reduction in the difference between the theoretical and experimental values of stresses was obtained by increasing the number of images in the equations for calculating phase. Every photographic image has errors and random noise, but the uncertainties due to these effects can be reduced with a larger number of observations. The proposed method with many images and high accuracy is a good alternative to the photoelastic techniques.

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Authors and Affiliations

Cristina Almeida Magalhães
Perrin Smith Neto
Pedro Américo Almeida Magalhães Júnior
Clovis Sperb de Barcellos
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Abstract

The present work offers new equations for phase evaluation in measurements. Several phase-shifting equations with an arbitrary but constant phase-shift between captured intensity signs are proposed. The equations are similarly derived as the so called Carré equation. The idea is to develop a generalization of the Carré equation that is not restricted to four images. Errors and random noise in the images cannot be eliminated, but the uncertainty due to their effects can be reduced by increasing the number of observations. An experimental analysis of the errors of the technique was made, as well as a detailed analysis of errors of the measurement. The advantages of the proposed equation are its precision in the measures taken, speed of processing and the immunity to noise in signs and images.
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Authors and Affiliations

Pedro Magalhaes
Perrin Neto
Cristina Magalhães
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Abstract

The paper is focused on the main problems of modern metrology in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution “Industry 4.0”, particularly in the field of qualimetry. The dominant issues of the methodology of qualimetrical measurement, as the interrelation between metrology and qualimetry, are considered. The following questions are raised and analysed: determination of the measurand in the qualimetrical measurement, creation of the virtual product quality pattern, determination of the product quality level by using the theory of multidimensional scaling, assurance of the metrological traceability of the qualimetrical measurement results. A procedure of performing the qualimetrical measurement is described.

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Authors and Affiliations

Vasyl Motalo
Bogdan Stadnyk
Mykola Mykyjchuk
Andriy Motalo
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Abstract

Europe has to face strong competitive challenges in the field of QIT from other regions of the world. The tools for the effective implementation of the challenges related to the start, we hope, of building a quantum civilization are both common and individual in particular European countries. Joint projects in the field of QIT, usually narrowly focused, are announced by large European Agencies and are related to their activities. Large-scale collaborative projects are of course the domain of the EC. National projects depend heavily on the capabilities of individual countries and vary greatly in size. The most technologically advanced European countries invest hundreds of millions of Euros in national QIT projects annually. The largest European FET class project currently being implemented is the Quantum Flagship. Although the EQF is basically just one of the elements of a large and complicated European scene of development of quantum technologies, it becomes the most important element and, in a sense, a dominant one, also supported from the political level. There are complex connections and feedbacks between the elements of this quantum scene. National projects try to link to the EQF. Here we are interested in such connections and their impact on the effectiveness of QIT development in Europe, and especially in Poland.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard S. Romaniuk
1

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
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Abstract

In this work, authors investigated the effect of the Depth of Field (DoF) reduction, arising when the acquisition of small objects is carried out with a photogrammetry-based system using a Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) camera and the structure from motion (SfM) algorithm. This kind of measuring instrument is very promising for industrial metrology according to the paradigms of the fourth industrial revolution. However, when increasing the magnification level, necessary for the reconstruction of sub-millimetric features, there is a corresponding decrease of the DoF, leading to possible effects on the reconstruction accuracy. Thus, the effect of the DoF reduction was analysed through the reconstruction of a well-known artefact: the step gauge. The analysis was conducted considering the theory behind the DoF concept, the analysis of the 2D images, input of photogrammetric reconstruction and, finally, the results in terms of dimensional verification of the reconstructed step gauge.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maria Grazia Guerra
1
Luigi Maria Galantucci
1
Fulvio Lavecchia
1
Leonardo De Chiffre
2

  1. Politecnico di Bari, Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
  2. Technical University of Denmark, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Produktionstorvet 425, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

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