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Abstract

The cometabolic biodegradation of 4-Chlorophenol (4-CP) by the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2 strain in the presence of phenol (P) was studied. In order to determine the kinetics of biodegradation of both substrates, present alone and in cometabolic systems, a series of tests was carried out in a batch reactor changing, in a wide range, the initial concentration of both substrates. The growth of the tested strain on phenol alone was described by Haldane kinetic model (mm = 0:9 1/h, Ksg = 48:97 gg/m3, KIg = 256:12 gg/m3, Yxg = 0:5715). The rate of 4-CP transformation by resting cells of KB2 strain was also described by Haldane equation and the estimated parameters of the model were: kc = 0:229 gc=gxh, Ksc = 0:696 gc=m3, KIc = 43:82 gc=m3. Cometabolic degradation of 4-CP in the presence of phenol was investigated for a wide range of initial 4-CP and phenol concentrations (22–66 gc/m3 and 67–280 gg/m3 respectively). The experimental database was exploited to verify the two kinetic models: CIModel taking only the competitive inhibition into consideration and a more universal CNIModel considering both competitive and non-competitive inhibition. CNIModel approximated experimental data better than CIModel.

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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Gąszczak
Grażyna Bartelmus
Izabela Greń
Adam Rotkegel
Daniel Janecki
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Abstract

Resistance genes in response to root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) infection suppress one or more of several critical steps in nematode parasitism and their reproduction rate. The reaction of seven commercial tomato genotypes to M. javanica infection was investigated under greenhouse conditions. Current results classified these genotypes as: three resistant (Jampakt, Malika and Nema Guard), one moderately resistant (Fayrouz), and three susceptible (Castle Rock, Super Marmande and Super Strain B). Except Nema Guard, nematode infection significantly reduced plant height, fresh and dry weights of shoots of the other tomato genotypes. Leaf area was significantly reduced for all examined tomato genotypes except Malika and Nema Guard. Total chlorophyll was reduced in all tested tomato genotypes except Jampakt. Infection parameters of M. javanica and their population were significantly reduced on all nematode-resistant tomato genotypes compared to the susceptible genotypes. Also, the maturation rate of M. javanica was suppressed in the resistant genotypes compared to the susceptible genotypes. These results were confirmed by histological study that illustrated a delay in nematode development and their maturation. Total phenolic content significantly increased in nematode infected roots of both resistant and susceptible genotypes except Malika. Among non-infected roots, Malika showed the highest level of total phenols while after M. javanica infection, Nema Guard revealed the highest level of total phenols. Among infected roots, the highest level of total phenols was recorded in Castle Rock. These results suggested that using nematode-resistant tomato genotypes could provide an efficient and nonpolluting method to control root-knot nematodes.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mohamed Youssef Banora
Omar Abd Alhakim Almaghrabi
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Abstract

Sorghum produces allelopathic compounds, including total phenolic compounds and sorgoleone, which exhibit a phytotoxic effect on weeds. The field study, carried out in 2016-2017, was designed as an one-factor experiment, in the randomized block design, in four replications, with Sucrosorgo 506, Rona 1, KWS Freya, KWS Juno, and KWS Sammos, to assess the impact of allelochemicals on weeds. Weed infestation was determined at the beginning of July. Individual weed species were collected from two random places in each plot and weighed. The aim of the laboratory study was to evaluate the total content of phenolic compounds, and sorgoleone in the early stages of plant development (5, 10, and 15 days after emergence) in varieties Rona 1, KWS Freya, KWS Juno, KWS Sammos, Farmsorgo 180, GK Aron, PR 845F, Sucrosorgo 506 and PR849F. The total content of phenolic compounds was determined using the colorimetric method, and the sorgoleone HPLC technique on a Flexar chromatographic set. The highest value of sorgoleone was observed in 15-day-old seedlings of KWS Juno, the lowest in 5-day-old seedlings of Sucrosorgo 506, the highest levels of total phenolic compounds in 5-day-old seedlings of PR 845F, the lowest in 15-day-old seedlings of Farmsorgo 180. The results do not fully confirm the beneficial effect of allelopathic compounds on reducing weed infestation, however, it is important to emphasize the diversity of cultivars used. The statistically insignificant results indicated that most varieties of sorghum plants do not exhibit a significant decrease in yield.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hubert Waligóra
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sylwiana Nowicka
1
Robert Idziak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Ochodzki
2
Piotr Szulc
1
Leszek Majchrzak
1

  1. Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Department of Agronomy, Poznań University of Life Sciences,Poznań, Poland
  2. Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization – National Research Insitute in Radzikowo,Radzikowo, Poland
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Abstract

Plant secondary metabolites have a variety of functions, including mediating relationships between organisms, responding to environmental challenges, and protecting plants against infections, pests, and herbivores. In a similar way, through controlling plant metabolism, plant microbiomes take part in many of the aforementioned processes indirectly or directly. Researchers have discovered that plants may affect their microbiome by secreting a variety of metabolites, and that the microbiome could likewise affect the metabolome of the host plant. Pesticides are agrochemicals that are employed to safeguard humans and plants from numerous illnesses in urban green zones, public health initiatives, and agricultural fields. The careless use of chemical pesticides is destroying our ecology. As a result, it is necessary to investigate environmentally benign alternatives to pathogen management, such as plant-based metabolites. According to literature, plant metabolites have been shown to have the ability to battle plant pathogens. Phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids are a few of the secondary metabolites of plants that have been covered in this study.
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Authors and Affiliations

Herlina Jusuf
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marischa Elveny
2
ORCID: ORCID
Feruza Azizova
3
ORCID: ORCID
Rustem A. Shichiyakh
4
ORCID: ORCID
Dmitriy Kulikov
5
ORCID: ORCID
Muataz M. Al-Taee
6
ORCID: ORCID
Karrar K. Atiyah
7
ORCID: ORCID
Abduladheem T. Jalil
8
ORCID: ORCID
Surendar Aravindhan
9
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Faculty of Sports and Health, Department of Public Health, Jln. Jenderal Sudirman 6, Gorontalo, 96128, Indonesia
  2. Universitas Sumatera Utara, DS & CI Research Group, Medan, Indonesia
  3. Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
  4. Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, Department of Management, Kuban, Russia
  5. Moscow State University of Technologies and Management named after K.G. Razumovsky (First Cossack University), Department of Digital Nutrition, Hotel and Restaurant Services, Moscow, Russia
  6. AL-Nisour University College, Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
  7. College of Dentistry, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
  8. Al-Mustaqbal University College, Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq
  9. Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
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Abstract

APNB (alkaline phenolic no bake), widely known as Alphaset is one of the major sand binder systems used in foundries to make molds and cores without application of heat or gas. This is a two part system comprising of a phenol-formaldehyde resin in alkaline medium as binder and range of esters of dibasic acids and/or polyhydric alcohols as hardeners.

Resin performance varies depending upon formulations. Major variables in formulations are mole ratio of phenol: formaldehyde, total alkali content, ratio of two alkalis (NaOH & KOH) and molecular weight of polymers i.e. chain length.

In present work, one mole ratio of phenol & formaldehyde has been chosen to prepare 8 resins with following details.

Table 1.

Physical and chemical properties of eight (fresh) resins, A to H

Properties A B C D E F G H
Viscosity at 30°C (mPs-a) 56 47 66 51 39 44 49 52
Na (%) 5.94 3.21 5.94 3.21 nil 2.73 nil 2.73
K (%) nil 3.31 nil 3.31 7.18 3.87 7.18 3.87
Molecular weight Low Low High High Low Low High High
Gel Time at 121°C, mt-sec 27-0 29-30 24-0 30-0 30-0 27-30 26-30 26-0
Moisture (%) 52.43 52.42 53.01 53.75 55.58 54.12 51.61 54.03
Non-volatile Content (%) 48.74 47.25 49.10 49.35 47.63 47.32 48.06 48.29
Specific Gravity 1.182 1.177 1.183 1.180 1.172 1.184 1.178 1.188
Free Phenol (%) 0.47 0.42 0.44 0.43 0.37 0.27 0.41 0.20

Properties of these 8 formulations have been studied for strength and viscosity over a period of 12 weeks in 4 week interval.

Attempt has been made to develop a simple test for simulating hot & retained strength of molds in laboratory. Process followed for chasing hot and retained strength is described under clause 2.

With more and more understanding of the chemistry of alphaset system in last three & half decades it has been possible to identify role of variables contributing towards specific properties vis a vis developing tailor made formulations to fulfill requirements of individual foundries right from mold making to de coring.

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Authors and Affiliations

D.K. Ghosh
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Abstract

In foundry, metal casting can be done with various methods. One of the most important methods preferred around the world is sand casting. Ester curable alkaline phenolic resins have produced to make sand molds by No-bake systems. They must have specific properties to make sand casting efficient and reliable. Production of these resins depends on some fossil raw-materials like phenol. To investigate more sustainable and green resin synthesis method, lots experiment have been done by substitution of phenol with renewable alternative phenolic materials like resorcinol, lignosulphonates and tannic acid and its derivatives. Different properties of resins were produced with competitive performance with the market product, ÇKE Alfanol A 72 No-Bake Resin. Without loss of performance, calcium lignosulfonate was used in polymer synthesis at the rate of 15% instead of phenol. On the other hand, the reaction in which lignin and resorcinol were combined instead of phenol by reducing it by 25% gave better results in terms of mechanical and thermal properties. Thermal properties were investigated for resorcinol and lignin modified resins by using TGA-DSC and mechanical performance of cured sand core sample were tested by Simpson Sand Strength Testing Machine as compression strength as N/cm2.. After laboratory testing casting performance of new resins are compared with two different companies’ resins in steal casting demo. Experimental results were matched with casting trail and no defect was detected.
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Bibliography

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[3] Dressler, H. (1994). Resorcinol/formaldehyde resins-adhesives for wood, and other nonrubber applications. In: Resorcinol. (pp.85-124). Topics in Applied Chemistry. Springer, Boston, MA.
[4] Danielson, B. & Simonson, R. (1998). Kraft lignin in phenol formaldehyde resin. Part 1-2. Evaluation of an industrial trial. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology. 12(9), 941-946. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856198X00551.
[5] Ramires, E.C. & Frollini, E. (2012). Tannin-phenolic resins: Synthesis, characterization, and application as matrix in biobased composites reinforced with sisal fibers. Composites: Part B. 43, 2851-2860. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.04.049.
[6] Sellers Jr., T. & Miller Jr., G.D. (2004). Laboratory manufacture of high moisture southern pine strandboard bonded with three tannin adhesive types. Forest Products Journal. 54(12), 296-301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-014-0797-5.
[7] Pizzi, A., Horak, R.M., Ferreiraand, D., Roux, R.D. (1979). Condensates of phenol, resorcinol, phloroglucinol and pyrogallol, as flavonoids A-and B-rings model compounds with formaldehyde, Part 2. Cell. Chem. Technol. 13, 753-762. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070240618
[8] Fross, K.G. & Fuhrmann, A. (1979). Finnish plywood, partially cleboard, and fiberboard made with a lignin-base adhesive. Forest Products Journal. 29(7), 39-43.
[9] Falkehag, S.I. (1975). Lignin in materials, Applied Pol. Symp. 28, 247-257.
[10] Kuo, M., Hse, C.Y. & Huang, D.H. (1991). Alkali treated kraft lignin as a component in flakeboard resins. Holzforschung. 45(1), 47-54. DOI: 10.1515/hfsg.1991.45.1.47.
[11] Rubio, A., Virginia, M. (2004). Formulation and curing of "resol" type phenol-formaldehyde resins with partial substitution of phenol by modified lignosulfonates.(in Spanish) Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Servicio de Publicaciones.
[12] Ungureanu, E., Ungureanu, O., Capraru, A.M. & Popa, V.I. (2009). Chemical modification and characterization of straw lignin. Cellulose Chemistry & Technology. 43(7-8), 263-269.
[13] Kerns, W.D., Pavkov, K.L., Donofrio, D.J., Gralla, E.J. & Swenberg, J.A. (1983). Carcinogenicity of formaldehyde in rats and mice after long-term inhalation exposure. Cancer Research. 43, 4382-4392.
[14] Mäkinen, M., Kalliokoski, P. & Kangas, J. (1999). Assessment of total exposure to phenol-formaldehyde resin glue in plywood manufacturing. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 72, 309-314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004200050380.
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[23] Stephanou, A. & Pizzi, A. (1993). Rapid-curing lignin-based exterior wood adhesives; Part II: Esters acceleration mechanism and application to panel products. Holzforschung-International Journal of the Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Technology of Wood. 47(6), 501-506. DOI: 10.1515/hfsg.1993.47.6.501.
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Authors and Affiliations

A.E. Güvendik
1
K. Ay
2

  1. Çukurova Kimya Endüstrisi A.Ş., Turkey
  2. Manisa Celal Bayar University, Turkey
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Abstract

The large diversity of chemical substances present in air, water, or soil makes it necessary tostudy their mutual impact on the effectiveness of microbiological decomposition ofcontaminants. This publication presents the results of the studies aimed at evaluating the effect of two biogenic heavy metals - zinc and copper - on the phenol biodegradation by the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2 strain. The tests were carried out for concentrations ofmetals significantly exceeding the legally permitted wastewater values: for zinc up to13.3 g·m -3, and copper up to 3.33 g·m -3. In the tested metal concentration range, phenol biodegradation by the S. maltophilia KB2 strain was not significantly influenced by theintroduced dose of zinc. While the presence of copper inhibited both biomass growth andsubstrate degradation. Kinetic data of metal and phenol mixtures were analyzed and very goodcorrelations were obtained for the proposed equations. An equation consistents with the Hanand Levenspiel model was proposed for the system S. maltophilia KB2-phenol-copper, whilean equation consistents with the Kai model for the system St. maltophilia KB2-phenol-zinc. The simultaneous presence of Zn and Cu ions in the culture resulted in a stronger inhibition ofphenol biodegradation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Gąszczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Elżbieta Szczyrba
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Szczotka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Baltycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

Polygonum orientale with beautiful red flowers can be found as one dominant species in the vicinity of most water bodies and wetlands in China. However, its phytoremediation potential has not been sufficiently explored because little is known about its resistance to inorganic or organic pollutants. We investigated P. orientale response to low and moderate levels of phenol stress (≤ 80 mg L-1). Endpoints included phenol tolerance of P. orientale and the removal of the pollutant, antioxidant enzyme activities, damage to the cell membrane, osmotic regulators and photosynthetic pigments. In plant leaves, phenol stress significantly increased the activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), as well as the contents of proline, soluble sugars and carotenoids, whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD), H2O2 and electrolyte leakage (EL) levels remained unaltered. On the other hand, there were significant decreases of soluble protein and chlorophyll contents. We demonstrated that, in combination with phenol tolerance and its removal, P. orientale has efficient protection mechanisms against phenol-induced oxidative damage (≤ 80 mg L-1). We propose that P. orientale could be used as an alternative and interesting material in the phytoremediation of phenol.

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Authors and Affiliations

Kai Wang
Jin Cai
Shulian Xie
Jia Feng
Ting Wang
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Abstract

In the present study, treatment of synthetic wastewater containing phenol, resorcinol and catechol was studied in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Parameters such as hydraulic retention time (HRT) and filling time have been optimized to increase the phenol, resorcinol, catechol and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies. More than 99% phenol, 95% resorcinol and 96% catechol and 89% COD removal efficiency was obtained at optimum conditions of HRT = 1.25 d and fill time = 1.5 h. The heating value of the sludge was found to be 12 MJ/kg. The sludge can be combusted to recover its energy value.

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Authors and Affiliations

Chandrakant Thakur
Indra Deo Mall
Vimal Chandra Srivastava
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Abstract

This study investigated the Octyl Phenol Ethoxylate (OPE) removal potentials of raw and treated industrial treatment sludges (ITS) at different pH. Experiments were conducted in a set of 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks, into which OPE solutions of 300 ml with different initial concentrations (50–300 μg/l) were added into. Adsorption of Octyl Phenol Ethoxylate from an aqueous solution into ITS105 (T=105°C), ITS300 (T=300°C), ITS600 (T=600°C) and ITS450 (pyrolyzed, T=450°C) was carried out at a room temperature. The OPE adsorption rate increase in the treatment sludge processed at 600°C. As opposed to the sludge treated at 105°C, the adsorption rate decreased as the concentration increased. The reason for this was that the porous structure was degraded at 600°C, and the surface charge balance was disrupted. ITS300 had a lower adsorption capacity for Octyl Phenol Ethoxylate removal than ITS105, ITS600 and ITS450 (pyrolyzed). The treatment sludge pyrolyzed at 450°C conformed with the Freundlich isotherm at pH 4 (R2=0.94) and pH 7 (R2=0.89). The treatment sludge heat-treated at 600°C conformed with the Freundlich isotherm at pH 4 (R2=0.97), pH 7 (R2=0.98) and pH 10 (R2=0.99). Additionally, for ITS600, the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) isotherm was valid at neutral pH. The OPE adsorption coefficient for ITS600 at pH 4 and pH 7 was calculated as 1.05 L/μg and 1.083 L/μg, respectively. According to the BET isotherm (for ITS600) the qm values at pH 4 and pH 7 were respectively 8.21 μg/g and 2.92 μg/g. The temperature of the adsorption value obtained with the Temkin isotherm showed that the interaction between the OPE and the adsorbent substances was not a chemical or ionic interaction but probably a physical interaction.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ali Rıza Dinçer
1
İbrahim Feda Aral
1

  1. Namık Kemal University, Çorlu, Tekirdağ-Turkey
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Abstract

An organobentonite modified with an amphoteric surfactant, tallow dihydroxyethyl betaine (TDHEB), was used as an adsorbent to simultaneously remove Cu(II) and phenol from wastewater. The characteristic of the organobentonite (named TDHEB-bentonite) was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectra and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm. Batch tests were conducted to evaluate the adsorption capacities of TDHEB-bentonite for the two contaminants. Experiment results demonstrated that the adsorption of both contaminants is highly pH-dependent under acidic conditions. TDHEB-bentonite had about 2.0 and 5.0 times higher adsorption capacity toward Cu(II) and phenol, respectively, relative to the corresponding raw Na-bentonite. Adsorption isotherm data showed that the adsorption processes of both contaminants were well described by Freundlich model. Kinetic experiment demonstrated that both contaminants adsorption processes correlated well with pseudo-second-order model. Cu(II) had a negative impact on phenol adsorption, but not vice versa. Cu(II) was removed mainly through chelating with the organic groups (-CH2CH2OH and -COO-) of TDHEB. Otherwise, partition into the organic phase derived from the adsorbed surfactant was the primarily mechanism for phenol removal. Overall, TDHEB-bentonite was a promising adsorbent for removing Cu(II) and phenol simultaneously from wastewater.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xiangyang Hu
1
Bao Wang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Gengsheng Yan
1
Bizhou Ge
2

  1. PowerChina Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited, China
  2. Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, China
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Abstract

Phenol degradation efficiency or Pscndontonas putida PCM2 l 53 free cel ls was experimentally studied. Bacterial cells were acclimatized to phenol what relied on gradually increasing the phenol concentration in the medium. The highest phenol degradation rate was calculated as approximately 15.2 mgdmŁh'. Investigated strain degraded the phenol at the concentration or 400 111g-d111·-' in 24 h. The result or toxicity analysis showed that acclimatized cells orP putida PCM2 l 53 arc able to survive even al as high concentration or phenol as 3000 rng.dm'. The obtained result suggests that the analyzed strain can be used lor cflcciivc treating of high strength phenolic wastewater. Due to resistance of the strain to high phenol concentration it may be applied in biorcmcdiation of exceedingly contaminated sites, especially where dilution or pollutants cannot be implemented.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Przybyłek
Sławomir Ciesielski
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Abstract

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to detect and analyze phenolic compounds in the surface waters of four urban lakes in Xi’an – Hancheng Lake, Xingqing Lake, Nanhu Lake, and Taohuatan Lake. A total of 5 phenolic compounds were detected from the water samples, with a concentration range of ND-100.32 ng/L, of which bisphenol A (BPA) and nonyl phenol (NP) were the main types of phenolic compounds pollution in the four lakes. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the concentration of phenolic compounds in the lake waters of Xi’an City and the water quality indicators COD, TP, NH3-N, DO, and pH during the same period. It was found that there was a significant positive relationship between the concentration of BPA and COD, the concentration of estradiol (17-beta-E2), estrone (E1) and TP and TN, the concentration of octylphenol (4-t-OP) and pH. The ecological risk assessment (ERA) shows that the concentration of BPA, 4-t-OP and NP in the lakes is at a medium risk level( is between 0.1–1), and that of E1 is at a high risk level (is greater than 1). Female cells (breast cancer cells) and male germ cells (testis cells) of mice were used as research objects to explore BPA and NP Toxic effect on mouse germ cells. BPA and NP at a concentration of 10-8 mol/L were found to have the most value-inducing effect on MCF-7 breast cancer cells positive for estrogen receptor. Obviously, both BPA and NP can induce the proliferation of testicular Sertoli cells
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Authors and Affiliations

Min Wang
1
Yutong Zhang
1
Jingxin Sun
1
Chen Huang
1
Hongqin Zhai
1

  1. Xi’an University of Technology, China
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Abstract

The entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are characterized as fungi with various functions and numerous mechanisms of action. The ability to establish themselves as beneficial endophytes provides a sound ground for their exploitation in crop production and protection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the entomopathogenic strains of Beauveria bassiana and Mertarhizium anisopliae for their potential to colonize cucumber plants under natural environmental conditions in non-sterile substrate. Seed submersion in conidial suspension resulted in systemic colonization of cucumber plants 28 days post-inoculation. Scanning electron microscope micrographs demonstrated that conidia of both fungal genera have adhered, germinated and directly penetrated seed epidermal cells 24 hr post-submersion. Treated with EPF cucumber seeds resulted seedlings tissues of which contained a significantly higher amount of total phenolic compounds and unchanged amounts of chlorophylls. There was a significant negative effect of endophytic colonization on the Aphis gossypii population size after 5 days of exposure as well as a positive effect on cucumber growth and development 7 weeks post-inoculation. We suggest that reduction of A. gossypii population on mature Cucumis sativus plants is caused via an endophyte-triggered improvement of plant’s physiological parameters such as enhanced plant growth with subsequent increase in plant resistance through augmented production of phenolic compounds.
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Authors and Affiliations

Roshan S. Shaalan
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Elvis Gerges
3
Wassim Habib
3
Ludmilla Ibrahim
2

  1. Department of Plant Protection, University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria
  2. Department of Plant Protection, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
  3. Department of Plant Protection, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, Lebanon
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Abstract

All plants contain varying levels of phenolic acids (metabolites) thus playing an important role in resistance mechanisms as constituents of cell walls, as constitutive antimicrobial compounds of plants or induced in response to infection against many diseases, in particular fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium species. To this end, the objective of this research was to study the variation in phenolic acid composition during the kinetics of filling wheat grains, in order to determine the best variety resistant to fusarium head blight. For this purpose, free and bound phenolic analyses were carried out by HPLC-DAD on five durum wheat varieties at the stage 5 to 8 days after the flowering stage (early grains). We showed that at the level of the samples analyzed, several phenolic acids were present at different concentrations, but others were absent [ cis-ferulic acid (free phenolic acid), and sinapic acid (bound phenolic acid)]. The results also showed that the content of bound phenolic acids was much higher than that of free phenolic acids in all varieties. In addition, these phenolic acids existed in free soluble form or were mostly present in insoluble form bound to cell walls. For free acids, the results showed that significant amounts of transferulic acid were detected in comparison to all free phenolic acids (56.72 μg · g –1 DM for G10). For bound acids, ferulic acid is the main bound phenolic acid which has much higher levels (4913.92 μg · g –1 DM for G1), followed by p-coumaric acid (3098.99 μg · g–1 DM for G1). Moreover, the sum of monomers (bound acids) was much higher than that of dehydrodiferulic acids (DiFA).
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Authors and Affiliations

Salah Hadjout
1 2
Mohamed Zouidi
1
Saïfi Merdas
1

  1. Centre de Recherche en Aménagement du Territoire, CRAT, Campus Universitaire Zouaghi Slimane, Constantine, Algérie
  2. Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, ENSA, El-Harrach, Alger, Algérie
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Abstract

The effect of a static magnetic field (MF) of 7 mT with phenol (P) or p-chlorophenol (p-chP) concentrations of 100 mg∙dm –3 on the proliferation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast was investigated. The abundance of the microorganism was determined under static culture conditions on a YPG medium with or without the addition of P or p-chP and exposed or unexposed to the MF over 48 h of the experiment. A static MF of 7 mT was shown to have a stimulating effect on S. cerevisiae cell proliferation after 24 h. It was proved that P and p-chP were used as an additional carbon source by yeasts. The greatest stimulation of the growth of the studied microorganisms was observed under the simultaneous effect of an MF and in presence of either P or p-chP. It was generally about 2 times higher at the time of the study than in the control. Statistical analysis of the results was carried out using, among other things, analysis of variance (ANOVA). A statistically significant difference in the growth of the tested microorganisms was observed. The study results indicate the possibility of applying an MF of 7 mT to enhance the process of phenol and p-chlorophenol removal from industrial wastewater.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Rutkowska-Narożniak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Elżbieta Pajor
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering
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Abstract

The aim of the study was to use regenerated activated carbon to adsorb phenol from a river. Coconut shell activated carbon was derived from used tap water filter cartridges. The activated carbon was carbonised and then activated with KOH at 200°C, under a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting adsorbent was characterised on the basis of nitrogen adsorption by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and point of zero charge (pH PZC). The study of periodic adsorption included kinetic and equilibrium modelling, determined the effect of solution pH on efficiency and the possibility of regeneration and reuse of the adsorbent. The efficiency of phenol removal from model water was evaluated, followed by the possibility of their adsorption from a polluted river in Silesia Province. Phenol adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The adsorbents showed high adsorption abilities, as determined by the Langmuir isotherm model. The model fits the experimental data well. The concentration of phenol in the river was in the range of 0.45–0.77 mg∙dm– 3, which means that its value was at least five times higher than the standard values. The use of regenerated activated carbon from waste filter cartridges removed phenol from the river by 78% using optimal test parameters.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Marszałek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ewa Puszczało
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Konarskiego St, 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

This study is the evaluation of the coagulation efficiency of the aluminum sulfate on the removal of catechol and pyrogallol. The study has focused on the impact of inorganic components of hardness Algerian waters. Jar-test trials were conducted on the two phenolic compounds dissolved in distilled water only, which was later enriched with minerals. Several reaction parameters varied, including the effect of pH and the influence of the salt content, and this approach yielded a better understanding of interaction between phenolic compounds and calcium/magnesium salts. The results indicate that the process efficiency depends on the number and position of OH in molecules. The main mechanisms would be either a physical adsorption, an exchange of ligand, or complexation on the floc surface of aluminum hydroxide. Moreover, the addition of inorganic salts appears to improve removal efficiency of tested phenolic compounds and have an effect on the optimal pH range for coagulation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Lynda Hecini
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hassen Boukerker
2
ORCID: ORCID
Wahida Kherifi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Abdelkarim Mellah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Samia Achour
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Scientific and Technical Research Center for Arid Areas (CRSTRA), M.B. 1682 Biskra 07000, Algeria
  2. University of Biskra, Laboratory in Underground and Surface Hydraulics (LARHYSS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Civil Engineering and Hydraulics, Biskra, Algeria
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Abstract

Taraxacum Officinale, commonly called dandelion, is herbaceous perennial belonging to the family of Asteraceae, having good antibacterial effects which are related to its phenolic substances. In this study, the effect of phenolic contents as well as the antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus of phenolic extract from T. Officinale were evaluated in vitro. With 70% metha- nol-water (v/v) as a solvent, the dandelion was extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction method. Subsequent identification and quantification of phenol in extract was carried out using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The minimum inhibitory concentration and anti- bacterial kinetic curve of dandelion phenolic extract were analyzed by spectrophotometry. Changes in extracellular alkaline phosphatase (AKP) contents, electrical conductivity, intracellular protein contents, and DNA of S. aureus after the action of dandelion phenolic extract were determined to study its effect on the permeability of S. aureus cell wall and cell membrane. The results showed that chlorogenic acid (1.34 mg/g) was present in higher concentration, followed by luteolin (1.08 mg/g), ferulic acid (0.22 mg/g), caffeic acid (0.21 mg/g), and rutin (0.19 mg/g) in the dandelion phenolic extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of dandelion phenolic extract against S. aureus was 12.5 mg/mL. The antibacterial kinetic curve analysis showed that the inhibitory effect of dandelion phenolic extract on S. aureus was mainly in the exponential growth phase. After applying the dandelion phenolic extract, the growth of S. aureus was signifi- cantly inhibited entering into the decay phase early. Furthermore, after the action of dandelion, the extracellular AKP contents of S. aureus, the electrical conductivity and the extracellular protein contents were all increased. The phenolic extract also affected the normal reproduction of S. aureus. These results suggest that dandelion has an inhibitory effect on S. aureus, and the mechanism of its action was to destroy the integrity of the cell walls and cell membranes.
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Authors and Affiliations

P. Xu
1 2 3
X.B. Xu
1
A. Khan
4
T. Fotina
3
S.H. Wang
2

  1. School of Life Science and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Jinsui St. 191, 453003 Xinxiang, China
  2. College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Eastern Hua Lan Street, 453003 Xinxiang, China
  3. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Sumy National Agrarian University, Herasima Kondratieva St. 160, 40021 Sumy, Ukraine
  4. College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, P.R. China
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Abstract

The method of the ongoing assessment of the reclaim quality originating from the mechanical reclamation is described in this paper. In the process, the triboelectric system of measuring amounts of dust in the dedusting part of a reclamation device was applied. Based on the online measurements of the amounts of dust generated in the spent sand-reclamation process and the post-process determinations of the ignition losses and granular structures of the removed dust, the proper work parameters of the experimental reclaimer were selected. The allowable value of the ignition losses as well as the main fraction of the reclaimed matrix being similar to fresh sand was assumed as the main criteria of the positive assessment of the process. Within the presented investigations, a periodically operating device for rotor-mechanical reclamation was developed. The possibility of changing the intensity and time of the reclamation treatment as well as the triboelectric system of the dust-amount measuring were applied in this device. Tests were performed for the spent moulding sand with phenol-resol resin Carbophen 5692 hardened by CO2. This sand represents the moulding sand group with a less harmful influence on the surroundings for which the recovery of the quartz matrix utilising the reclamation requires stricter control of the parameters of the reclamation process and reclaim quality.
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Authors and Affiliations

R. Dańko
1
A. Pietrzak
1
D. Gruszka
1

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Foundry, ul. Reymonta 23, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents data on the total phenolic and flavonoid content in Deschampsia antarctica È. Desv. plants collected from natural habitats, plants cultured in vitro, regenerated plants, and plants cultivated in a growth chamber. It was found that the shoots (aerial parts) had higher phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to the roots. The largest amount of these substances was found in wild plants from Great Yalour Island. The content of phenolics and flavonoids in plants cultured in vitro was generally comparable to that in plants collected from natural habitats except for some clones. HPLC analysis revealed five main metabolites present in similar ratios in the studied samples of wild and in vitro plants. Minor substances varied slightly in different extracts, however their presence did not depend on plant growth conditions. No significant qualitative differences in HPLC profiles were found between the wild and in vitro plants. The studied samples did not contain quercetin, kaempferol and luteolin, whereas orientin was found in all studied samples of D. antarctica.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maryana Twardovska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Iryna Konvalyuk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kateryna Lystvan
2
Igor Andreev
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ivan Parnikoza
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Viktor Kunakh
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Cell Population Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,150 Acad. Zabolotnogo Str., 03143, Kyiv, Ukraine
  2. Department of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic, Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 148 Acad. Zabolotnogo Str., 03143, Kyiv, Ukraine
  3. State Institution National Antarctic Scientific Center, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, 16 Shevchenko Ave., 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Abstract

The Kalina pond has been well known as a severely degraded area in the Silesia region, Poland. The environmental deterioration results from high contamination of water and bottom sediments with recalcitrant and toxic organic compounds, mainly phenol. The study was aimed at developing a bioremediation-based approach suitable for this type of polluted areas, involving microbiological treatment of water as a key and integral part of other necessary actions: mechanical interventions and the use of physical methods. During the initial biological treatment stage, autochthonous microorganisms were isolated from contaminated samples of water, soil and sediment, then subjected to strong selective pressure by incubation with the pollutants, and finally, cultivated to form a specialised microbial consortium consisting of five extremophilic bacterial strains. Consortium propagation and its biodegradation activity were optimised under variant conditions enabling bacteria to proliferate and to obtain high biomass density at large volumes allowing for the in situ application. After installing aeration systems in the pond, the consortium was surface-sprinkled to launch bioremediation and then both bacterial frequency and the contaminant level was systematically monitored. The complex remediation strategy proved efficient and was implemented on an industrial scale enabling successful remedial of the affected site. Treatment with the specifically targeted and adapted microbial consortium allowed for removal of most organic pollutants within a four-month season of 2022: the chemical oxygen demand (COD) value decreased by 72%, polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) level by 97%, while the content of total phenols and other monoaromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) dropped below the detection thresholds.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Starzec
1
ORCID: ORCID
Emilia Stańkowska
2
Paulina Supel
1
ORCID: ORCID
Robert Mazur
3
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Surma
2
Paweł Kaszycki
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Agriculture in Kraków, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
  2. Remea Sp. z o. o., ul. Bonifraterska 17, 00-203 Warszawa, Poland
  3. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Geodesy and Environmental Engineering, Department of Environmental Protection and Landscaping, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

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