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Archives of Environmental Protection

Archives of Environmental Protection

Description

Archives of Environmental Protection is the oldest Polish scientific journal of international scope that publishes articles on engineering and environmental protection. The quarterly has been published by the Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences since 1975. The journal has served as a forum for the exchange of views and ideas among scientists. It has become part of scientific life in Poland and abroad. The quarterly publishes the results of research and scientific inquiries by best specialists hereby becoming an important pillar of science. The journal facilitates better understanding of environmental risks to humans and ecosystems and it also shows the methods for their analysis as well as trends in the search of effective solutions to minimize these risks.

Copyright on any open access article in the Archives of Environmental Protection journal published by Polish Academy of Sciences is retained by the author(s). Authors grant Polish Academy of Sciences a license to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher. Authors also grant any user the right to use the article freely if its integrity is maintained and its original authors, citation details and publisher are identified. The Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License (CC BY-SA 4.0) formalizes these and other terms and conditions of publishing articles.  

The editorial team of Archives of Environmental Protection implements an open access policy by publishing materials in the form of the so-called Gold Open Access and encourages authors to place articles published in the journal in open repositories (after the review or the final version of the publisher), provided that a link to the journal’s website is provided.

For the articles which were previously published, before year 2021, policies that are different from the above. In all such, access to these articles is free from fees or any other access restrictions. Permissions for the use of the texts published in that journal may be sought directly from the Editors, by e-mail: aep@ipispan.edu.pl.

The journal is indexed by Clarivate Analytics services (Biological Abstract, BIOSIS Previews) and has an Impact Factor (June 2025) of 1.3

CiteScore 2025: 2.7

SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2025: 0.313

Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2023: 0.71


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ISSN
ISSN 2083-4772, eISSN 2083-4810
Publishers
Polish Academy of Sciences
Editors

Editor-in-Chief
Czesława Rosik-Dulewska ORCID logo0000-0003-2698-5437
Institute of Environmental Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Zabrze (Poland)

Editorial Advisory Board
Michał Bodzek ORCID logo0000-0001-9534-7426
Institute of Environmental Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Zabrze (Poland)

Joanna Surmacz-Górska ORCID logo0000-0002-1805-2189
Silesian University of Technology: Gliwice, Poland

Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska ORCID logo0000-0002-4339-0657
The Main School of Fire Service: Warszawa, PL


Assistant Editor
Jerzy Szdzuj


Editorial Board:

President: Piotr Koszelnik ORCID logo0000-0001-6866-7432
Politechnika Rzeszowska im Ignacego Lukasiewicza: Rzeszow, PL


Members:

Adamowski Jan Franklin (Canada) ORCID logo0000-0002-1242-3364
McGill University, Quebec, Canada


Alonso Rosa M. (Spain) ORCID logo0000-0002-1242-3364
University of the Basque Country/EHU, Bilbao, Spain


Banasik Kazimierz (Poland) ORCID logo0000-0002-7328-461X
Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland


Van der Bruggen Bart (Belgium) ORCID logo0000-0002-3921-7472
KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, The Netherlands


Czechowski Piotr Oskar (Poland) 0000-0001-7193-2022
Institute of Environmental Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Zabrze (Poland)


Wolfgang Frenzel (Germany) ORCID logo0000-0002-7697-2514
Technische Universität Berlin, Germany


Bamwenda Gratian R.(Tanzania)
Tanzania Academy of Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania


Huszar Peter (The Czech Republic) ORCID logo0000-0003-2954-8347
Uniwersytet Karola w Prague, The Czech Republic


Kulig Andrzej (Poland) ORCID logo0000-0001-6122-3169
Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland


Kabsch-Korbutowicz Malgorzata (Poland) ORCID logo0000-0002-8188-042X
Technical University Wrocław, Poland


Kyzioł-Komosińska Joanna (Poland) ORCID logo0000-0001-8777-4989
Instytute of Environmental Engineering PAS, Zabrze, Poland


Michalski Rajmund (Poland) ORCID logo0000-0003-4441-7409
Instytute of Environmental Engineering PAS, Zabrze, Poland


Misiewicz Paula (United Kingdom) ORCID logo0000-0003-1909-285X
Adams University: Newport, United Kingdom


Corral Mosquera Anuska (Spain) ORCID logo0000-0003-1925-680X
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela. Spain


Nahorski Zbigniew (Poland) ORCID logo0000-0002-2340-8020
Systems Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland


Nakamura Takashi (Japan) ORCID logo0000-0002-1864-1143
Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan


Oleszek Sylwia (Poland/Japan) ORCID logo0000-0001-6660-9992
Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan


Pawłowski Lucjan (Poland) ORCID logo0000-0001-7435-5646
Lublin University of Technology: Lublin, PL


Reizer Magdalena (Poland) ORCID logo0000-0002-3572-6050
Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland


Rostkowski Pawel (Norway) ORCID logo0000-0001-9778-4283
Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller Norway


Soldan Premysl ( The Czech Republik) ORCID logo0000-0002-8892-5117
T. G. Masaryk Water Research Institute (TGM WRI), Prague, The Czech Republic


Ultra Venecio (Philippines) ORCID logo0000-0002-7980-4137
Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST) , Palapye, Botswana


Wiatkowski Mirosław (Poland) ORCID logo0000-0002-5155-0593
Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland


Winnicki Tomasz (Poland) ORCID logo0000-0002-5859-7335
Karkonoska State Higher School in Jelenia Góra, Jelenia Góra, Poland


Włodarczyk-Makuła Maria (Poland) ORCID logo0000-0002-3978-2420
Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland


Zwoździak Jerzy (Poland) ORCID logo0000-0003-3779-4177
Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Nowym Sączu: Nowy Sącz, PL





Institute of Environmental Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences

ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 34,

41-819 Zabrze, Poland

Tel.: +48-32-271 64 81

Fax: +48-32-271 74 70

Mob. +48 728 413 219

e-mail: aep@ipispan.edu.pl

Copyright

Copyright on any open access article in the Archives of Environmental Protection journal published by Polish Academy of Sciences is retained by the author(s). Authors grant Polish Academy of Sciences a license to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher. Authors also grant any user the right to use the article freely if its integrity is maintained and its original authors, citation details and publisher are identified. The Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License ( CC BY-SA 4.0) formalizes these and other terms and conditions of publishing articles.  




The editorial team of Archives of Environmental Protection implements an open access policy by publishing materials in the form of the so-called Gold Open Access and encourages authors to place articles published in the journal in open repositories (after the review or the final version of the publisher), provided that a link to the journal’s website is provided.

Exceptions to copyright policy

For the articles which were previously published, before year 2021, policies that are different from the above. In all such, access to these articles is free from fees or any other access restrictions. Permissions for the use of the texts published in that journal may be sought directly from the Editors, by e-mail: aep@ipispan.edu.pl.

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Content

Archives of Environmental Protection | 2005 | vol. 31 | No 2

1 Contents
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2005 | vol. 31 | No 2
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2 Odour Intensity Close to Detection Threshold
Joanna Kośmider , Beata Krajewska , Monika Sosialuk
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2005 | vol. 31 | No 2 | 3-14
Keywords: odour intensity odour threshold psychophisical laws
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Abstract

550 individual odour intensity (S) assessments of 62 samples of air polluted with 2-propanol were collected (concentration c = 46-2 1000 mg/m3). The data were used to establish odour detection threshold of 2-propanol by extrapolation to S = 0 in the coordinate system of S-log c. The obtained values were compared with triangular tests results and data published in the literature. A reason for apparent positive deviations from Weber-Fechner law within a range of low odour intensities was indicated,
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Kośmider
Beata Krajewska
Monika Sosialuk
3 Artificial Neural Networks in Air Pollution Prediction - Importance of Input Variables
Wioletta Rogula , Jacek Żeliński
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2005 | vol. 31 | No 2 | 15-26
Keywords: multilayer perceptron neural network backpropagation artificial intelligence air pollutants prediction input variables output variables meteorological conditions
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Authors and Affiliations

Wioletta Rogula
Jacek Żeliński
4 Various Structures of Struvite Crystals
Jan Suschka , Eligiusz Kowalski , Sebastian Poplawski
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2005 | vol. 31 | No 2 | 27-42
Keywords: struvite magnesium ammonia phosphate phosphorous recovery crystal forms
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Suschka
Eligiusz Kowalski
Sebastian Poplawski
5 Struvite Precipitation and Simultaneous Ammonia Removal
Jan Suschka , Sebastian Popławski
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2005 | vol. 31 | No 2 | 43-52
Keywords: sewage sludge digestion dewatering P-reuse
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Abstract

Anaerobic digested sludge supernatant is rich in phosphates and ammonia nitrogen. Phosphates can be almost completely removed in the process of struvite precipitation. Simultaneously, if only magnesium is supplied, usually only a minor part of ammonia equivalent to phosphates will be removed. Increase in pH to about 8.5 or above leads to the presence of free ammonia which affects the struvite crystals form. The possibility of additional ammonia removal with an external or internal source of phosphates was also accounted for. The final product (precipitate) could be considered as a "biofertilizer" or "biosoil" in connection to the technology applied.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Suschka
Sebastian Popławski
6 Pollution Degree and Sanitary State Indicator Bacteria as the Indicators of the Purity of Lake Hańcza Waters
Anna Gotkowska-Plachta , Ewa Korzeniewska , Stanisław Niewolak
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2005 | vol. 31 | No 2 | 53-68
Keywords: lake total coliforms faecal (thermotolerant) coliforms faecal streptococci
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Abstract

This paper presents the results of a sanitary and bacteriological study of Lake Hańcza and its influents and an outflow. The study was conducted from April to October in the years 1998-2000, at 9 sites situated on the lake (pelagic zone, near-shore waters, ecotonal zone), 4 sites situated on the influents (the Czarna Hańcza and Stara Hańcza Rivers, the Spod Przełomki stream and the stream flowing from Lake Boczniel) and one situated on the Czarna Hańcza River, which flows out of Lake Hańcza. Total Viable Count at 20°C (TYC 20°C) and Total Viable Count at 37°C (TYC 37°C) were used as indicators of pollution, while Total Coli (TC), Faecal (therrnotolerant) Coli (FC) and Faecal Streptococcus - Enterococcus (FS) - as indicators of the sanitary state. The indicator bacteria number in the waters of Lake Hańcza and in the outflowing waters were usually typical of clean surface waters (purity class I). The bacteria number in the water inflowing to Lake Hańcza was much higher than that measured in the water of the lake and was usually similar to the values typical of slightly polluted (purity class II) and heavily polluted waters (purity class III). Throughout the study period, higher indicator bacteria numbers were measured in summer months; in other periods a higher number was found only sporadically. Its increase in subsequent years of study in the water at the established sites may be an indication of the increasing effect of allochtonie factors on the waters of Lake Hańcza.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Gotkowska-Plachta
Ewa Korzeniewska
Stanisław Niewolak
7 Escherichia Coli and other Groups of Opportunistically Pathogenic and Pathogenic Bacteria in the Offshore Water of the Lake Wigry
Ewa Korzeniewska
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2005 | vol. 31 | No 2 | 69-84
Keywords: Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas aeruginosa bathing sites lake
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Abstract

Studies were carried out in the summer seasons of l 995-1999 (from June to September) on the quantitative and qualitative composition of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria (including Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp.), and potentially pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus sp. in the water of 8 bathing sites of the Lake Wigry. Aeromonas hydrophila occurred in the all samples of studied water and was the most numerous in water sampled from sites of increased trophic levels. Irrespective of the site and time of sampling Pseudomonas aeruginosa was rarely isolated. In the total of 160 samples of water analysed Salmonella sp.. Escherichia coli and Staphyloccocus aureus were determined in 32 (22.6%), 68 (42.4%) and 90 (55%) samples, respectively. Pathogenic bacteria of the genus Salmonella sp. and potentially pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas hydrophila identified in the analysed offshore waters (also when Escherichia coli were absent) suggest that the use of the Lake Wigry waters for swimming, falling into account faecal bacterial counts, may not be sufficient to fully reflect safety conditions for bathers. The results of the research suggest that the evaluation of the Lake Wigry surface waters for recreational use should include the frequency of the occurrence of Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These three species, which arc not directly linked to faecal contamination, can cause various diseases of the skin, nasal and oral cavities, eyes, internal car and other problems in people swimming in contaminated water.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Korzeniewska
8 Impact of Anthropogenic Pressure on Aquatic Conditions in Lake Track in Olsztyn
Jolanta Grochowska , Helena Gawrońska
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2005 | vol. 31 | No 2 | 85-94
Keywords: drainage basin trophic condition anthropogenic pressure nutrients external loading
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Abstract

The research was carried out on a small (52.8 ha) and shallow (4 m) Lake Track in Olsztyn, exposed to a considerably intense anthropogenic pressure. In the middle 1800s this reservoir was dried out and most of the contiguous land was designated for agricultural purposes. The lake was restored in the mid 1900s. At present, the drainage basin of Lake Track is 216 ha. Urban land comprises the largest portion of this area, i.e. 49.3%, barren land 41.4% and forests 6. I%. The lake receives storm waters but for years it had also received sanitary sewage. The results of this research allowed classifying the lake as nutrient-rich, with fairly advanced eutrophication processes. The waters were characteristic of very high nutrients content, up to 0.75 mg P/dm3 and 3.87 mg N/dm3. The high fertility of Lake Track was additionally confirmed by high BOD, values, i.e. up to 9.5 mg 0/dm3, high chlorophyll content, usually from 30 to 40 mg/m3 but reaching 123 mg/m3, and low water transparency, oscillating between 0.6 and 0.9 m. The reason for the lake's high trophic level was no doubt the excessive loading from the drainage basin. The actual nutrient runoff from the drainage basin to the lake exceeded the critical loads, as defined by Vollenweider. Low quality of the lake's waters and the parallel high external loading indicate that preventive measures should be taken, aimed at reducing the external loading.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jolanta Grochowska
Helena Gawrońska
9 Hydro-chemical Characteristic of Czerniawka River
Witold Nocoń , Maciej Kostecki
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2005 | vol. 31 | No 2 | 95-104
Keywords: Czarniawka River hydrochemistry Upper Silesia water classification
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Abstract

This study presents the results of investigations, carried out on the Czamiawka River from December 2003 to June 2004. The results indicate the changes of physicochemical parameters of water quality. High concentration of ammonium nitrogen, COD and orthophosphates are probably caused by discharge of municipal waste-water. A drop of ammonium nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen concentration along the river course is probably caused by inflow of water without these components. High salinity and very high concentration of suspended solids below the "Makoszowy" coal-mine is caused by discharge of coalmine water and carbon dust from coal washer. All of the discussed parameters of water quality (except for pH-index and nitrate nitrogen) are beyond official classification. In comparison to previous analyses a slight improvement of water quality can be observed, especially in the top length. In the estuary water quality deteriorates. Although the Czarniawka River is small, it is one of the most important Kłodnica River contamination sources. Improvement of the existing situation will be possible only if firm waste-water management action will be taken, especially in the "Makoszowy" coal-mine area.
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Authors and Affiliations

Witold Nocoń
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Kostecki
ORCID: ORCID
10 Utilization of Different Carbon Compounds by Sulphate-reducing Bacteria in Mediums with Phosphogypsum
Dorota Wolicka , Włodzimierz Kowalski
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2005 | vol. 31 | No 2 | 105-112
Keywords: sulphate-reducing bacteria different carbon compounds phosphogypsurn
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Abstract

In this work the effectiveness of the biotransformation of phosphogypsum in the cultures of sulphatereducing bacteria (SRB) was studied. SRB were isolated from soil contaminated with automobile fuel. The microorganisms were grown by two methods: the enrichment of the cultures and microcosms in: Postgate, minimal medium (with phenol, acetate or lactate) and Emerson medium. All media contained phosphogypsum as electron acceptors. The isolated microorganisms were passage in medium containing different carbon compounds: ethanol, lactate, phenol, acetate casein or lactose to test the effectiveness of biotransformation of phosphogypsum depending on the source of carbon used. In cultures in Postgate medium with lactate or casein there were found the maximal H2S concentration (654 and 540 mg HS-/dm3) and maximal decrease of phosphogypsum 84% and 64%, respectively. The isolated microorganisms utilised alcohol, sugar, protein and phenol.
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