@ARTICLE{Ciszkiewicz_Adam_Recognizing_2023,
 author={Ciszkiewicz, Adam and Jaglarz, Janusz and Uhl, Tadeusz},
 volume={vol. 30},
 number={No 4},
 journal={Metrology and Measurement Systems},
 pages={721-736},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2023},
 publisher={Polish Academy of Sciences Committee on Metrology and Scientific Instrumentation},
 abstract={The paper deals with analysis of recognition of surface quality with reflective structures. Such surfaces are common in metallic materials cut using a saw or polished. There are no easy methods to identify such elements after machining. This issue is crucial in the industry for quality control as recognition of the elements, for instance after failure, allows for a detailed study of their manufacturing process. Firstly, six cuboid steel elements were obtained from a larger beam with a circular saw. Then, the bidirectional reflection distribution function (BRDF) was obtained for each element 3 times. The BRDF profiles were used in custom recognition software based on the K-nearest neighbors algorithm. In total, 140 variants of the classifier were tested and analyzed. Additionally, each variant was solved 200 times with different splits of the dataset. The results showed a high multiclass accuracy in all considered variants of the algorithm, with multiple variants achieving 100% accuracy. This level of performance was attained with only 1 to 2 training samples per class. Its low numerical complexity, easy experimental procedure, and “one-shot” nature allow for fast recognition, which is crucial in industrial applications.},
 type={Article},
 title={Recognizing steel elements with BRDF and k-nearest neighbors},
 URL={http://www.journals.pan.pl/Content/130335/art08_int_cor.pdf},
 doi={10.24425/mms.2023.147958},
 keywords={metallic surface, reflective surface, bidirectional reflection distribution function, classification},
}