Celem tekstu jest dyskusja z teoriami mówiącymi o tym, że dzisiejsze społeczeństwa nie są zdolne do integracji opartej na powszechnie podzielanych normach. Teza o „zaniku wspólnych sensów” daje obraz społeczeństwa jako agregatu jednostek lub skonfliktowanych grup. Jako kontrprzykład do takich konkluzji autor proponuje pojęcie norm średniego zasięgu. Zgodnie z prezentowanym ujęciem, takie normy mogą łączyć zróżnicowanych aktorów społecznych i być powszechnie uznawane. Wspólna normalność może być negocjowana oddolnie i niekoniecznie jest odgórnie narzucana przez różne formy władzy społecznej. Przykłady takich norm autor znajduje w rzeczywistości życia codziennego. Zalicza do nich normę niemarnowania żywności, regułę gościnności, szacunku dla żałoby, opiekuńczość wobec dzieci oraz dbanie o własne zdrowie.
A danger of falling into the trap of the naturalistic fallacy seems to unambiguously exclude bodiliness from the search for moral norms . But is it really true that there is no role for the body to play when the intellect occupies itself with formulating moral norms? Undoubtedly the body constitutes – in a sense – the basis of morality, since human freedom can exist only as freedom incarnate. It would be equally difficult to deny that the body constitutes boundaries for morality. Bodiliness may significantly restrain cognitive abilities of men; but it may also reduce their capabilities to fulfill their moral obligations. A major controversy arises over the issue whether the body can influence the content of moral norms. Even if one accepts the validity of the thesis of an intransgressible boundary between the world of facts and the world of values, there is no doubt that man never experiences his body in the same way as he does other material objects. An experience of one’s own body matters significantly in ethical reflection.
In many countries, rapid secularisation exerts an ever growing control over nearly every aspect of social life, driving Christianity away from public life and substitu-ting it with an increasingly militant ideology. Christianity today faces many questions and challenges, from profound shifts in traditional values and new anthropologies to questions on the meaning of life and the place of the Church in pluralistic society. Do the Christians of today have anything to offer in the modern Areopagus of thought? Though in minority during the first few centuries of their history, Christians not only were able to claim their due place in society, but point to their contribution to its well-being and functioning. After the so-called Edict of Milan they tried to influence legislation and imbue it with the values and spirit of the Gospel. Not always was it possible, though. At times the border between the state and the Church were crossed either way. Nevertheless, in order to safeguard the autonomy of the Church in her re-lationship with the state, the former tried to adhere to the wise principle she received from her Founder to give back to Caesar what is Caesar’s, and to God what is God’s.
Artykuł przedstawia odpowiedź na pytanie, czy współczesne zróżnicowanie postaw wobec edukacji odzwierciedla podziały zaborowe. Odwołując się do teorii długiego trwania instytucji Douglasa Northa, teorii zmian w systemach edukacyjnych Margaret Archer oraz teorii postaw Alberto Simpsera, przedstawione są argumenty łączące dzisiejsze postawy wobec edukacji ze sposobem wprowadzania instytucji nowoczesnego państwa w XIX wieku. W artykule przeanalizowano obecne postawy wobec edukacji na obszarze dawnej Galicji, porównano je z wynikami z Prus i zaboru rosyjskiego. Na podstawie badań oraz dostępnej literatury można stwierdzić wpływ wzoru wdrażania elementów państwowości na modele mentalne mieszkańców społeczności lokalnej. Przeanalizowano sposób budowania instytucji, oparty na poszanowaniu społeczności lokalnej, angażujący nauczycieli w działalność społeczną, który przekłada się na satysfakcję z działania instytucji, a także katalizuje zaufanie między mieszkańcami danego regionu. Analiza opiera się na badaniach ilościowych i jakościowych przeprowadzonych w trzech miastach znajdujących się na terenach dawnych zaborów oraz na reprezentatywnym badaniu rodziców uczniów.
The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences (Bull.Pol. Ac.: Tech.) is published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, since the beginning of the existence of the PAS in 1952. The journal is peer‐reviewed and is published both in printed and electronic form. It is established for the publication of original high quality papers from multidisciplinary Engineering sciences with the following topics preferred: Artificial and Computational Intelligence, Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, Civil Engineering, Control, Informatics and Robotics, Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics, Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics, Material Science and Nanotechnology, Power Systems and Power Electronics.
Journal Metrics: JCR Impact Factor 2018: 1.361, 5 Year Impact Factor: 1.323, SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2017: 0.319, Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2017: 1.005, CiteScore 2017: 1.27, The Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education 2017: 25 points.
Abbreviations/Acronym: Journal citation: Bull. Pol. Ac.: Tech., ISO: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci.-Tech. Sci., JCR Abbrev: B POL ACAD SCI-TECH Acronym in the Editorial System: BPASTS.
From Methodology of the Pastoral Theology
Summary
Pastoral theology conducts four kinds of research: monodisciplinary, multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary and intradisciplinary research.
The first kind of research is characterized by the common aim and method, the second has the common aim but the methods are different, the third one has both different aims and methods, the forth one has the same methods but different aims. Contemporary pastoral theology requires multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary and intradisciplinary research, and the pastor of this theology needs to possess the necessary qualifications to do his job properly.
The paradigm of pastoral theology is based on the practical syllogism. In the construction of this syllogism, the major preamble of faith contains the general principles of the given case, while the minor preamble of faith contains the analysis of the contemporary reality; the conclusion is normative and timely. In each phase of the pastoral theology research, there are used various working methods.
In the first phase of the pastoral theology research (the ecclesiastical phase), apart from the deductive method, there are employed other methods such as: the comparative method, the positive method, exegesis, the interpretation of the text and analogy, etc. The second phase of the research (kairological) includes the historical and theological method, sociological and theological method, and the methods commonly used in the empirical science, such as: observation, interview, soundings, a study based on a questionnaire, and a study based on documents. The study of documents uses such methods as: the historical method, criticism and interpretation of the source material, comparisons, the analysis of the text etc. The third phase (praxeological) of the research of the pastoral theology paradigm, uses synthesis, interpretation and classification, etc.
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