IR spectroscopy, density and ultrasonic velocity measurements have been carried out for aluminum lithium phosphate glasses with and without MoO3. The observed changes in the FTIR spectra of the glasses were related to the modifier/former role of molybdenum ions. The results revealed that the density increases with increasing MoO<sub>3</sub> content, which was attributed to the increase in the compactness and packing of the glass network. The ultrasonic data were analyzed in terms of creation of new bonds of MoO<sub>3</sub> attached to phosphate units. The new bonds increased the average crosslink density and the number of network bonds per unit volume along with a strengthening of the different modes of vibrations which in its turn increased the ultrasonic velocity, the rigidity and hence the elastic moduli of the glasses.
The studies were carried out in Wielkopolska region (western Poland) in oat and winter rye cultures. Density and species structure of Thysanoptera were studied. Average density of adult Thysanoptera on oat reached 371.4 individuals/m2, and was higher than on rye, where it reached 107.5 individuals/m2. Limothrips cerealium Haliday was a dominant species on oat as well as on winter rye.
The paper approaches an important issue of the phonological similarity of words, relevant for current research in phonotactics, word recognition, production and acquisition, by analyzing the data collected in an experiment in which 30 native speakers of Polish were asked to provide phonologically similar words to 80 nonwords. The study demonstrates that the uncovered patterns of phonological similarity (segment substitutions, deletions and additions, the use of bigrams, trigrams and quadrigrams, noncontiguous sounds and segment metathesis) go beyond the commonly employed concept of neighbourhood density and point to the need to revise the current approaches to phonological similarity of words. It is argued that the experimental results can be attributed to the considerably more complex phonotactic and morphological structure of Polish than English.
It was expected that there would be a relationship between plant density and arrangement within soybean plantations and ground beetles due to changes of abiotic habitat conditions. The aim of this study was to determinate the effect of different plant arrangements of soybean plants on the abundance and species diversity of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). The studies were conducted from 2015 to 2017 at the Experimental Research Station, Wrocław, Poland. The occurrence of beetles was examined on soybeans, growing in four different treatments: row spacing of 15 cm or 30 cm, and seeding density of 50 or 90 seeds per m2. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design in four replicates. Ground beetles were collected with 16 pitfall traps, with one trap in the middle part of each plot. The obtained results show that the general number of ground beetles was similar between the treatments. Some minor effects were found in species number, which was higher in the lower row spacing treatment. Only less abundant species were significantly affected. The most abundant species in all years and treatments were Pseudoophonus rufipes, Harpalus affinis, Calathus fuscipes and Pterostichus melanarius. The abundance of the above-listed common ground beetle species did not differ significantly between treatments.
The paper evaluates the relationship between the selection of the probability density function and the construction price, and the price of the building's life cycle, in relation to the deterministic cost estimate in terms of the minimum, mean, and maximum. The deterministic cost estimates were made based on the minimum, mean, and maximum prices: labor rates, indirect costs, profit, and the cost of equipment and materials. The net construction prices received were given different probability density distributions based on the minimum, mean, and maximum values. Twelve kinds of probability distributions were used: triangular, normal, lognormal, beta pert, gamma, beta, exponential, Laplace, Cauchy, Gumbel, Rayleigh, and uniform. The results of calculations with the event probability from 5 to 95% were subjected to the statistical comparative analysis. The dependencies between the results of calculations were determined, for which different probability density distributions of price factors were assumed. A certain price level was assigned to specific distributions in 6 groups based on the t-test. It was shown that each of the distributions analyzed is suitable for use, however, it has consequences in the form of a final result. The lowest final price is obtained using the gamma distribution, the highest is obtained by the beta distribution, beta pert, normal, and uniform.
On the basis of observations and markings of Weddell seals in the region of the Admiralty Bay it was estimated that numbers of this species decreased systematically from about 500 to about 100 individuals from December to February. The sex structure of the local population also changed, showing a growing domination of females. Males were observed more often on coastal snow patches, females prevailed on rocky beaches close to the sea. A thesis of an increased nocturnal activity of Weddell seal was confirmed, indicating also a possibility of a two days activity cycle of this species. Synchronized among the individuals of local populations by atmoshperic conditionds.
Measurements of water temperature and salinity were carried out at 38 oceanographic stations at Admiralty Bay in the period between December 1978 and February 1979. The temperature at the water surface ranged from 0.18°C to 2.81 °C and salinity from 16.40 to 34.16‰. Deeper water temperature decreased and salinity increased ranging at the bottom, at the depth of 480 m, from —0.23°C to 26°C and from 34.51‰ to 34.57‰, respectively. The investigations at the shore and offshore stations showed a marked effect of the run-offs from glaciers causing a considerable decrease in salinity of the thin surface layer of the waters. The main area of the Bay is characterized by high uniformity of water temperature and salinity, which proves that these waters are well mixed.
The article describes the idea of a compact city, due to the needs and capabilities of contemporary Polish cities, with an emphasis on the Silesia region. Special attention has been paid to the possibility of increasing the cities’ density and several examples have been shown to present the possibilities of densifying the cities with new housing investments. Also, the article presents the studies that indicate the capacity for the internal development of selected Silesian cities: Katowice and Gliwice. The article ends with the recommendations for cities to become more compact.
Bayesian VAR (BVAR) models offer a practical solution to the parameter proliferation concerns as they allow to introduce a priori information on seasonality and persistence of inflation in a multivariate framework. We investigate alternative prior specifications in the case of time series with a clear seasonal pattern. In the empirical part we forecast the monthly headline inflation in the Polish economy over the period 2011‒2014 employing two popular BVAR frameworks: a steady-state reduced-form BVAR and just-identified structural BVAR model. To evaluate the forecast performance we use the pseudo real-time vintages of timely information from consumer and financial markets. We compare different models in terms of both point and density forecasts. Using formal testing procedure for density-based scores we provide the empirical evidence of superiority of the steady-state BVAR specifications with tight seasonal priors.
Cephus fumipennis Eversmann is a key insect pest of wheat crops in Qinghai, China. Its field population densities were surveyed by using both the back-loaded insect vacuum and a sweep net. Mean densities in township-level were calculated and a quantitative relation, ŷ = 0.664 + 0214x, was established between the two sampling methods. The empirical relationship may be applicable in density monitoring and Integrated Pest Management program of the insect.
Transmission of the electric power is accompanied with generation of low –frequency electromagnetic fields. Electromagnetic compatibility studies require that the fields from sources of electric power be well known. Unfortunately, many of these sources are not defined to the desired degree of accuracy. This applies e.g. to the case of the twisted-wire pair used in telephone communication; already practiced is twisting of insulated high-voltage three phase power cables and single-phase distribution cables as well. The paper presents a theoretical study of the calculation of magnetic fields in vicinity of conductors having helical structure. For the helical conductor with finite length the method is based on the Biot-Savart law. Since the lay-out of the cables is much more similar to a broken line than to strait line, in the paper the magnetic flux densities produced by helical conductor of complex geometry are also derived. The analytical formulas for calculating the 3D magnetic field can be used by a software tool to model the magnetic fields generated by e.g. twisted wires, helical coils, etc.
The paper presents results of assessment of the unit pressure force within the refractory material volume in the course press-moulding of
stampings for refractory precast shapes. The force was evaluated with the use of physical simulation of deformation undergone by lead
balls placed in the raw refractory mass subjected to pressing in a metal die. To determine the value of unit pressure force applied to the
aggregate grains in the course of stamping press-moulding, physical model of deformation of a sphere induced by the uniaxial stress state
was used.
The paper presents results of an analysis of material density distribution in stampings press-moulded in metal dies from raw refractory
materials based on alumina-magnesia-carbon aggregate. The stampings, fabricated on LAEIS HPF 1250 pressing machine, are blanks from
which refractory precast shapes are manufactured by means of drying and firing. Samples for material density evaluation were cut out
from test stampings with the use of diamond-reinforced disc. Density of the material was determined in thirteen layers of stampings
denoted with letters A through M.
The conducted work shows and confirms how thermal analysis of grey and ductile iron is an important source for calculating metallurgical data to be used as input to increase the precision in simulation of cooling and solidification of cast iron. The aim with the methodology is to achieve a higher quality in the prediction of macro– and micro porosity in castings. As comparison objects standard type of sampling cups for thermal analysis (solidification module M ≈ 0.6 cm) is used. The results from thermal analysis elaborated with the ATAS MetStar system are evaluated parallel with the material quality (including tendency to external and internal defects) of the tested specimen. Significant temperatures and calculated quality parameters are evaluated in the ATAS MetStar system and used as input to calibrate the density curve as temperature function in NovaFlow&Solid simulation system. The modified data are imported to the NovaFlow&Solid simulation system and compared with real results.