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Power supply risk assessment method for relay protection system faults

Si Tuyou Wu Jiekang Yuan Weideng Du Anan
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2016 | vol. 65 | No 4 December | 803-814 | DOI: 10.1515/aee-2016-0056
Keywords reduced power supply load power relay protection systems risk value power supply risk assessment
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Abstract

The influence and the potential risk due to hidden faults of a relay protection system on power supply in distribution systems are paid more and more attention to. A probability analysis method is used to analyse fault characteristics and action mechanism of dominant faults, hidden misoperation and non-operation of the relay protection systems, and failure probability model of relay protection system is constructed and simplified. The effects of dominant faults, hidden misoperation and non-operation of the relay protection systems on the reduced power supply load power are analysed, and a probabilistic model for reduced power supply load power is constructed by three parts corresponding to dominant faults, hidden misoperation and non-operation. A probability calculation method of power supply risk occurrence due to hidden faults of relay protecttion system is proposed considering the fault probability of the relay protection systems, the frequency of the hidden faults occurring in operation period, the reduced power supply load power or load power outage, and the connection mode of the in-lines, out-lines and transformers in a substation. The feasibility and applicability of the proposed method for estimation of risk value probability of the relay protection systems is verified by two studied examples.

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Authors and Affiliations

Si Tuyou
Wu Jiekang
Yuan Weideng
Du Anan

Time-slot based architecture for power beam-assisted relay techniques in CR-WSNs with transceiver hardware inadequacies

Mushtaq Muhammad Umer Hong Jiang Qiuyun Zhang Liu ManLu Muhammad Owais
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 5 | e146620 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.146620
Keywords cognitive radio WSNs energy harvesting DF relaying relay selection schemes in WSNs hardware inadequacy in WSNs
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Abstract

Over the past two decades, numerous research projects have concentrated on cognitive radio wireless sensor networks (CR-WSNs) and their benefits. To tackle the problem of energy and spectrum shortfall in CR-WSNs, this research proposes an underpinning decode-&-forward (DF) relaying technique. Using the suggested time-slot architecture (TSA), this technique harvests energy from a multi-antenna power beam (PB) and delivers source information to the target utilizing energy-constrained secondary source and relay nodes. The study considers three proposed relay selection schemes: enhanced hybrid partial relay selection (E-HPRS), conventional opportunistic relay selection (C-ORS), and leading opportunistic relay selection (L-ORS). We present evidence for the sustainability of the suggested methods by examining the outage probability (OP) and throughput (TPT) under multiple primary users (PUs). These systems leverage time switching (TS) receiver design to increase end-to-end performance while taking into account the maximum interference constraint and transceiver hardware inadequacies. In order to assess the efficacy of the proposed methods, we derive the exact and asymptotic closed-form equations for OP and TPT & develop an understanding to learn how they affect the overall performance all across the Rayleigh fading channel. The results show that OP of the L-ORS protocol is 16% better than C-ORS and 75% better than E-HPRS in terms of transmitting SNR. The OP of L-ORS is 30% better than C-ORS and 55% better than E-HPRS in terms of hardware inadequacies at the destination. The L-ORS technique outperforms C-ORS and E-HPRS in terms of TPT by 4% and 11%, respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mushtaq Muhammad Umer
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Hong Jiang
1
Qiuyun Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Liu ManLu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Owais
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science & Technology (SWUST) Mianyang, 621010, P.R. China
  2. Department of Software Engineering, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan

The improvement of fiber-detection method to enhance the output of amplify-received relaying on FSO communications

Ucuk Darusalam Purnomo Sidi Priambodo Fitri Yuli Zulkifli Eko Tjipto Rahardjo
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2023 | vol. 69 | No 2 | 325-333 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2023.144368
Keywords amplify-received relaying optical relaying network free-space optical communications noise suppression optical spatial filter scintillation
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Abstract

The performance of free-space optical (FSO) communications that using an optical amplifier (OA) in the scheme of an amplify-received (AR)-relaying has a major drawback in the detection of input signal quality under the effects of turbulence. As an OA is based on a fiber-detection (FD) method to receive and delivers a signal at the amplification process stage, there is an opportunity to implement an optical spatial filter (OSF) to improve the quality of an input signal. In this paper, as the continuation of previous work on the direct-detection, the OSF is applied on the AR-relaying. The novelty proposed in this work is the improvement of FD method where the OSF is designed as the integration of cone reflector, pinhole and multi-mode fiber with an OA. The OSF produces an optical signal, the input of the OA, which minimizes the effects of turbulence, background noise and signal fluctuation. Thus, OA in AR-relaying produces signal output with high power and rise up below threshold level. Additionally, an OSF with a lower pinhole diameter produces the best quality of the signal spectral to be delivered into an EDFA. Through this implementation, the performance of optical relaying on FSO can be significantly improved.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ucuk Darusalam
1 2
Purnomo Sidi Priambodo
3
Fitri Yuli Zulkifli
3
Eko Tjipto Rahardjo
3
  1. Department of Informatics, Faculty of Information and Communications Technology, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta, Indonesia
  2. Universitas Siber Asia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  3. Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

Frequency Response Testing of Zero-Sequence Current Transformers for Mining Ground Fault Protection Relays

Krzysztof Kuliński Adam Heyduk
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2020 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 701-705 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2020.134030
Keywords zero-sequence current transformers ground-fault protection relays frequency response
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Abstract

In Polish coal mining, medium voltage power distribution networks operate with an insulated neutral point. Zero-sequence current transformers are the basic sensors that generate input signals for earth-fault protection relays. In the literature, the problem of frequency response analysis of various types of current transformers has been examined many times, e.g. [1] [2], but not for zero-sequence current transformers so far. As part of the work, two types of zero-sequence current transformers in the range from 0.1 Hz to 100 kHz were tested. Both the change of the current ratio and the angular shift between the transformer secondary current and the total primary current were analyzed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Kuliński
Adam Heyduk

Efficient relay node management method for BLE MESH networks

Andrzej Bęben Andrzej Bąk Maciej Sosnowski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2020 | vol. 66 | No 1 | 29-35 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2019.130262
Keywords Bluetooth Low Energy BLE MESH relay management optimisation IoT
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Abstract

The Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) MESH network technology gains popularity in low duty IoT systems. Its advantage is a low energy consumption that enables long lifetime of IoT systems. The paper proposes and evaluates new MRT management methods, i.e. exact and heuristic, that improves energy efficiency of BLE MESH network by minimizing the number of active relay nodes. The performed experiments confirm efficiency of the MRT methods resulting in significantly lower energy consumption of BLE MESH network.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Bęben
Andrzej Bąk
Maciej Sosnowski

IEC 61850 interface for real time power system simulation

Karol Kurek Łukasz Nogal Ryszard Kowalik Marcin Januszewski
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 3 | e137057 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137057
Keywords implementation in real time power system protection relays testing computer simulation IEC 61850
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Abstract

Real time simulators of IEC 61850 compliant protection devices can be implemented without their analogue part, reducing costs and increasing versatility. Implementation of Sampled Values (SV) and GOOSE interfaces to Matlab/Simulink allows for interaction with protection relays in closed loop during power system simulation. Properly configured and synchronized Linux system with Real Time (RT) patch, can be used as a low latency run time environment for Matlab/Simulink generated model. The number of overruns during model execution using proposed SV and GOOSE interfaces with 50 µs step size is minimal. The paper discusses the implementation details and time synchronization methods of IEC 61850 real time simulator implemented in Matlab/Simulink that is built on top of run time environment shown in authors preliminary works and is the further development of them. Correct operation of the proposed solution is evaluated during the hardware-in-the-loop testing of ABB REL670 relay.
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Bibliography

  1.  M.D.O. Faruque et al., “Real-Time Simulation Technologies for Power Systems Design, Testing, and Analysis,” IEEE Power Energy Technol. Syst. J. 2(2), 63–73 (2015).
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  9.  M.S. Almas, R. Leelaruji, and L. Vanfretti, “Over-current relay model implementation for real time simulation amp; Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) validation,” in IECON 2012 – 38th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2012, pp. 4789–4796.
  10.  D.R. Gurusinghe, S. Kariyawasam, and D.S. Ouellette, “Testing of IEC 61850 sampled values based digital substation automation systems,” J. Eng. 2018(15), 807–811 (2018).
  11.  Y. Wu, N. Honeth, L. Nordström, and Z. Shi, “Software MU based IED functional test platform”, 2015 IEEE Power Energy Society General Meeting, 2015, pp. 1–5.
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  13.  M. Sojka, “On generating Linux applications from Simulink.” [Online]. Available: https://rtime.felk.cvut.cz/~sojka/blog/on-generating- linux-applications-from-simulink/
  14.  K. Kurek, M. Januszewski, R. Kowalik, and Ł. Nogal, “Implementation of IEC 61850 Power Protection Tester in Linux Environment”, Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci. 68(4), 689‒696 (2020)
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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Kurek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Nogal
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ryszard Kowalik
1
Marcin Januszewski
1
  1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Pl. Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warszawa, Poland

Intelligent transportation: a hybrid FSO/VLC-assisted relay system

Suzan M. EL-Garhy Ashraf A. M. Khalaf Moustafa H. Aly Mohamed Abaza
Opto-Electronics Review | 2022 | 30 | 4 | e144260 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2022.144260
Keywords intelligent transportation systems nfrastructure-to-vehicle vehicle-to-vehicle relay
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Abstract

Various intelligent transportation systems are proposed in different forms of wireless communication technologies. Recently, the importance of visible light communication and free-space optics has been demonstrated in accomplishing vehicle-to-vehicle and infrastructure-to-vehicle communication systems, due to power efficiency, free licenses, and safety for human health. In this paper, a new hybrid relay system supported by free-space optics/visible light communication with two scenarios is proposed. The first one is that the data are transferred from the source to the relay through a free-space optics communication link and are then directed to the destination through a visible light communication link. The second scenario is that the data are transmitted from the source to the destination passing through two different relays to ensure larger coverage. A 10−6 bit error rate is achieved at a distance of 900 m for the first scenario with a remarkable signal-to-noise ratio of ~25.5 dB, while the largest distance that can be covered by the second scenario is 1200 m with a signal-to-noise ratio of ~30 dB.
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Authors and Affiliations

Suzan M. EL-Garhy
1 2
Ashraf A. M. Khalaf
2
ORCID: ORCID
Moustafa H. Aly
3
ORCID: ORCID
Mohamed Abaza
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Electronics and Communications Department, College of Engineering, Higher Technological Institute, Tenth of Ramadan, Egypt
  2. Electronics and Communications Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Egypt
  3. Electronics and Communications Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science Technology and Maritime Transport, Egypt

High impedance fault detection in radial distribution network using discrete wavelet transform technique

Mohammed Yahya Suliman Mahmood Taha Alkhayyat
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 4 | 873-886 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2021.138267
Keywords high impedance fault (HIF) multiresolution analysis (MRA) overcurrent relay discrete wavelet transform (DWT)
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Abstract

Detecting high impedance faults (HIFs) is one of the challenging issues for electrical engineers. This type of fault occurs often when one of the overhead conductors is downed and makes contact with the ground, causing a high-voltage conductor to be within the reach of personnel. As the wavelet transform (WT) technique is a powerful tool for transient analysis of fault signals and gives information both on the time domain and frequency domain, this technique has been considered for an unconventional fault like high impedance fault. This paper presents a new technique that utilizes the features of energy contents in detail coefficients (D4 and D5) from the extracted current signal using a discrete wavelet transform in the multiresolution analysis (MRA). The adaptive neurofuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is utilized as a machine learning technique to discriminate HIF from other transient phenomena such as capacitor or load switching, the new protection designed scheme is fully analyzed using MATLAB feeding practical fault data. Simulation studies reveal that the proposed protection is able to detect HIFs in a distribution network with high reliability and can successfully differentiate high impedance faults from other transients.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Mohammed Yahya Suliman
1
Mahmood Taha Alkhayyat
1
  1. Northern Technical University, Iraq

Performance Analysis of Relay-Assisted Device-to-Device Communication

Zakir Hussain Haider Mehdi Syed Muhammad Atif Saleem Aashir Mahboob
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2022 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 587-593 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2022.141278
Keywords CCI signals D2D Communication κ-μ shadowed fading Outage Probability Relay
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Abstract

Outage and Success performances of an amplify-andforward relay-assisted D2D communication system over a κ-μ shadowed fading wireless link are presented here. Co-channel interference (CCI) is assumed to affect the D2D signals at relay and destination nodes. The system is analyzed with two scenarios, namely, with diversity combining and without diversity combining. Selection combining (SC) based diversity scheme is incorporated at the D2D receiver to combat fading conditions. The expressions for success and outage probabilities are presented by using the characteristic function approach. The expressions are functions of path-loss exponents, wireless link length between relay and D2D source node, wireless link length between the receiver node and relay, distances between interferers and the relay node, CCI distances from various devices of the system, fading channel. The numerical analysis for various scenarios is presented and analyzed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zakir Hussain
1
Haider Mehdi
1
Syed Muhammad Atif Saleem
1
Aashir Mahboob
1
  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Pakistan

Secure Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Network using Chinese Remainder Theorem

Sanu Thomas Thomaskutty Mathew
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2022 | vol. 68 | No 2 | 329-336 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2022.139886
Keywords Chinese Remainder Theorem Authenticated Aggregation Augmented Chinese Remainder System TDMA Schedule Uplink Path Relay Nodes
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Abstract

A new method of lossless Secure Data Aggregation for Wireless Sensor Network is presented. Secure Data Aggregation is achieved using the popular Chinese Remainder theorem. Here, an ‘Augmented Chinese Remainder System’ is introduced that incorporates additional features to enforce a higher level of security to the aggregated data. The scheme provides inbuilt signature verification and eliminates the need for separate data validation algorithms. The method achieves data integrity and authentication simultaneously in addition to lossless data aggregation for the data forwarded from the Cluster Head to the Base Station. The aggregate contains the entire individual data from sensors in the encrypted form and the receiver deaggregates it to get the original data in full without any loss. The Augmented Chinese Remainder System can be extended to secure Multi-level Data Aggregation for WSN.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sanu Thomas
1
Thomaskutty Mathew
2
  1. Faculty of School of Technology and Applied Science, Pullarikkunnu Campus, Mallooseery, Kottayam, Kerala, India
  2. Faculty of School of Science, GITAM University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

The real-time simulator using MATLAB/Simulink software for closed-loop coordination protection devices testing

Adam Smolarczyk Sebastian Łapczyński Michał Szulborski Łukasz Kolimas Łukasz Kozarek
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 4 | e137413 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137413
Keywords real-time simulator distance protections protection relays testing closed-loop testing MATLAB/Simulink
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Abstract

This paper aims to discuss the behavior of the proprietary real-time simulator (RTS) during testing the coordination of distance relay protections in power engineering. During the construction process of the simulator, the mapping of various dynamic phenomena occurring in the modeled part of the power system was considered. The main advantage to the solution is a lower cost of construction while maintaining high values of essential parameters, based on the generally available software environment (MATLAB/Simulink). The obtained results are discussed in detail. This paper is important from the point of view of the cost-effectiveness of design procedures, especially in power systems exploitation and when avoiding faults that result from the selection of protection relay devices, electrical devices, system operations, and optimization of operating conditions. The manuscript thoroughly discusses the hardware configuration and sample results, so that the presented real-time simulator can be reproduced by another researcher.
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Bibliography

  1.  M. Faruque, T. Strasser, and G. Lauss, “Real-Time Simulation Technologies for Power Systems Design, Testing and Analysis”, IEEE Power Energy Technol. Syst. J., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 63‒73, 2015.
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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Smolarczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sebastian Łapczyński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Szulborski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Kolimas
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Kozarek
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Electrical Power Engineering Institute, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
  2. ILF Consulting Engineers Polska Sp. z o.o., ul. Osmańska 12, 02-823 Warsaw, Poland

Implementation of IEC 61850 power protection tester in Linux environment

K. Kurek Ł. Nogal R. Kowalik M. Januszewski
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2020 | 68 | No. 4 (i.a. Special Section on Advances in Electrical Power Engineering) | 689-696 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2020.134167
Keywords implementation in real time power systems protective relay testing digital control systems IEC 61850
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Abstract

Software power protection tester implemented in a real-time operating system (RTOS) might replace the conventional testing setups in IEC 61850 protection systems. This paper describes an open power protection testing platform. Linux RT capabilities related to runtime environment for such a tester are examined and OS latency sources are identified and evaluated. An algorithm for a multithreaded tester operation is proposed, including Sampled Values (SV) publisher, GOOSE input/output and time synchronization. SV and GOOSE services implemented in RT Linux environment are evaluated in accordance with IEC 61850‒5 transfer time requirements. Linux PTP time synchronization service of two similar systems controlling its electrical ports is evaluated in different synchronization scenarios. The developed tester is compared to an equivalent conventional setup during the test of IED over-current function. The conducted tests show that the Linux implementation of power protection tester in the case of scheduler latency, time synchronization accuracy and transfer time all meet the requirements of IEC 61850.

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Authors and Affiliations

K. Kurek
Ł. Nogal
R. Kowalik
ORCID: ORCID
M. Januszewski

Impact of Finite-Sized Aperture on the Performance of Differential Multihop DF-FSO Network

Deepti Agarwal Poonam Yadav
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2022 | vol. 68 | No 4 | 807-813 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2022.143889
Keywords differential modulation K-distribution Free space optics (FSO) Average bit error rate (BER) Decode and forward relaying pointing error
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Abstract

This paper investigates the differential binary modulation for decode-and-forward (DF) based relay-assisted free space optical (FSO) network under the effect of strong atmospheric turbulence together with misalignment error (ME). The atmospheric fading links experience K-distributed turbulence. First we derive novel closed form expression for average bit error rate (BER) and outage probability (OP) in terms of Meijer’s G function. Further, the OP of differential DF-FSO system with multiple relays is derived. We also analyze the asymptotic performance for the sake of getting the order of diversity and the coding gain. The power allotment term is utilized to examine the effect of different power allotment techniques on BER and OP. The simulation results have been used to validate the derived analytical results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Deepti Agarwal
1
Poonam Yadav
2
  1. Department of ECE, Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida, U.P, India
  2. Department of ECE, M.G.M College of Engineering and Technology, Noida, U.P, India

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