@ARTICLE{Klakla_Jan_Bazyli_Beyond_2025,
 author={Klakla, Jan Bazyli and Kulesa, Agnieszka},
 volume={vol. 69},
 number={no. 2 Wokół pojęcia wulnerabilności},
 journal={Kultura i Społeczeństwo},
 pages={31-53},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2025},
 publisher={Komitet Socjologii PAN},
 publisher={Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN},
 abstract={The paper examines the situation of migrant domestic workers in Poland, focusing on their needs, the risks they face, and the opportunities to enhance their resilience and empowerment. The research is based on the analytical model developed by Helma Lutz and Ewa Palenga-Möllenbeck, which addresses the macro (labor market, migration policies), meso (social networks), and micro (individual workers’ experiences) levels. Particular attention is given to Ukrainian migrants who arrived both before and after the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Data was collected primarily through in-depth interviews with migrant domestic workers, employers, and representatives of public authorities, NGOs, and academia. The findings highlight the prevalence of informal employment, a lack of legal protection, and challenges in enforcing labor laws in private households. The article offers recommendations for improving the working conditions of migrant domestic workers and proposes policy changes to support their integration into the labor market.},
 type={Article},
 title={Beyond Vulnerability: Resilience and Empowerment of Migrant Domestic Workers in Poland},
 URL={http://www.journals.pan.pl/Content/138355/PDF-MASTER/031-053_KiS.2025.69.2.2.pdf},
 keywords={Ukrainian migrants, domestic workers in Poland, refugees, informal employment, labor rights, migration policy, employer–employee relations},
}