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Abstract

The sad story of the anti-vaccination movement: facts and myths about vaccinations

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Authors and Affiliations

Aneta Nitsch-Osuch
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Abstract

Vaccination is a common routine for prevention and control of human and animal diseases by inducing antibody responses and cell-mediated immunity in the body. Through vaccinations, smallpox and some other diseases have been eradicated in the past few years. The use of a patho- gen itself or a subunit domain of a protein antigen as immunogens lays the basis for traditional vaccine development. But there are more and more newly emerged pathogens which have expe- rienced antigenic drift or shift under antibody selective pressures, rendering vaccine-induced im- munity ineffective. In addition, vaccine development has been hampered due to problems includ- ing difficulties in isolation and culture of certain pathogens and the antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infection (ADE). How to induce strong antibody responses, especially neu- tralizing antibody responses, and robust cell-mediated immune responses is tricky. Here we re- view the progress in vaccine development from traditional vaccine design to reverse vaccinology and structural vaccinology and present with some helpful perspectives on developing novel vac- cines.

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Authors and Affiliations

Y.B. Wang
L.P. Wang
P. Li
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Abstract

Honesty and transparency in vaccination safety – monitoring adverse reactions to vaccines

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Authors and Affiliations

Iwona Paradowska-Stankiewicz
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Abstract

“The influenza virus behaves just as it seems to have done for five hundred or a thousand years, and we are no more capable of stopping epidemics or pandemics than our ancestors were,” wrote Charles Cockburn from the World Health Organization back in 1973. Is his remark still just as apt today?

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Authors and Affiliations

Lidia B. Brydak
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Abstract

Poland’s National Vaccination Program is an essential element in the strategy of prevention of infectious diseases and their complications, here considered with a particular focus on combination vaccines and the need for the Program’s further expansion.

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Teresa Jackowska
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Abstract

COVID-19 has been devastating the health of millions of people around the globe and causing untold damage to the economy for many months. Teams of researchers have been working tirelessly on developing an effective vaccine since the outbreak of the pandemic, and we are on the threshold of a breakthrough. However, a large proportion of our society has been expressing concerns about the vaccine. In this statement, we discuss the possible risks and explain why vaccination is the only rational choice which will help us emerge from the pandemic, save the lives and health of countless people and limit the damage already inflicted on the economy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zespół ds. COVID-19 przy Prezesie PAN
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Abstract

We talk to Dr. Ewa Duszczyk from the Polish Society of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases about diseases lurking just out of sight and about how vaccines save lives and protect communities.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Duszczyk
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Abstract

Prof. Jacek Jemielity of the Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, talks about tailor-made cancer therapies and explains what coronavirus vaccines have to do with cancer treatment.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Jemielity
1

  1. Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw
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Abstract

Although the COVID-19 vaccine has been recommended as the safer and more effective prevention for COVID-19 disease relative to other alternative medications, yet across the globe, many people are resistant to receiving it. Setting out to explain such a paradox, we conducted an online survey among a sample of Indonesians (N = 4758) when the World Health Organisation (WHO) granted authorisations for the clinical trial of various vaccines against COVID-19. The results revealed that participants’ support for theories that the COVID-19 vaccine is invented to harm their nation (i.e., COVID-19 vaccine conspiratorial beliefs) positively corresponded with the perceptions that international collaboration in the COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial is not aligned with their nation’s actual needs (i.e., the perceived assumptive international collaboration) and negative attitudes towards the vaccine. In turn, the perceived assumptive international collaboration was positively related to negative attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccine. We also showed that the positive relationship between COVID-19 vaccine conspiratorial beliefs and the perceived assumptive international collaboration in the vaccine clinical trial was more prominent among participants who were strongly resistant to take vaccines supplied by other countries due to national pride (i.e., vaccine national glorification).
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Authors and Affiliations

Ali Mashuri
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dian Putri Permatasari
1
Ratri Nurwanti
1
Sofia Nuryanti
1

  1. Department of Psychology, Universitas Brawijaya, ‎Indonesia
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Abstract

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an economically important swine pathogen and, although small, it has the highest evolution rate among DNA viruses. Commercial PCV2 commercial vaccines are inactivated PCV2 isolates or a subunit vaccine based on the Cap protein of PCV2. Currently, PCV2 VLPs of individual subtype vaccines are available. Although the main prevalent genotype worldwide is PCV2b, the emerging subtype PCV2d subtype is also increasingly associated with PCV disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate the protective efficacy of VLP based on the PCV2b and 2d subtypes against the mixed challenge of two hypotype PCV2 in mice. Thirty-six female SPV Kunming mice were immunized twice with PCV2b and 2d VLPs, then challenged with PCV2b and PCV2d, to assess the immunogenicity and effectiveness of the VLPs. Vaccination of the mice with PCV2b and 2d VLPs elicited a robust antibody response specific for the PCV2. The virus load detected in the 2b and 2d spleen vaccine group was the lowest compared to other groups. Furthermore, there was no pathological damage in the HE stained sections of the 2b and 2d spleen vaccine, and no virus was detected in the immunohistochemical sections. Our data suggest that the mixed PCV2b and 2d VLP vaccine could protect mice from challenge with the mixed infection of PCV2b and PCV2d.
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Bibliography


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Authors and Affiliations

X.M. Yuan
1
Q.C. Yuan
1
S.M. Feng
1
Z.B. Deng
1

  1. Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda road, Furong District, Changsha, 410128, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract

Viral diseases have caused devastating effect on poultry industry leading to significant losses in economy of world. In the presented study, the ability of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and avian influenza virus (AIV) to grow in two cell lines was evaluated. Both chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) and DF-1 cells were used and cytopathic effects (CPE) produced by these viruses were observed. The titer of virus in terms of TCID50 was determined after 24h up to four days for each virus. The same type of CPE was observed for all viruses used in the study in both DF-1 and CEF cells. IBDV showed CPE causing rounding of cells while NDV caused formation of multicellular large nuclei, cell fusion and rounding of cells. Giant cells with inclusions and aggregation of cells with intact monolayer was observed for AIV. In growth kinetic study, higher titer of IBDV and NDV was observed in CEF cells than DF-1 cells while for AIV, DF-1 cells showed higher titer than CEF cells. These results would be useful for furthers comparative studies on growth of different cell lines of various viruses to find a suitability for vaccine production.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Anam
1
S.U. Rahman
1
Shazma Ali
M. Saeed
2
S.M. Goyal
3

  1. Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
  2. National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
  3. College of Veterinary Population Medicine, 1333 Gortner Avenue, University of Minnesota, USA
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Abstract

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of feed addition of LAVIPAN PL5 probiotic preparation containing compositions of microencapsulated lactic acid bacteria ( Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus) on production parameters and post-vaccinal immune response in pigs under field condition. The study was performed on 400 pigs in total and 60 pigs from this group were used to evaluate the effect of the product tested on the post-vaccinal response. The animals were divided into two groups: control group, fed without additive of LAVIPAN PL5 and the study group, receiving LAVIPAN PL5 at doses recommended by manufacturer from weaning to the end of fattening. The following parameters were recorded: main production parameters, including weight gains, fattening time (slaughter age) and animal health status during the study (mortality), and specific humoral post-vaccinal response after vaccination against swine erysipelas. The results indicate that the application of LAVIPAN PL5 had positive influence on the animals` productivity and did not significantly affect the post-vaccinal antibody levels and the development and maintenance of the post-vaccinal response, albeit the levels of antibodies were slightly higher in the animal receiving the test preparation. The higher average daily weight gains (by over 3%) which resulted in a 2 kg higher average weight at slaughter and a reduction of the fattening period by 5 days, undoubtedly contributed to significant economic benefits.
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Bibliography


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Authors and Affiliations

M. Pomorska-Mól
1
H. Turlewicz-Podbielska
1
J. Wojciechowski
2

  1. Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
  2. VETPOL Sp. z o.o., Grabowa 3, 86-300 Grudziądz, Poland
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Abstract

The paper investigates the relations between Schwartz’s values and beliefs which may reflect skepticism toward science – specifically vaccine rejection, climate change denial and creationism. Recent research on the causes of anti-science indicates that they may be motivational, pertaining to ideologies, worldviews, and one’s moral codes. Therefore, we postulated that value priority hierarchies hierarchies may be predictors of anti-science. Results (N = 509) indicated that Conservation metatype values were positively associated with anti-science, while Self-Transcendence and Openness to change metatypes were connected with support for science. We also found significant differences in value profiles between participants with lower vs. higher anti-scientific beliefs. We discuss the possible motivational underpinnings of these results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Józef Maciuszek
1
Mateusz Polak
1
Aleksandra Zajas
1
Katarzyna Stasiuk
1

  1. Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University
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Abstract

In a dairy cow herd consisted of herd of 200 lactating Holstein-Friesian cows and heifers, clinical signs of mastitis in 40 out of 170 animals were observed. Treatments with antibiotics were proved ineffective. Milk bacterial cultures from 15 affected animals revealed Pseudomonas aeruginosa. An autogenous vaccine was administered subcutaneously, twice in a month period, to all adults. Cases of clinical mastitis declined significantly (p<0.0001) during next 3 months.
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Authors and Affiliations

E.J. Petridou
1
I.A. Fragkou
2
S.Q. Lafi
3
N.D. Giadinis
4

  1. Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
  2. Veterinary Service, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
  3. Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan
  4. Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Abstract

Highly immunogenic nucleotide fragments from 3 genes of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain 232 were selected using information software technology. After repeating each fragment three times, a total of 9 nucleotide fragments were joined together to form a new nucleotide sequence called Mhp2321092bp. Mhp2321092bp was directly synthesized and cloned into a pET100 vector and expressed in Escherichia coli. After purification, the proteins were successfully validated by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting using mouse His-tag antibody and pig anti-Mhp serum. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with purified proteins in the high-dose (100 μg), medium-dose group (50 μg) and low-dose (10 μg) groups. Mice in each group were injected on day 1, day 8 and day 15 of feeding, respectively. Serum samples were collected from all mice on the day before immunization and on day 22 after immunization. The antibody level in the mouse serum was detected using western blotting using purified expressed proteins as antigens. IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ were simultaneously detected in the mouse serum by ELISA. The results showed that the 60 kDa protein was successfully expressed and reacted specifically with the specific serum Mhp His-Tag mouse monoclonal antibody and pig anti-Mhp serum. From day 0 to day 22 of immunization, IFN-γ increased from 269.52 to 467.74 pg/mL, IL-2 increased from 14.03 to 145.16 pg/mL, and TNF-α increased from 6.86 to 12.37 pg/mL. The IgG antibody in mice increased significantly from 0 day to day 22 after immunization. This study suggests that the expressed recombinant protein may serve as one of the novel vaccine candidates for Mhp.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Li
1
G. Wang
1

  1. College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda road 1#, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
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Abstract

Babesiosis is a parasitic disease caused by intraerythrocytic parasites of the genus Babesia, which infect both wild and domestic animals. Merozoite surface antigens (MSAs) have been identified as efficient immunogens in Babesia-infected animals. MSAs play a key role in the invasion process and have been proposed as potential targets for vaccine development. Epitope-based vaccines offer several advantages over whole protein vaccines as the immunogenic proteins are small and can induce both Th1 and Th2 immune responses, which are desirable for protection. However, the MSA, particularly gp45, is polymorphic in Babesia bigemina, posing a challenge to vaccine development. The purpose of this study was to develop a recombinant gpME (gp45-multi-epitope) for a vaccine against Babesia bigemina. B-cell, T-cell, and HLA epitope predictions were used to synthesize the gpME sequence from the consensus sequence of gp45. The gpME sequence was synthesized and cloned in the pET28α vector through the commercial biotechnology company to get pET28-gpME. The plasmid cloned with the gpME sequence comprising 1068 bp was expressed in a bacterial expression system. A band of 39 kDa of rec-gpME was obtained via SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Rec-gpME @200ng was injected in calves 3 times at 2 weeks interval. The humoral response was evaluated through the indirect ELISA method. The ELISA with rec-gp45 protein showed a significant value of optical density. The recombinant protein containing multiple epitopes from the MSA gp45 may represent a promising candidate for a vaccine against Babesia bigemina.
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Authors and Affiliations

Z. Ul Rehman
1
M. Suleman
2
K. Ashraf
1
S Ali
1
S. Rahman
1
M.I. Rashid
1

  1. Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Syed Abdul Qadir Jillani (Out Fall) Road, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
  2. University Diagnostic Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Syed Abdul Qadir Jillani (Out Fall) Road, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
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Abstract

A highly immunogenic nucleotide fragment (195bp) was selected from the Mhp183 gene of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae using information software technology and was named Mhp183195bp. Three Mhp183195bp were linked to form a new nucleotide sequence called Mhp183615bp. Mhp183615bp was directly synthesized and cloned into a pET100 vector and expressed in Escherichia coli. After purification, the proteins were successfully validated using SDS-PAGE and Western blot. BALB/c mice were injected with purified proteins on the first, eighth, and fifteenth days of feeding, respectively; serum samples were collected from mice on the day of immunization and on the 22nd day after immunization. The antibody level in mouse serum was detected by Western blotting using purified expressed proteins as antigens. IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ were simultaneously detected in mouse serum by ELISA. The 30 kDa protein was successfully expressed and reacted specifically with the specific serum Mhp His-Tag mouse monoclonal antibody and pig antibody. The expressed recombinant protein was immunogenic. The expression levels of IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α were found to be significantly higher on day 22 than in the control group. This study suggests that the expressed recombinant protein could be used as one of the novel vaccine candidates for Mhp.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Xu
1
J. Zheng
1
S. Hu
1
G. Wang
1

  1. College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Road 1#, Changsha, 410000, China
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Abstract

Newcastle disease (ND) is a frequently reported disease in poultry among both vaccinated and non-vaccinated flocks in Pakistan. During 2011-2012 poultry industry in Punjab, mainly in Lahore region, faced fatal outbreaks of ND caused by a variant strain. An analytical study was conducted during outbreak period in Lahore region. A total of 114 environmentally controlled farms were selected with the help of convenient sampling method. A questionnaire was designed about the potential risk factors associated with the spread of ND outbreak. The bivariate relationships between ND status and independent variables were investigated by applying the Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test. Multivariable logistic model was used to estimate the effect of each studied variable on the outcome by adjusting the other variables in the model. The variables which showed an association with ND outbreaks at commercial poultry farms were improper method for dead birds disposal (OR=4.96; 95% CI 1.63-15.12), use of same feed transporting vehicle at multiple poultry farms (OR=4.92; 95% CI 1.58-15.33), farm to farm distance of less than 1 km (OR=9.32; 95% CI(1.19-73.12), number of sheds at one farm (OR=2.31; 95% CI 0.93-5.69), labor type (OR=2.72; 95% CI 0.83-8.88) and biosecurity (OR= 4.47; 95% CI 0.56-35.66).
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Authors and Affiliations

R. Maqsood
1 2
A. Khan
1
M.H. Mushtaq
1
T. Yaqub
3
M.A. Aslam
4
H.B. Rashid
5
S.S. Gill
1
R. Akram
1
A. Rehman
1
M. Chaudhry
1

  1. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore-Pakistan
  2. Institute of Continuing Education and Extension, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore-Pakistan
  3. Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore-Pakistan
  4. Office of Research Innovation and Commercialization, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore-Pakistan
  5. Department of Veterinary Surgery and Pet Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore-Pakistan
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Abstract

The need for mass population vaccination against Covid-19 poses a public health problem. Allergic symptoms occurring after the 1st dose of the vaccine may result in resignation from the admin-istration of the 2nd dose. However, the majority of patients with mild and/or non-immediate symptoms may be safely vaccinated. The only absolute contraindication to administration of the vaccine is an anaphylactic reaction to any of its ingredients. Polyethylene glycol (PEG), widely used as an excipient in various vaccines, is considered the primary cause of allergic reactions associated with administration of Comirnaty (Pfizer/BioNTech) and Covid-19 Vaccine (Moderna) vaccines. However, hypersensitivity to PEG reported to date seems very rare, considering its widespread use in multiple everyday products, including medicines and cosmetics. In the paper, current literature data describing mechanisms of hy-persensitivity reactions to PEG, their clinical symptoms and diagnostic capabilities are presented. Un-doubtedly, the issue of hypersensitivity to PEG warrants further research, while patients with the diagnosis require individual diagnostic and therapeutic approach.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maria Czarnobilska
1
Małgorzata Bulanda
2
Magdalena Kurnik-Łucka
1
Krzysztof Gil
1

  1. Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Department of Clinical and Environmental Allergology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The application of immune serum is one of the most efficient method used formerly in the protection of raised piglets’/weaners’ health . The objective of the study was to determine specific antibody response during hyperimmunization of fatteners with a self-prepared subunit vaccine, and to propose production method of immune serum against Gram-negative bacteria antigens. The vaccine was administered every two weeks, 4 times. Individual and pooled serum samples were assayed for IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies against Histophilus somni recombinant Hsp60, H.somni rOMP40 and Pasteurella multocida LPS. Additionally total serum IgG and haptoglobin concentrations were measured.

Two weeks after the first vaccination IgM antibody raised significantly against H.s. rOMP40 and LPS, whereas after 4 weeks it increased against rHsp60 antigens. Anti-LPS IgM antibody raised up stepwise till the end of the observation, but IgM antibody against H.s. rHsp60 and H.s. rOMP40 decreased in further samplings. A significant raise in IgG class H.s. rHsp60-

-antibody was found 4 weeks after the first immunization and a similar raise against two remain- ing antigens after 6 weeks. The intensity of the reaction increased till the end of the experiment. The raise in IgA antibody level was observed only for H.s. rHsp60 antigen. Clinically observed, proper animal health and welfare were confirmed by haptoglobin concentration, which remained in physiological range. At least 4 booster doses were necessary to obtain hyperimmune serum containing a high level of antibodies against examined antigens. The number of immunizations influenced response profiles for specific IgM, IgG, IgA antibodies.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Rząsa
O. Pietrasina
M. Czerniecki
J. Bajzert
T. Stefaniak

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