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Analysis of the behaviour of the high and steep slope of a road made through waste under the influence of rainfall

Elżbieta Pilecka Jakub Zięba Dariusz Szwarkowski
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2021 | vol. 67 | No 2 | 293-307 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2021.137169
Keywords triaxial test slope stability FEM
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Abstract

Investments in made ground are a big problem. The present investigation concerns ground derived from limestone treatment waste from SOLVAY soda plants. This waste is deposited in the southern area of Krakow in a reservoir called ‘White Seas’ in an area of approximately 15 ha. Currently, part of the route and tram investment, ‘The Łagiewniki Route’ Currently through the ‘White Seas’ area. The article presents an analysis of a section of this route by a high and steep slope made from made ground. The first stage of the in-situ measurements was to scan the shape of the high slope with the RIEGL VZ-400 terrestrial laser scanner. It was necessary to obtain the shape of the slope for numerical modelling using the FEM method. The point cloud perfectly reflected the shape of the slope with an accuracy of 5 mm. Soil samples (limestone waste) were also collected in the area of the slope for laboratory tests. In order to determine the effective strength parameters of the made ground of the embankment, a series of tests was carried out using triaxial compression apparatus. All triaxial tests were performed in accordance with British Standard 1337 Part 8. Modelling was performed using an FEM finite element method in MIDAS. The analyses also included the variant of irrigation of made ground. The conducted research shows that the high and steep slope made from calcareous waste indicates stability. The irrigated land did not make the high escarpment unstable.
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Authors and Affiliations

Elżbieta Pilecka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jakub Zięba
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dariusz Szwarkowski
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. DSc., PhD., Eng., Prof. of CUT, Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
  2. MSc., Eng., Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland

Assessment of Slope Stability using Classification and Regression Algorithms Subjected to Internal and External Factors

Sudhir Kumar Singh Debashish Chakravarty
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 1 | 87-102 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2023.144319
Keywords slope stability non-homogeneous classification regression
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Abstract

This study aims at developing a machine learning based classification and regression-based models for slope stability analysis. 1140 different cases have been analysed using the Morgenstern price method in GeoSlope for non-homogeneous cohesive slopes as input for classification and regression-based models. Slope failures presents a serious challenge across many countries of the world. Understanding the various factors responsible for slope failure is very crucial in mitigating this problem. Therefore, different parameters which may be responsible for failure of slope are considered in this study. 9 different parameters (cohesion, specific gravity, slope angle, thickness of layers, internal angle of friction, saturation condition, wind and rain, blasting conditions and cloud burst conditions) have been identified for the purpose of this study including internal, external and factors representing the geometry of the slope has been included. Four different classification algorithms namely Random Forest, logistic regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and K Nearest Neighbor (KNN) has been modelled and their performances have been evaluated on several performance metrics. A similar comparison based on performance indices has been made among three different regression models Decision tree, random forest, and XGBoost regression.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sudhir Kumar Singh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Debashish Chakravarty
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India

Numerical and experimental modelling of slope stability and seepage water of earthfill dam

Alaa N. El-Hazek Neveen B. Abdel-Mageed Mohammed H. Hadid
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2020 | No 44 | 55-64 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2019.127046
Keywords earthfill dam finite element modelling GeoStudio seepage slope stability
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Abstract

In this paper, finite element modelling is employed for simulating and analysing seepage and slope stability of earthfill dam via GeoStudio software. Two products are employed, which are SLOPE/W for slope stability and SEEP/W for seepage analysis. The behaviour of earthfill dam with four different types of sandy soils having different values of hydraulic conductivity (K) has been studied. Different upstream (US) slopes of 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3 and 1:3.5 for the earthfill dam are simulated. The downstream (DS) slope is constant at 1:2. The results showed for all the four types of soils that when the US slope is increased, the amount of seepage from the dam increases and the factor of safety (F) decreases. For each US slope, when K (type of soil) increases, both seepage and F increase. Fine sand soil is associated with less seepage and less F. Sixteen equations are obtained to predict both seepage and F with respect to US slope for each type of soil and K of the soil for US slope. An experimental model for earthfill dam is constructed in the laboratory of hydraulics, Benha University to investigate the seepage of water through earthfill dams. It is concluded that seepage decreased when K decreased, and when the US slope for each type of soil decreased. The seepage increased when K increased for each US slope. Seven equations are obtained to predict seepage with respect to US slope for each type of soil, and K for each US slope.

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Authors and Affiliations

Alaa N. El-Hazek
Neveen B. Abdel-Mageed
Mohammed H. Hadid

Efficient and Reliable Prediction of Dump Slope Stability in Mines using Machine Learning: An in-depth Feature Importance Analysis

Sudhir Kumar Singh Debashish Chakravarty
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 4 | 685-706 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2023.148157
Keywords dump slope stability machine learning Limit Equilibrium method SMOTE Feature Importance
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Abstract

This study rigorously examines the pressing issue of dump slope stability in Indian opencast coal mines, a problem that has led to significant safety incidents and operational hindrances. Employing machine learning algorithms such as Random Forest (RF), k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), Decision Tree (DT), and Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB), the study aims to achieve a scientific goal of predictive accuracy for slope stability under various environmental and operational conditions. Promising accuracies were attained, notably with RF (0.98), SVM (0.98), and DT (0.97). To address the class imbalance issue, the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) was implemented, resulting in improved model performance. Furthermore, this study introduced a novel feature importance technique to identify critical factors affecting dump slope stability, offering new insights into the mechanisms leading to slope failures. These findings have significant implications for enhancing safety measures and operational efficiency in opencast mines, not only in India but potentially globally.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sudhir Kumar Singh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Debashish Chakravarty
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Indian Institute of Technology, Department of Mining Engineering, Kharagpur, India

Waste tyre bales in road engineering: an overview of applications

Aleksander Duda Tomasz Siwowski
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2021 | vol. 67 | No 3 | 213-230 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2021.138052
Keywords waste tyre tyre bale embankment slope stabilization lightweight backfill retaining structure
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Abstract

Waste tyres are among the largest and most problematic sources of waste today, due to the large volume produced and their long-lasting decomposition and resistance to water and extreme temperatures. Since 2000 in Europe the EU Landfill Directive has forbidden the disposal of waste tyres in a landfill. Since then waste tyre derived products (TDP), including whole tyres, tyre bales, shreds, chips, and crumb rubber, have been widely used also in civil engineering applications. The baling is nowadays the best way for the product recycling of waste tyres. Waste tyre bales have considerable potential for use in road applications, particularly where their low density, permeability and ease of handling give them an advantage. Road applications include but are not limited to: embankments construction, slope stabilization and repair (landslides), road foundations over soft ground, backfill material for retaining walls and gravity retaining structures (gabion-type). Several case studies, showing the opportunities to use waste tyre bales in road construction, are presented and illustrated in the paper preceded by providing the engineering properties of waste tyre bales, used within the road structures constructed worldwide. The article also describes the first world application of abutment backfill from the tyre bales in a road bridge, realized in Poland.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksander Duda
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Siwowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture, Al. Powstanców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland

Slope stability analysis of post-mining dumps with the use of photogrammetric geometry measurements – a case study

Magdalena Wróblewska Magdalena Kowalska Marian Łupieżowiec
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2023 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 171-185 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2023.147654
Keywords post-mining dump unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry slope stability seepage pressure
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Abstract

Post-mining dumps are a common sight in the industrial areas of Silesia (Poland). Despite several reclamation projects, many of them still constitute an unresolved problem. It is not only a matter of unaesthetic view – they often pose a threat to the environment and the people living nearby. Despite revitalization, some dumps are not properly maintained and are at the risk of slope failure. Such places require constant geodetic observation and stability control. In this article, the example of a dump located in the city of Gliwice was used to show the possibilities offered by the use of photogrammetry and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for cyclic checks of the embankment condition. The current state of the dump and the results of interventions after two incidents of slope failure,were observed. The main slopes of the terrain surface and at the selected cross-sections were determined in two flight missions. The obtained geometrical data were used in the further numerical analysis. Finite Element Method model representing one of the escarpment cross-sectionswas built to estimate the factor of safety and determine the main mechanisms responsible for the failure. Elastic-perfectly plastic Coulomb-Mohr model was used to describe the behaviour of the minestone and the ‘ c – tan φ reduction’ – for calculation of the stability. The problem of reliable material properties’ estimation was emphasized. The analysis included the impact of seepage and total head difference on the slope stability. It was concluded that the rainfall intensity had a decisive influence on the instability of the dump.
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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Wróblewska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Magdalena Kowalska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marian Łupieżowiec
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Geotechnics and Roads, Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

The influence of material characteristics on dam stability under rapid drawdown conditions

Yelbek Utepov Zbigniew Lechowicz Askar Zhussupbekov Zdzisław Skutnik Aliya Aldungarova Timoth Mkilima
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2022 | vol. 68 | No 1 | 539-553 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2022.140184
Keywords embankment dam factor of safety hydraulic conductivity pore-water pressure slope stability
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Abstract

A fast reduction of a reservoir level may result in instability of an earth dam caused by the high pore water pressures that remain relatively high in the embankment. Moreover, the dissipation of the accumulated pore water pressures is highly dependent on the permeability of the materials used for the embankment and the storage characteristics of the reservoir. Therefore, in the design of embankment dams, the stability analysis under rapid drawdown loading conditions is an important design case. In this study, the influence of different permeability rates on dam stability under different cases of rapid drawdownwas investigated using the finite element method in SEEP/W and SLOPE/W of the GeoStudio with a case of the Lugoda dam in Ndembera catchment, Tanzania. The modeling process considers the time-dependent hydraulic conditions and the transient flow conditions using different water levels during rapid drawdown for evaluation of the factor of safety. From the 1m per day drawdown rate; the lowest minimum factor of safety value (0.90) was obtained from the 10 -7 m/s material permeability of the upstream zone of the dam. It means that, at a drawdown rate of 1m per day, there is a potential for failure of the embankment if the hydraulic conductivity value will be somewhere below 10 -6 m/s.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yelbek Utepov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zbigniew Lechowicz
2
ORCID: ORCID
Askar Zhussupbekov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zdzisław Skutnik
3
ORCID: ORCID
Aliya Aldungarova
4
ORCID: ORCID
Timoth Mkilima
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Civil Engineering, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, 2 Satpayev Str., 010008 Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan
  2. Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 166 Nowoursynowska Str., 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
  3. Institute of Civil Engineering,Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 166 Nowoursynowska Str., 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
  4. CSI Research&Lab, LLP, 010000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan

Open Pit Slope Stability Analysis in Soft Rock Formations at Thar Coalfield Pakistan

Shafi Muhammad Pathan Abdul Ghani Pathan Fahad Irfan Siddiqui Muhammad Burhan Memon Mairaj Hyder Alias Aamir Soomro
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 3 | 437-454 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2022.142409
Keywords Open Pit Slope Stability Pore Water Pressure Coefficient Overall Slope Angle Thar Coalfield Soft Sedimentary Rocks Computer Modelling
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Abstract

Slope Stability Analysis is one of the main aspects of Open-pit mine planning because the calculations regarding the stability of slopes are necessary to assess the stability of the open pit slopes together with the financial feasibility of the mining operations. This study was conducted to analyse the effect of groundwater on the shear strength properties of soft rock formations and determine the optimum overall slope angle for an open pit coal mine at Thar Coalfield, Pakistan. Computer modelling and analysis of the slope models were performed using Slide (v. 5.0) and Phase2 (v. 6.0) software. Integrated use of Limit Equilibrium based Probabilistic (LE-P) analysis and Finite Element Method (FEM) based shear strength reduction analysis was performed to determine the safe overall slope angle against circular failure. Several pit slope models were developed at different overall slope angles and pore-water pressure ratio (Ru) coefficients. Each model was initially analysed under dry conditions and then by incorporating the effect of pore-water pressure coefficients of Ru = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 (partially saturated); finally, the strata were considered to be fully saturated. It was concluded that at an overall slope angle of 29 degrees, the overall slope will remain stable under dry and saturated conditions for a critical safety factor of 1.3.
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Authors and Affiliations

Shafi Muhammad Pathan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Abdul Ghani Pathan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Fahad Irfan Siddiqui
1
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Burhan Memon
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mairaj Hyder Alias Aamir Soomro
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Department of Mining Engineering, Jamshoro, Pakistan

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