What is focused on in the undertaken study are teachers from schools educating in the Polish language in the Czech Republic. The author refers to the studies conducted in 2014–2016 and in 2017 among teachers from schools for the Polish national minority located in Zaolzie. These schools effectively compete with schools for the Czech majority. Among other things, they have survived owing to teachers and their decisive strategies, which involve not only strictly competitive but also various forms of collaborative behaviour.

In the conditions ofgrowing competitiveness on foreign markets, mining companies have to use suitable marketing strategics to put them in an advantageous position in relation to their competitors. The strategics enabling the companies to achieve that goal include the strategy of low prices in export, diversification ofexported products and the strategy of concentration. The principles of cach strategy and the conditions for their effective implementation arc analysed. Attention is also given to risks and dangers they may involve.

The essence ofstruggle strategy carried out by an extractive industry enterprise has been analysed. Basic conditions for effective application ofstruggle marketing strategy in this enterprise and advantages derived from well-thought-out conducting of the said strategy have been tracked. Threads to the enterprise attributable to application of such strategy are also presented.

The study is focused on the strategy of struggle employed by a mining company. The fundamental conditions for effective application of this strategy are analysed and its advantages and possible threats are presented.

Ceny ropy naftowej od drugiej połowy 2014 do końca 2017 roku charakteryzowały duża zmienność z dominacją trendów spadkowych. Przyczyną takiego stanu były m.in. decyzje podejmowane przez kartel OPEC i innych czołowych producentów o ograniczeniu wydobycia tego surowca. Znaczne fluktuacje cen ropy są jednym z podstawowych rodzajów ryzyka rynkowego, z którym zmagać musi się przede wszystkim sektor rafineryjny, jednak jego konsekwencje widoczne są także w innych obszarach działalności gospodarczej. Autorzy artykułu stawiają hipotezę, zgodnie z którą skuteczną formą zabezpieczenia się przed znacznymi wahaniami cen ropy naftowej jest wykorzystywanie strategii opcyjnych long guts i long straddle. W opracowaniu zwrócono uwagę na to, że powodzenie takiego rozwiązania nie wymaga od podmiotu zabezpieczającego, aby ten potrafił przewidywać kierunek zmian ceny ropy. Ze względu na specyficzną konstrukcję tych strategii, dają one bowiem szansę na osiągnięcie pozytywnych rezultatów zarówno przy znacznych spadkach, jak i znacznych wzrostach wartości surowca. Analiza skuteczności stosowanych strategii objęła okres od 23 czerwca 2014 do 14 grudnia 2017 roku. W obliczeniach wykorzystano dane pochodzące z giełdy NYMEX – jednej z największych giełd surowcowo- -energetycznych na świecie. W konstrukcji strategii użyto miesięcznych, europejskich opcji kupna i sprzedaży z różnymi cenami wykonania. Przy ich wycenie posłużono się modelem Fishera Blacka. Oprócz opcji ATM wykorzystano także opcje, w których cena realizacji była o 5, 10 bądź 15% wyższa lub niższa od ceny ropy z dnia zawierania umowy. Siedem opcji pozwoliło na otrzymanie w każdym z analizowanych miesięcy 7 wariantów strategii long straddle i 21 wariantów strategii long guts. Wyniki osiągnięte w każdej z nich podzielono na trzy kategorie, które zostały wyznaczone przez poziom zmian ceny ropy w okresie aktywności zabezpieczenia. W każdej z kategorii obliczono średnie arytmetyczne wyników uzyskanych w poszczególnych wariantach strategii. Tak zestawione rezultaty pozwoliły na porównanie skuteczności stosowanych zabezpieczeń i znalezienie odpowiedzi na pytanie, który z wariantów powinien być stosowany w warunkach wysokiej zmienności cen ropy naftowej. Jak wynika z zaprezentowanych obliczeń, najlepsze wyniki można było osiągnąć w przypadku wykorzystania strategii long straddle i long guts, w konstrukcji których posłużono się opcjami ATM bądź opcjami o wyższych cenach wykonania (ATM+5% i ATM+10%). Strategie te dały również lepsze rezultaty w porównaniu do zabezpieczeń, które polegały na zajęciu długiej pozycji w pojedynczych opcjach kupna bądź sprzedaży.

Taking into consideration rivals present at a certain foreign market, mining companies may apply both market gap and imitation strategics to develop export of the produced minerals. The most frequently used forms and conditions for effective application of these strategies, as well as benefits resulted from these marketing strategies were analysed. Hazards connected with application of these strategies were also considered.

Marketing strategics of mining companies evaluated on the basis of their competitive strength on the foreign market include the strategy of cooperation. Mining companies use this strategy especially when the foreign market is attractive for too many of them while the internal strength of individual companies is inadequate to ensure success in terms ofrapid increase of export volumes. Advantages ofthis marketing strategy as well as possible dangers which may be the result of incorrect use arc duly considered.

Among the available marketing strategies in dealing with major competitors of a mining company on the given foreign market, the strategy of imitation may help to improve the company's exports. Its most common forms, the conditions for its successful employment and major advantages are discussed in the paper. The threats it involves are also given due consideration.

The study consists of three parts. The first comprises the characteristic features of social politics strategy. They include the basic assumptions and functions of the social politics strategy in the field of the development of education and aid activities at the level of local units of territorial authorities. The essence of the study is the second part. It consists of the own research results – an analysis of the aims and tasks associated with inclusive education (also with preparing local communities for creating inclusive culture), comprised in strategies. The whole is completed with final conclusions. The study is aimed at the qualitative analysis of the development strategy of 17 communes (3900 pages of documents) as regards the issues of disability. The research interest was to find out whether the slogans promoting the equal access to education, elimination of barriers and preparing mainstream schools and local community for inclusive culture had been reflected in any way in the social politics strategies of local authorities – in the documents which, at least in the assumptions, constitute the starting point for generating good practices, also in the field of social support and education for disabled learners.

The article presents the results of research conducted as part of the ENTRANCES project (financed by the Horizon 2020 program), which focused on the analysis of sociological conditions in the transformation process involving the abandonment of coal production. The Polish research area in this project was the Silesian region. The research concerned the problems that will inevitably affect the region’s community as the transformation towards the abandonment of coal becomes increasingly profound. The article identifies the main challenges facing this region in the context of adaptation to profound changes resulting from the liquidation of basic jobs in the region, which are coal mines. Moreover, the authors of the article propose strategies that can be used to effectively deal with these challenges. These strategy proposals include both actions at the public policy level and initiatives undertaken by the private sector and the local community. The research method used included a broad analysis of many dimensions to which the region’s society is subjected in transitional conditions within five components: socio-cultural, socio-psychological, socio-political, socio-economic, and socio-ecological-technical. The identified challenges and developed applicable strategies summarize this broad research. The obtained results allow for a deeper understanding of social processes during the energy transformation in coal regions, as well as the formulation of practical solutions for the Silesian region and other similar areas.

The small scale green areas, urban parks, urban forests or natural green areas are vital components of the urban structure of cities. This paper, using examples from Bratislava, analyzes the successful and lost opportunities to apply the concept of green space as a strategy for urban regeneration and development, and discusses the ways to incorporate this concept in the teaching and educational practices in the fields of urbanism and landscape architecture.

Sufficient national fossil resources and an independent water supply system are indispensable elements of the security structure of any state. Energy independence, as a factor in determining self -sufficiency, is now a basic requirement for countries or regions wishing to develop independently and freely. The purpose of this research is to identify the specifics of the European energy strategy in the Central Asian region by considering the basic areas of cooperation between the parties in this sector of the economy. This research paper has been prepared primarily using the following methods: historical, statistical, prognostic, synthesis, comparison and system analysis methods. The research delves into the intricate dynamics of foreign policy activities of European Union members concerning energy resources, particularly in a historical context. Analyzing the collaboration between Brussels and Central Asian nations, both positive and adverse facets of this alliance in the energy domain have been pinpointed. Special attention is paid to the relationship between the European Union and the Republic of Kazakhstan, emphasizing its role within the broader security framework of the region and the continent. The study offers practical recommendations for enhancing state energy strategies and fostering productive bilateral and multilateral energy partnerships.
The results and conclusions of the presented work can be used as a foundation for the development of practical recommendations to establish and improve the energy strategies of the states, and for planning bilateral and multilateral mutually beneficial cooperation in the energy sector.

In the last decade the significant change in the strategic planning process of the oil companies was observed. The new face of this companies is shaped by: focus on profitability and shareholder value, impossibility of reliable forecasting, increased need for flexibility. The paper presents one of the new instruments supporting the process of enterprise management - balanced scorecard. First part of this paper reviews the basic assumptions ofthe balanced scorecard concept. The focus is on the distinct groups of performance measures used and the role ofmeasurement systems in enterprise management. Application of performance measures in enterprise management drives from the "management by objective" concept. The goals of enterprise can be archived by decomposition on the particular internal units and then development and systematic use of the performance measurement system supporting to assess the rate of particular objectives achievement. For each group of measures examples of indicators enabling assessment the rate of achievement of strategic assumptions formulated in balanced scorecard arc presented. W the second part of the paper describes the example of the balanced scorecard for one of the major oil companies.

In order to choose the marketing strategy to be applied on the given foreign market, a mining company has to first determine its market position there. That is often the starting point in the strategy selection. The basis techniques to determine the market position of mining companies on the foreign markets are presented: the rates of absolute and relative market share, portfolio analysis and SWOT analysis.

The concept of marketing management in the minerals sectors is understood as defining the marketing goals of a mining company, its available resources, market operations, further opportunities as well as planning necessary to achieve those goals. Marketing management in the minerals sector involves: 1) active response of a mining company to the market conditions, 2) acknowledgement of the key importance of marketing for a company to effectively integrate marketing with other management functions. 3) development of an integrated marketing methodology on the company's level. Consequently, the marketing management in a mining company is a sequence of decisions based on market observations, analysis and research, involving planning, management and coordination of production and sales operations to ensure the effective .,·arkct policy. The underlying principle of marketing management is that all decisions should be based on market information. both in the area of production and sales.

In its history, Poland was usually more oriented to land than to the sea. For many centuries we have not been able to see the opportunities and potential created by the coastal location of our country. In the current strategic documents in Poland, there are also no proper references to the maritime security of the state, although we are a member of both NATO and the European Union. The article presents the creation process in 2015–2017 and the content of a unique document devoted to this issue: Poland’s Strategic Concept for Maritime Security, which was born thanks to the efforts of “enthusiasts” of maritime affairs from the Naval Academy, Shipbuilding Council and the Institute of General Józef Haller under the leadership of the National Security Bureau. In the authors opinion, the document is to form the basis for work on the future maritime security strategy of our country, and also become the “engine” of public discussion in Poland on maritime security issues and the effective use of the coastal position of the state for economic development.

The research of development capabilities is a fundamental of strategic issues, which has to be taken into consideration by coal mines. This is particularly difficult in the current environment, which is determined by its crisis situation. In such conditions, it is necessary to take difficult decisions, and serious, strategic challenges into account, which allow for the crisis to be overcome, for the renewal and economic effectiveness of the operation of these coal mines, which have potential to grow, and closing the coal mines, which have not potential to grow. Due to the effects of such decisions, which concern not only coal mines but also the Silesian region, it is essential to prepare information to support them and promote rational choices. This is related to the issue of research for development possibilities. The article presents considerations related to the subject of research for development possibilities of coal mines in a crisis situation. Taking the results of literature study into account, the model of research process was developed, and identified the research issues concerning the following:

- the identification of external factors which determine the possibility of development of the Polish mines and drawing a schedule of their changes in the future,

- the identification of internal factors which determine the possibility of development of the Polish mines,

- developing a way for the assessment of the development potential of the coal mines, to show appropriate strategic options and action programmes for these options,

- determining possible strategic options and corresponding schedules, appropriate for the specific nature of the mines.

The proposition of their solutions, which were obtained in the process of using the specific methods and research tools, allowed the guidelines in terms of research of development capabilities of coal mines to be presented.

The problem of deposit protection and the process of liquidation of mining plants does not find effective solutions in the national law. Nevertheless, this is a very up-to-date issue. This situation prompted the authors of the article to once again analyze these issues. The number of abandoned exploitation sites which were published in the Polish Geological Institute reports should affect the entire licensing system and the state’s raw material policy. As a good host of raw materials, which we have been given by Earth Mother, we cannot allow that the mining licensing system, the liquidation procedures of mining plants without due diligence, result in the lack of protection of these deposits. The rational raw material economy and the ability to exploit it for the future generations, while failing to effectively enforce the site liquidation process makes it necessary to take actions leading to not blocking the mineral deposits in this way. The analysis shows what appropriate actions should be taken. The authors have thoroughly investigated the legal regulations over the past century, compiling them with the current legislation, and pointing out the weaknesses of the system in the field of deposits protection, particularly in the part of the unexploited deposits. Criticism covered both the statutory regulations – Geological and mining law as well as executive acts in the field of deposit protection. A separate analysis was subjected to the procedure of liquidation of the mining plants in the aspect of deposits protection, for mining plants operating on the basis of the Province Marshal’s licenses. The process presented in the flowchart layout clearly shows the weak points of the currently operating system.

The text discusses the problems of sensory processing disorders (SPD) and their impact on difficulties children have at school. Individual categories of sensory processing disorders were characterized and examples of behavior of children who may have those problems were described. Certain strategies which teachers can use when working with a child with SI disorders were also offered.

It should be noted that the early diagnosis of symptoms that may indicate the occurrence of sensory processing disorders, followed by apt diagnosis and therapy allow children to function properly in the school environment and positively influence their self-esteem. This in turn facilitates the process of learning and contributes future success.

Mineral markets, in spite of many common features with other goods markets, are distinctive. Their functioning sometimes deviates from the rules of the free market. This feature results from the specificity of acquiring the good being an object of trade. In general, changes in the supply of strategic raw materials are indicated earlier (characterized by a lengthy investment cycle from deposit reconnaissance to mining development), develop slowly, andare inelastic. Demand for common mineral raw materials often has a clear and economic character. However, mineral markets as well as markets of other goods have a common feature - the fact that both are a place where an incessant game is being played. In general, two types of strategic behaviours are distinguished: competition or cooperation. This paper recalls an existing model known as the oil market game. Based on a three-entity market of aggregate producers, an attempt has been made to model entrepreneurs' behaviour. The analysis applies n-person game theory. Game theory enables the evaluation of diverse potential coalitions forming. Possible strategies of activity coming from the prospect of cooperation (or its omission) are presented. Expected payoffs are estimated for possible alliances. Proposals for the division of the payoffs among the participants forming the coalition are also suggested.

The study’s relevance lies in the region’s strategic importance for energy security and economic development and the need to devise optimal strategies for hydrocarbon reserves production and management in the face of global market changes and environmental challenges. This study aimed to investigate the geological and geochemical characteristics that influence oil and gas formation and accumulation on the southeastern side of the Pre-Caspian Basin. The research used analytical, classification, statistical, structural-functional, functional, deductive, and synthesis methods. As part of the study of the southeastern flank of the Pre-Caspian Basin, a comprehensive analysis of geological and geophysical data, including detailed seismic interpretation and geochemical analysis of rocks and fluids, was carried out. This multivariate analysis revealed the essential structural features of the region and identified prospective traps for oil and gas. The findings of this study emphasize the strategic importance of the region as a potential source of energy resources while highlighting the importance of attention to environmental and social aspects in the development of these resources. This study represents a significant contribution to the oil and gas industry and helps guide the region’s strategic development with sustainability and resource efficiency in mind. The practical significance of this study is to provide a basis for more efficient exploitation and management of oil and gas resources on the southeastern side of the Caspian Basin, contributing to the region’s economic development and energy security.

The model concept, as presented in this paper, is an original solution created by the author, and can be used as a proposal to build an innovative mechanism to increase the effectiveness of programming and implementation of the development policy, and improve the quality of functioning of a building research institute. The development management system included in this model is a set of actions targeting at the effective use of human and tangible resources, undertaken in a coordinated manner and leading to the achievement of previously established objectives. The market activity of building research institutes is directly or indirectly involved in construction projects, which translates into market mechanisms, such as innovation and competitiveness. In addition, it indicates the participation of a building research institute in the engineering of construction projects as a key to entrepreneurship and implementations.

Jednym z większych wyzwań, przed jakimi stoi polskie leśnictwo, jest opracowanie nowych strategii hodowli lasów w obliczu postępujących zmian klimatu.

Dialogue in the Classroom: Teaching Strategies and Their Reception by Students – The paper aims to explore Student Voice research within the academic context in terms of theoretical assumptions and a practical approach to its application in the classroom. In the first part, we focus on three main themes which build the explanatory framework: (1) Italian language teaching at Polish universities, (2) the current teaching methodology implemented in the classroom, and (3) Student Voice as a tool to better plan teaching activities. In the second part, we present the findings of a survey conducted among students learning Italian at the Faculty of Applied Linguistics, and we analyze their value for the teaching and learning process.