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Abstract

This study elucidates the technologies employed in membranebased water purification processes. The theoretical underpinnings of semipermeable membrane functionalities are expounded upon through the lens of Onsager’s reciprocal relations in non-equilibrium thermodynamics, delineating the fluxes and the driving forces that instigate them. Utilising a simplified Onsager matrix tailored for the ion-exchange membrane electrodialysis process, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted. The computations presented herein depict the intricacies of both dialysis and electrodialysis in saline water solutions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Matysko
1
Tomasz Ochrymiuk
1

  1. Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
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Abstract

We explain that a full description of how the non-equilibrium state of the system evolves in time requires the consideration and solution of its general equation of motion. In the case of the Carnot medium, as a general equation of motion, there must be taken two balances of: nonequilibrium specific volume and non-equilibrium specific entropy. Instead of taking the classical approach where the balance of entropy is postponed to more advanced and theoretical treatments, we focus on the analysis of two, most general, volume and entropy fluxes. These fluxes of motion are universal features of thermodynamics. It has been shown that the Carnot working continuum mathematical model is captured by the two general nonmathematical statements valid for all systems that we call the first law and the second law of thermodynamics.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Ochrymiuk
1
Waldemar Dudda
2
Janusz Badur
1

  1. Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
  2. University of Warmia and Masury, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Oczapowskiego11, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Abstract

This paper presents the design method and the construction details of a subsonic low-speed wind tunnel, which has been designed to achieve the flow velocity of 35 m/s in the measurement section with expected uniform velocity field at its inlet. To achieve such objectives a very detailed design was performed using a theoretical 1D analysis and computational fluid dynamics simulations. This approach was applied to improve the flow quality along the wind tunnel sections. When the wind tunnel has been launched a direct comparison of the experimentally measured flow field in the test section and numerical simulation results was conducted. Such comparison of the simulation results with the experimental one is presented in this paper. The obtained results confirm that assumed wind tunnel design method was correct, i.e. the pressure drop in the wind tunnel has been predicted very well and drive system is effective and sufficient to accelerate the airflow to required values.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard Szwaba
1
Krzysztof Hinc
1
Tomasz Ochrymiuk
1
Zbigniew Krzemianowski
1
Piotr Doerffer
1
Marcin Kurowski
1

  1. Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdansk, Poland

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