How to search?
advanced search

Search results

Filters

  • Journals
  • Authors
  • Keywords
  • Date
  • Type

Search results

Number of results: 2
items per page: 25 50 75
Sort by:

Graphene on quartz modified with rhenium oxide as a semitransparent electrode for organic electronics

Paweł Krukowski Michał Piskorski Ruslana Udovytska Dorota A. Kowalczyk Iaroslav Lutsyk Maciej Rogala Paweł Dąbrowski Witold Kozłowski Beata Łuszczyńska Jarosław Jung Jacek Ulański Krzysztof Matuszek Aleksandra Nadolska Przemysław Przybysz Wojciech Ryś Klaudia Toczek Rafał Dunal Patryk Krempiński Justyna Czerwińska Maxime Le Ster Marcin Skulimowski Paweł J. Kowalczyk
Opto-Electronics Review | 2022 | 30 | 4 | e141953 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2022.141953
Keywords graphene anode rhenium oxide organic light-emitting diode
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The presented research shows that commercially available graphene on quartz modified with rhenium oxide meets the requirements for its use as a conductive and transparent anode in optoelectronic devices. The cluster growth of rhenium oxide enables an increase in the work function of graphene by 1.3 eV up to 5.2 eV, which guarantees an appropriate adjustment to the energy levels of organic semiconductors used in organic light-emitting diode devices.
Go to article

Bibliography

  1. Zou, S. J. et al. Recent advances in organic light-emitting diodes: Toward smart lighting and displays. Chem. Front. 4, 788–820 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9qm00716d
  2. Hou, S. et al. Recent advances in silver nanowires electrodes for flexible organic/perovskite light-emitting diodes. Chem. 10, 864186 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2022.864186
  3. Naghdi, S., Sanchez-Arriaga, G. & Rhee, K. Y. . Tuning the work function of graphene toward application as anode and cathode. Alloys Compd. 805, 1117–1134 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.07.187
  4. Adetayo, A. E., Ahmed, T. N., Zakhidov, A. & Beall, G. W. Improvements of organic light-emitting diodes using graphene as an emerging and efficient transparent conducting electrode material. Opt. Mat. 9, 2002102 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202002102
  5. Krukowski, P. et al. Work function tunability of graphene with thermally evaporated rhenium heptoxide for transparent electrode applications. Eng. Mat. 22, 1900955 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201900955
  6. Meyer, J. et al. Metal oxide induced charge transfer doping and band alignment of graphene electrodes for efficient organic light emitting diodes. Rep. 4, 5380 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05380
  7. Meyer, J. et al. Transition metal oxides for organic electronics: Energetics, device physics and applications. Mat. 24, 5408–5427 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201201630
  8. Kowalczyk, D. A. et al. Local electronic structure of stable mono-layers of α-MoO3−x grown on graphite substrate. 2D Mat. 8, 025005 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/abcf10
  9. Kowalczyk, P. J. et al. Flexible photovoltaic cells based on two-dimensional materials and their hybrids. Przeglad Elektrotechniczny 98, 117–120 (2022). (in Polish) https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2022.02.26
  10. Kowalczyk, D. A. et al. Two-dimensional crystals as a buffer layer for high work function applications: the case of monolayer MoO3. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 14, 44506–44515 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c09946
  11. Lei, Y. et al. Graphene and beyond: recent advances in two-dimensional materials synthesis, properties, and devices. ACS Nanosci. Au (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.2c00017
  12. Pabianek, K. et al. Interactions of Ti and its oxides with selected surfaces: Si(100), HOPG(0001) and graphene/4H-SiC(0001). Coat. Technol. 397, 126033 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126033
  13. Momeni Pakdehi, D. et al. Minimum resistance anisotropy of epitaxial graphene on SiC. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 10, 6039–6045 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b18641
  14. Miao, Y. et al. Small-size graphene oxide (GO) as a hole injection layer for high-performance green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes. Mater. Chem. C 9, 12408–12419 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1tc02898g
  15. Chen, Y., Gong, X. L. & Gai, J. G. Progress and challenges in transfer of large-area graphene films. Sci. 3, 1500343 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201500343
  16. Fisichella, G. et al. Micro- and nanoscale electrical characterization of large-area graphene transferred to functional substrates. Beilstein Nanotechnol. 4, 234–242 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.4.24
  17. Huet, B. & Raskin, J. P. Role of the Cu substrate in the growth of ultra-flat crack-free highly-crystalline single-layer graphene. Nanoscale 10, 21898–21909 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr06817h
  18. Zheng, F. et al. Critical stable length in wrinkles of two-dimensional materials. ACS Nano 14, 2137–2144 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b08928
  19. Venables, J. A. Atomic processes in crystal growth. Sci. 299–300, 798–817 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(94)90698-X
  20. Greiner, M. T. et al. The oxidation of rhenium and identification of rhenium oxides during catalytic partial oxidation of ethylene: An in-situ XPS study. Phys. Chem. 228, 521–541 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2014-0002
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Krukowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Piskorski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ruslana Udovytska
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dorota A. Kowalczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Iaroslav Lutsyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Rogala
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Dąbrowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Witold Kozłowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Beata Łuszczyńska
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jarosław Jung
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jacek Ulański
2
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Matuszek
2
ORCID: ORCID
Aleksandra Nadolska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Przemysław Przybysz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Ryś
1
ORCID: ORCID
Klaudia Toczek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Dunal
1
ORCID: ORCID
Patryk Krempiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Justyna Czerwińska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maxime Le Ster
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Skulimowski
3
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł J. Kowalczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Solid State Physics (member of National Photovoltaic Laboratory, Poland), Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, 149/153 Pomorska St., 90–236 Łódź, Poland
  2. Department of Molecular Physics (member of National Photovoltaic Laboratory, Poland), Lodz University of Technology, 116 Żeromskiego St., 90– 924 Łódź, Poland
  3. Department of Intelligent Systems, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of Lodz, 149/152 Pomorska St., 90–236 Łódź, Poland

Design of external microtextures for efficient light outcoupling in OLEDs with different preferential orientation of emission dipoles

Milan Kovačič
Opto-Electronics Review | 2022 | 30 | 2 | e141542 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2022.141542
Keywords organic light-emitting diode light outcoupling dipole orientation ray tracing optical modelling
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

External light outcoupling structures provide a cost-effective and highly efficient solution for light extraction in organic light-emitting diodes. Among them, different microtextures, mainly optimized for devices with isotopically oriented emission dipoles, have been proposed as an efficient light extraction solution. In the paper, the outcoupling for a preferential orientation of emission dipoles is studied for the case of a red bottom-emitting organic light-emitting diode. Optical simulations are used to analyse the preferential orientation of dipoles in combination with three different textures, namely hexagonal array of sine-textures, three-sided pyramids, and random pyramids. It is shown that while there are minimal differences between the optimized textures, the highest external quantum efficiency of 51% is predicted by using the three-sided pyramid texture. Further improvements, by employing highly oriented dipole sources, are examined. In this case, the results show that the top outcoupling efficiencies can be achieved with the same texture shape and size, regardless of the preferred orientation of the emission dipoles. Using an optimized three-sided pyramid in combination with ideally parallel oriented dipoles, an efficiency of 62% is achievable. A detailed analysis of the optical situation inside the glass substrate, dominating external light outcoupling, is presented. Depicted results and their analysis offer a simplified further research and development of external light extraction for organic light-emitting devices with highly oriented dipole emission sources.
Go to article

Bibliography

  1. Song, J., Lee, H., Jeong, E.͏͏ G., Choi, K.͏ C. & Yoo, S. Organic light-emitting diodes: pushing toward the limits and beyond. Adv. Mater. 32, 1907539 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201907539
  2. Yin, Y., Ali, M. U., Xie, W., Yang, H. & Meng, H. Evolution of white organic light-emitting devices: from academic research to lighting and display applications. Mater. Chem. Front. 3, 970–1031 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9QM00042A
  3. Pode, R. Organic light emitting diode devices: An energy efficient solid state lighting for applications. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 133, 110043 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110043
  4. Chang, Y. & Lu, Z. White organic light-emitting diodes for solid-state lighting. J. Disp. Technol. 9, 459–468 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/JDT.2013.2248698
  5. Reineke, S., Thomschke, M., Lüssem, B. & Leo, K. White organic light-emitting diodes: Status and perspective. Rev. Mod. Phys. 85, 1245–1293 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.85.1245
  6. Hong, G. et al. A brief history of OLEDS—emitter development and industry milestones. Adv. Mater. 33, 2005630 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202005630
  7. Adachi, C., Xie, G., Reineke, S. & Zysman-Colman, E. Editorial: recent advances in thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials. Front. Chem. 8, 625910 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.625910
  8. Forrest, S. R., Bradley, D. D. C. & Thompson, M. E. Measuring the efficiency of organic light-emitting devices. Adv. Mater. 15, 1043–1048 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200302151
  9. Furno, M., Meerheim, R., Hofmann, S., Lüssem, B. & Leo, K. Efficiency and rate of spontaneous emission in organic electroluminescent devices. Phys. Rev. B 85, 115205 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.85.115205
  10. Meerheim, R., Furno, M., Hofmann, S., Lüssem, B. & Leo, K. Quantification of energy loss mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 253305 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3527936
  11. Salehi, A., Fu, X., Shin, D.-H. & So, F. Recent advances in OLED optical design. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1808803 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201808803
  12. Gather, M.C. & Reineke, S. Recent advances in light outcoupling from white organic light-emitting diodes. J. Photonics Energy 5, 057607 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JPE.5.057607
  13. Möller, S. & Forrest, S. R. Improved light out-coupling in organic light emitting diodes employing ordered microlens arrays. J. Appl. Phys. 91, 3324–3327 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1435422
  14. Greiner, H. Light extraction from Organic Light Emitting Diode substrates: simulation and experiment. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46, 4125 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.46.4125
  15. Bae, H., Kim, J.͏͏ S. & Hong, C. Simulation for light extraction efficiency of OLEDs with spheroidal microlenses in hexagonal array. Opt. Commun. 415, 168–176 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2018.01.044
  16. Zhou, J.-G., Hua, X.-C., Huang, C.-C., Sun, Q. & Fung, M.-K. Ideal microlens array based on polystyrene microspheres for light extraction in organic light-emitting diodes. Org. Electron. 69, 348–353 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2019.03.051
  17. Zhai, G., Zhu, W., Huang, L., Yi, C. & Ding, K. Enhanced light extraction from green organic light-emitting diodes by attaching a high-haze random-bowls textured optical film. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 53, 435101 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ab9fc3
  18. Yen, J.-H., Wang, Y.-J., Hsieh, C.-A., Chen, Y.-C. & Chen, L.-Y. Enhanced light extraction from organic light-emitting devices through non-covalent or covalent polyimide–silica light scattering hybrid films. J. Mater. Chem. C 8, 4102–4111 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TC06449D
  19. Gasonoo, A. et al. Outcoupling efficiency enhancement of a bottom-emitting OLED with a visible perylene film. Opt. Express 28, 26724–26732 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.397789
  20. Song, J. et al. Lensfree OLEDs with over 50% external quantum efficiency via external scattering and horizontally oriented emitters. Nat. Commun. 9, 3207 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05671-x
  21. Tu, T. T. K. et al. Enhancement of light extraction from Organic Light-Emitting Diodes by SiO2 nanoparticle-embedded phase separated PAA/PI polymer blends. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 686, 55–62 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2019.1648036
  22. Kovačič, M. et al. Coupled optical modeling for optimization of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with external outcoupling structures. ACS Photonics 5, 422–430 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00874
  23. Kovačič, M. et al. Combined optical model for micro-structured organic light emitting diodes. Inf. MIDEM 46, 167–275 (2017).
  24. Kovačič, M., Jošt, M., Bokalič, M. & Lipovšek, B. Sklopljeno optično modeliranje sodobnih optoelektronskih gradnikov. Elektrotehniski Vestn. 87, 223–234 (2020). http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:doc-2H1046ZZ/1ab9d4a8-6aab-40c3-abb5-9d826ff65672/PDF (in Slovene)
  25. Kovačič, M. et al. Analysis and optimization of light outcoupling in OLEDs with external hierarchical textures. Opt. Express 29, 23701–23716 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.428021
  26. Lipovšek, B., Krč, J. & Topič, M. Microtextured light-management foils and their optimization for planar organic and perovskite solar cells. IEEE J. Photovolt. 8, 783–792 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2018.2810844
  27. Jošt, M. et al. Efficient light management by textured nanoimprinted layers for perovskite solar cells. ACS Photonics 4, 1232–1239 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00138
  28. Schmidt, T. D. et al. Emitter orientation as a key parameter in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Phys. Rev. Appl. 8, 037001 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.8.037001
  29. Hofmann, A., Schmid, M. & Brütting, W. The many facets of molecular orientation in organic optoelectronics. Adv. Opt. Mater. 9, 2101004 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202101004
  30. Kim, K.-H. & Kim, J.-J. Origin and control of orientation of phosphorescent and TADF dyes for high‐efficiency OLEDs. Adv. Mater. 30, 1705600 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201705600
  31. Yokoyama, D. Molecular orientation in small-molecule organic light-emitting diodes. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 19187–19202 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/C1JM13417E
  32. Schwab, T. et al. Highly efficient color stable inverted white top-emitting OLEDs with ultra-thin wetting layer top electrodes. Adv. Opt. Mater. 1, 707–713 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201300241
  33. Schwab, T., Schubert, S., Müller-Meskamp, L., Leo, K. & Gather, M. C. Eliminating micro-cavity effects in white top-emitting OLEDs by ultra-thin metallic top electrodes. Adv. Opt. Mater. 1, 921–925 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201300392
  34. Zhang, W. et al. Rough glass by 3d texture transfer for silicon thin film solar cells. Phys. Status Solidi C 7, 1120–1123 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/pssc.200982773
  35. Escarré, J., Söderström, K., Battaglia, C., Haug, F.-J. & Ballif, C. High fidelity transfer of nanometric random textures by UV embossing for thin film solar cells applications. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95, 881–886 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2010.11.010
  36. Meier, M. et al. UV nanoimprint for the replication of etched ZnO:Al textures applied in thin-film silicon solar cells. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 22, 1226–1236 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2382
  37. Xiao, L., Su, S.-J., Agata, Y., Lan, H. & Kido, J. Nearly 100% internal quantum efficiency in an organic blue-light electro-phosphorescent device using a weak electron transporting material with a wide energy gap. Adv. Mater. 21, 1271–1274 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200802034
  38. Dias, F. B. et al. Triplet harvesting with 100% efficiency by way of thermally activated delayed fluorescence in charge transfer OLED emitters. Adv. Mater. 25, 3707–3714 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201300753
  39. Zhang, Q. et al. Nearly 100% internal quantum efficiency in undoped electroluminescent devices employing pure organic emitters. Adv. Mater. 27, 2096–2100 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201405474
  40. Neyts, K. A. Simulation of light emission from thin-film microcavities. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 962–971 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.15.000962
  41. Kovačič, M. Effect of dipole position and orientation on light extraction for red OLEDs on periodically corrugated substrate – FEM simulations study. Inf. MIDEM 51, 73–84 (2021). https://doi.org/10.33180/InfMIDEM2021.105
  42. Lüder, H. & Gerken, M. FDTD modelling of nanostructured OLEDs: analysis of simulation parameters for accurate radiation patterns. Opt. Quantum Electron. 51, 139 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-019-1838-4
  43. Lipovšek, B., Krč, J. & Topič, M. Optical model for thin-film photovoltaic devices with large surface textures at the front side. Inf. MIDEM 41, 264–271 (2011). http://www.midem-drustvo.si/Journal%20papers/MIDEM_41%282011%294p264.pdf
  44. MATLAB – MathWorks (2022). https://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Milan Kovačič
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

This page uses 'cookies'. Learn more