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The Quantum SI - Towards the New Systems of Units

Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2010 | No 2 | DOI: 10.2478/v10178-010-0013-9

Keywords SI system base units quantum standards

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Abstract

The possibility or even necessity of revising definitions of some of the base units of the present SI has been discussed over the past 15 years. The last General Conference of Weights and Measures (2007) recommended to redefine the kilogram, the ampere, the kelvin, and the mole using fixed values of the fundamental constants by the time of the next General Conference in 2011. This paper is a review of proposals of new definitions of units of mentioned quantities and arguments voting for particular variants of definitions. Most relevant papers for this review have been published by Metrologia, the international journal appointed at the BIPM, and many other useful pieces of information are available on www pages of the BIPM. The author notes that not only new definitions have been discussed but as well as the set of the base units of the SI. It means a replacement of the ampere by the volt or the kelvin by the joule. Decisions concerning new definitions are not made and the discussions are still open.

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Authors and Affiliations

Waldemar Nawrocki

Mechanical Property Comparison of Al11Si Wheels Grain Refined by Ti, Nb and MTS

F. Aydogan K.C. Dizdar H. Sahin E. Mentese D. Dispinar

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 4 | 14-18 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140246

Keywords Al11Si grain refinement Nb MTS

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Abstract

In this work, 25 wheels were cast with three different grain refiners: Al5Ti1B, Al3Nb1B and MTS 1582. Samples were machined from the wheels to check the mechanical properties. It was found that Nb grain refinement had the lowest grain size (260 mm) and highest tensile properties (yield strength of 119-124 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 190-209 MPa). Al5Ti1B and MTS 1582 revealed quite similar results (110 MPa yield and 198 MPa ultimate tensile strength). The fading of the grain refining effect of Al5TiB1 master alloy was observed in both Nb and Ti added castings whereas during the investigated time interval, the fading was not observed when MTS 1582 was used.

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Authors and Affiliations

F. Aydogan

1

K.C. Dizdar

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

H. Sahin

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

E. Mentese

1

D. Dispinar

2

e-mail: derya.dispinar@gmail.com

ORCID:

Doktas Wheels, Turkey
Istanbul Technical University, Turkey

Improvement of Al-Si Alloy Fatigue Strength by Means of Refining and Modification

M. Tupaj A.W. Orłowicz A. Trytek Marek Mróz

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2019 | vol. 19 | No 4 | 61-66 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2019.129631

Keywords Al-Si alloy Fatigue limit Refining Modification

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Abstract

The paper presents results of a study concerning an AlSi7Mg alloy and the effect of subjecting the liquid metal to four different processes: conventional refining with hexachloroethane; the same refining followed by modification with titanium, boron, and sodium; refining by purging with argon carried out in parallel with modification with titanium and boron salts and strontium; and parallel refining with argon and modification with titanium, boron, and sodium salts. The effect of these four processes on compactness of the material, parameters of microstructure, and fatigue strength of AlSi7Mg alloy after heat treatment. It has been found that the highest compactness (the lowest porosity ratio value) and the most favorable values of the examined parameters of microstructure were demonstrated by the alloy obtained with the use of the process including parallel purging with argon and modification with salts of titanium, boron, and sodium. It has been found that in the fatigue cracking process observed in all the four variants of the liquid metal treatment, the crucial role in initiation of fatigue cracks was played by porosity. Application of the process consisting in refining by purging with argon parallel to modification with Ti, B, and Na salts allowed to refine the microstructure and reduce significantly porosity of the alloy extending thus the time of initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. The ultimate effect consisted in a distinct increase of the fatigue limit value.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Tupaj

e-mail:

ORCID:

A.W. Orłowicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Trytek

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marek Mróz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Influence of Si Addition on Oxide Growth of Al-6 mass%Mg Alloy Melts

Young-Ok Yoon Seong-Ho Ha Abdul Wahid Shah Bong-Hwan Kim Hyun-Kyu Lim Shae K. Kim

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 3 | 695-698 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136363

Keywords Al-Mg system Si addition oxidation Phase diagram

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Abstract

Influence of Si addition on oxide layer growth of Al-6 mass%Mg alloys in molten state was investigated in this study. After melt holding for 24 h, the melt surface of only Si-free alloy became significantly bumpy, while no considerably oxidized surface was observed even with 1 mass%Si addition. There was no visible change on the appearance of melt surfaces with increasing Si content. As a result of compositional analysis on the melt samples between before and after melt holding, the Si-added alloys nearly maintained their Mg contents even after the melt holding for 24 h. On the other hand, the Mg content in the Si-free alloy showed a great reduction. The bumpy surface on Si-free alloy melt showed a large amount of pores and oxide clusters in its cross-section, while the Si-added alloy had no significantly grown oxide clusters on the surfaces. As a result of compositional analysis on the surfaces, the oxide clusters in Si-free alloy contained a great amount of Mg and oxygen. The oxide layer on the Si-added alloy was divided into Mg-rich and Mg-poor areas and contained certain amounts of Si. Such a mixed oxide layer containing Si would act as a protective layer during the melt holding for a long duration.

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Authors and Affiliations

Young-Ok Yoon

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Seong-Ho Ha

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Abdul Wahid Shah

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bong-Hwan Kim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hyun-Kyu Lim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Shae K. Kim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Advanced Materials and Process R&D Department, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea

Plasma Coatings on Aluminium-Silicon Alloy Surfaces

P. Długosz A. Garbacz-Klempka J. Piwowońska P. Darłak M. Młynarczyk

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 3 | 96-101 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138671

Keywords Plasma electrolytic oxidation Al-Si alloy anodizing

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Abstract

Plasma oxidation, similarly to anodic oxidation (anodizing), are classified as electrochemical surface treatment of metals such as Al, Mg, Ti and their alloys. This type of treatment is used to make surface of castings, plastically processed products, shaped with incremental methods to suitable for certain requirements. The most important role of the micro plasma coating is to protect the metal surface against corrosion. It is well known that coating of aluminium alloys containing silicon using anodic oxidation causes significant difficulties. They are linked to the eutectic nature of this alloy and result in a lack of coverage in silicon-related areas. The coating structure in these areas is discontinuous. In order to eliminate this phenomenon, it is required to apply oxidation coatings using the PEO (Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation) method. It allows a consistent, crystalline coating to be formed. This study presents the mechanical properties of the coatings applied to Al-Si alloy using the PEO method. As part of the testing, the coating thickness, microhardness and scratch resistance were determined. On the basis of the results obtained, it was concluded that the thickness of the coatings complies with the requirements of conventional anodizing. Additionally, microhardness values exceeded the results obtained with standard methods.

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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Długosz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Garbacz-Klempka

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Piwowońska

1

P. Darłak

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Młynarczyk

3

Lukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, 73 Zakopiańska Str. 30-418 Cracow, Poland
AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Reymonta 23 Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, 23 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland

Experimental Testing of Al-Si12/SiC Interpenetrating Composites (IPC) in Uniaxial Tension and Compression

D. Pietras T. Sadowski M. Boniecki E. Postek

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 1 | 145-154 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.141488

Keywords Co-continuous composite Al-Si12/SiC interpenetrating composite tension and compression tests

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Abstract

The mechanical response of interpenetrating co-continuous composite Al-Si12/SiC3D was described for uniaxial tension and compression. The internal structure of the IPC was examined by optical microscopy and micro-CT. The apparent density and Young’s modulus were assessed theoretically and experimentally. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed using the prismatic samples of dimensions 1 mm × 2 mm × 30 mm. Cylindrical samples of diameters ϕ = 5 mm and height h = 10 mm were subjected to quasi-static uniaxial compressive loading. During tests, the side surfaces of the specimen were observed using a digital image correlation system (DIC) to find strain fields and to monitor the surface cracks development in the complex internal microstructure of the IPC.
The analyzed two-phase ICP was manufactured using ceramic foam SiC infiltrated by alloy Al-Si12. This material finds application in cosmic, airplane, or automobile industries, due to their excellent tribological, heat distribution, and ballistic properties.
Obtained results show different modes of microcracking and fracture of cylindrical and prismatic samples. They indicate the substantial influence of the ceramic skeleton on the behavior of the IPC under uniaxial states of loading. Different modes of damage related to the tension or compression loading were described in detail. The results can find application in the designing process of modern co-continuous IPCs and further development of the numerical models of degradation processes.

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Pietras

1

T. Sadowski

1

M. Boniecki

2

E. Postek

3

Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, 38D Nadbystrzycka Str., Poland
Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics , 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland

The Crystallization of the AlSi9 Alloy Designed for the Alfin Processing of Ring Supports in Engine Pistons

J. Piątkowski M. Czerepak

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2020 | vol. 20 | No 2 | 65-70 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.131304

Keywords Al-Si cast alloy Alfin processing crystallization Microstructure of Al-Si alloys

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Abstract

This article presents a study of the crystallization and microstructure of the AlSi9 alloy (EN AC-AlSi9) used for the alfin processing of iron ring supports in castings of silumin pistons. Alfin processing in brief is based on submerging an iron casting in an Al-Si bath, maintaining it there for a defined time period, placing it in a chill mould casting machine and immersing it in the alloy. This technology is used for iron ring supports in the pistons of internal combustion engines, among others. Thermal analysis shows that when the AlSi9 alloy contains a minimal content of iron, nucleation and increase in the triple (Al)+Fe+(Si) eutectic containing the -Al8Fe2Si phase takes place at the end of the crystallization of the double (Al)+(Si) eutectic. Due to the morphology of the ”Chinese script” the -Al8Fe2Si phase is beneficial and does not reduce the alloy’s brittleness. After approx. 5 hours of alfin processing, the -Al5FeSi phase crystallizes as a component of the +Al5FeSi+(Si) eutectic. Its disadvantageous morphology is ”platelike” with sharp corners, and in a microsection of the surface, ”needles” with pointed corners are visible, with increases the fragility of the AlSi9 alloys.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Piątkowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Czerepak

Sensory processing disorder (SPD) as a source of difficulties and school failure of a child in early school education

Barbara Cygan

Rocznik Komisji Nauk Pedagogicznych | 2018 | No LXXI | 83-96

Keywords categories of SI disorders school difficulties strategies work instructions

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Abstract

The text discusses the problems of sensory processing disorders (SPD) and their impact on difficulties children have at school. Individual categories of sensory processing disorders were characterized and examples of behavior of children who may have those problems were described. Certain strategies which teachers can use when working with a child with SI disorders were also offered.

It should be noted that the early diagnosis of symptoms that may indicate the occurrence of sensory processing disorders, followed by apt diagnosis and therapy allow children to function properly in the school environment and positively influence their self-esteem. This in turn facilitates the process of learning and contributes future success.

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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Cygan

Low voltage winding insulation systems under the influence of high du/dt slew rate inverter voltage

Florian Pauli Andreas Ruf Kay Hameyer

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2020 | vol. 69 | No 1 | 187-202 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2020.131767

Keywords life time partial discharge SiC semiconductors winding insulation system

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Abstract

Variable speed and low voltage electrical drives are commonly operated by frequency converters. According to recent developments, there is a trend in the area of semi-conductors, that switching frequency and voltage slew rate will increase significantly. The aim of these semiconductors is to reduce the switching losses and to increase the switching frequency, which enables to reduce the size of passive components in the power- electric circuit. This results in less material effort and lower cost, for the power electronic component. However, electric motors operated by high slew rate inverters show problems in the winding insulation, which have to be analyzed. Such problems are well known for high voltage machines. Due to the increasing slew rate, this problematic occurs in low voltage machines nowadays as well. Here, the influence of fast switching semiconductors on the winding insulation system is studied, using accelerated ageing tests with fast switching high-voltage generators.

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Authors and Affiliations

Florian Pauli

Andreas Ruf

Kay Hameyer

e-mail:

ORCID:

Influence of Semisolid and Strontium Addition on Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Hypoeutectic Al-Si Alloy

N.M. Anas S.A. Zakaria A.S. Anasyida H. Mohamad B.K. Dhindaw

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 1 | 307-317 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.141507

Keywords Hypoeutectic Al-Si alloy semisolid cooling slope Sr wear resistance

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Abstract

The study aims to investigate the effect of semisolid structure and strontium (Sr) addition on the wear behavior of hypoeutectic Al-Si alloy. Semisolid hypoeutectic Al-Si alloy was prepared using cooling slope casting with addition of 0 to 0.93 wt.% Sr. Microstructural study was done using an optical microscope. Vicker microhardness and pin on disc tribometer were used for microhardness and wear testing. When compared to conventional casting, the microhardness of the semisolid hypoeutectic Al-Si alloy improved by 9.8%. Sr addition at 0.43 wt.% resulted in a refined eutectic structure with a 17% increase in hardness over conventional casting. The globular structure α-Al formed during semisolid casting reduced porosity, and the addition of Sr refined the eutectic silicon into a fine fibrous structure that is tightly bound with the Al matrix. These are the primary factors that contribute to the high wear resistance in modified-Sr semisolid alloys.

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Authors and Affiliations

N.M. Anas

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

S.A. Zakaria

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

A.S. Anasyida

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

H. Mohamad

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

B.K. Dhindaw

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Universiti Sains Malaysia, Structural Niche Area. School of Mat erials & Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Malaysia 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 721302, India

TiAl-based Ohmic Contacts to p-type 4H-SiC

Agnieszka Martychowiec Norbert Kwietniewski Kinga Kondracka Aleksander Werbowy Mariusz Sochacki

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2021 | vol. 67 | No 3 | 459-463 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2021.137834

Keywords ohmic contact SiC silicon carbide TiAl

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Abstract

This paper describes successfully formed ohmic contacts to p-type 4H-SiC based on titanium-aluminum alloys. Four different metallization structures were examined, varying in aluminum layer thickness (25, 50, 75, 100 nm) and with constant thickness of the titanium layer (50 nm). Structures were annealed within the temperature range of 800°C - 1100°C and then electrically characterized. The best electrical parameters and linear, ohmic character of contacts demonstrated structures with Al layer thickness equal or greater than that of Ti layer and annealed at temperatures of 1000°C or higher.

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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Martychowiec

1

Norbert Kwietniewski

1

Kinga Kondracka

1

Aleksander Werbowy

1

Mariusz Sochacki

1

Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland

Investigation of SiC Particle Size Variation on the Tribological Properties of Cu-6Sn-SiC Composite

K.V. Shankar A.M. Chandroth K.J.A. Ghosh C.B. Sudhin A.S. Pai A. Biju K.R. Sriram

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2020 | vol. 20 | No 4 | 133-138 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.133359

Keywords Cu-6Sn SiC metal matrix composite wear

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Abstract

Copper have always been an important material and incorporation of elements into copper for property enhancement. Bronze is a relevant cuprous alloy which is important for many industrial and automotive applications like bearings and machineries. The present research is directed towards the fabrication and tribological analysis of regular bronze (Cu-6Sn) and metal matrix composites reinforced with varying particle sized SiC ceramic reinforcement (30, 35 and 40 μm). The developed specimens were subjected to wear analysis according to ASTM standards, to identify the tribological properties utilizing a pin on disk tribometer. It was noted that the wear rates of developed MMC’s phenomenally decremented with an increase in size of SiC particle reinforcement. Also, the test parameters were influential in altering the wear rates to notable margins. The standard scanning electron microscopy techniques aided in identifying the influence of adhesive wear on the specimen surface.

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Authors and Affiliations

K.V. Shankar

A.M. Chandroth

K.J.A. Ghosh

C.B. Sudhin

A.S. Pai

A. Biju

K.R. Sriram

A Study of Microstructure and Porosity Formation in High-Pressure Die-Casting

M. Matejka D. Bolibruchová R. Podprocká

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 127-130 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.139761

Keywords Al-Si-Cu alloy Returnable material Numerical simulation Porosity Microstructure

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Abstract

The technology of high-pressure die-casting (HPDC) of aluminum alloys is one of the most used and most economical technology for mass production of castings. High-pressure die-casting technology is characterized by the production of complex, thin-walled and dimensionally accurate castings. An important role is placed on the effective reduction of costs in the production process, wherein the combination with the technology of high-pressure die-casting is the possibility of recycling using returnable material. The experimental part of the paper focuses on the analysis of a gradual increase of the returnable material amount in combination with a commercial purity alloy for the production of high-pressure die-castings. The returnable material consisted of the so-called foundry waste (defective castings, venting and gating systems, etc.). The first step of the experimental castings evaluation consisted of numerical simulations, performed to determine the points of the casting, where porosity occurs. In the next step, the evaluation of areal porosity and microstructural analysis was performed on experimental castings with different amounts of returnable material in the batch. The evaluation of the area porosity showed only a small effect of the increased amount of the returnable material in the batch, where the worst results were obtained by the casting of the alloy with 90% but also with 55% of the returnable material in the batch. The microstructure analysis showed that the increase in returnable material in the batch was visibly manifested only by a change in the morphology of the eutectic Si.

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Bibliography

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[7] Podprocká, R. & Bolibruchová, D. (2017). Iron intermetallic phases in the alloy based on Al-Si-Mg by applying manganese. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(3), 217-221. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.133321.
[8] Martinec, D., Pastircak, R. & Kantorikova, E. (2020). Using of technology semisolid squeeze casting by different initial states of material. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(1), 117-121. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.131292.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Matejka

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Bolibruchová

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

R. Podprocká

2

University of Zilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Technological Engineering, Univerzitna 1, 010 26 Zilina, Slovak Republic
Rosenberg-Slovakia s.r.o., Kováčska 38, 044 25 Medzev, Slovak Republic

Mold Temperature and Its Effect on Selected Properties of Cast AlSi5Cu2Mg Alloy

L. Širanec D. Bolibruchová M. Chalupová

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 2 | 57-62 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140225

Keywords Mold temperature AlSi5Cu2Mg Cylinder head

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Abstract

The European Commission's ambitious plan to reduce CO2 emissions has a significant impact on the global automotive industry. Recent development of new diesel and petrol engines with direct injection is aimed at improving fuel efficiency while maintaining (or enhancing) engine performance. This naturally also increases the demands on the properties of the most stressed engine components (e.g., cylinder heads, engine blocks, pistons), which leads to the development of new materials. Presented work analysed the effect of different mold temperatures (60; 120; 180 °C) on mechanical, physical properties and microstructure of AlSi5Cu2Mg aluminium alloy. This alloy is currently being used for the production of cylinder head castings. The results showed that the changing mold temperature had an effect on mechanical properties (ultimate tensile strength and Young modulus values). SEM with EDX analysis of intermetallic phases revealed there were no size and morphology changes of Cu, Mg and Fe intermetallic phases when the mold temperature changed. No significant effect of different mold temperature on physical properties (thermal and electrical conductivity) and fracture mechanism occurred during experiment. Optimal combination of mechanical and physical properties of AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy was achieved using a permanent mold with temperature ranging from 120 to 180 °C.

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Bibliography

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[8] Podprocká, R. & Bolibruchová, D. (2017). Iron intermetallic phases in the alloy based on Al-Si-Mg by applying manganese. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(3), 217-221. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0118.
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[12] Tillová, E., Chalupová, M. (2009). Structural analysis of Al-Si alloys. Žilina: EDIS – vydavateľstvo ŽU.

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Authors and Affiliations

L. Širanec

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Bolibruchová

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Chalupová

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Technological Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Žilina, Slovakia

Effect of Iron Phases Crystallization on the Durability of the Bimetallic Connection Between Ring Inserts and the Piston Casting

M. Szucki J. Piątkowski M. Czerepak

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 2 | 112-118 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.144302

Keywords crystallization Al-Si alloys Iron phases Piston casting Automotive industry

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Abstract

The article presents the most important causes of the unstable connection between cast iron ring inserts and the silumin casting of an engine piston. It is shown that manufacturing defects are mainly related to the alfin processing of inserts in Al-Si alloy (the so-called AS9 alloy). Exceeding the permissible iron content in AS9 alloy causes the crystallization of brittle -Al5FeSi phases. Their unfavorable morphology and large size are the main reasons for the weakening of the diffusion connection between the inserts and the piston, causing an unacceptable proportion of defective products. The study presented in this work was conducted under industrial conditions on a population of 10.000 pistons. Quality control data, production parameters, as well as the micro- and macro-structures of the cast iron inserts, and the interface area between the inserts and the silumin piston, were analyzed. Material and technological solutions have been proposed to reduce the occurrence of casting defects at the insert-piston joint. This includes the introduction of so-called "morphological correctors" of the -Al5FeSi phases, reducing the possibility of gaseous impurities in the AS9 alloy and optimizing the temperature of the alfin alloy.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Szucki

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Piątkowski

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Czerepak

3

Foundry Institute, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Bernhard-von-Cotta-Str. 4,09599 Freiberg, Germany
Department of Material Technologies, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
Federal-Mogul Gorzyce sp. z o.o., Odlewników 52, 39-432 Gorzyce, Poland

Study of AlSi9Cu3 Alloy Crystallization Process with Increased Iron Content at Different Number of Remelts

M. Matejka D. Bolibruchova Justyna Kasińska M. Kuriš

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2020 | vol. 20 | No 1 | 79-83 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.131287

Keywords Al-Si-Cu Remelting thermal analysis Structural analysis

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Abstract

Monitoring the solidification process is of great importance for understanding the quality of the melt, for controlling it, and for predicting the true properties of the alloy. Solidification is accompanied by the development of heat, the magnitude of which depends on the different phases occurring during solidification. Thermal analysis is now an important part of and tool for quality control, especially when using secondary aluminium alloys in the automotive industry. The effect of remelting on the change of crystallization of individual structural components of experimental AlSi9Cu3 alloy was determined by evaluation of cooling curves and their first derivatives. Structural analysis was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope. The effect of remelting was manifested especially in nucleation of phases rich in iron and copper. An increasing number of remelts had a negative effect after the fourth remelting, when harmful iron phases appeared in the structure in much larger dimensions.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Matejka

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Bolibruchova

Justyna Kasińska

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Kuriš

Effects of SiC Coating of Carbon Fiber on Mechanical Properties in Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced Al Matrix Composite

Jin Man Jang Se-Hyun Ko Wonsik Lee

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 941-946 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136401

Keywords Short carbon fiber Al composite SiC coating mechanical property

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Abstract

A356 Al composites reinforced by short carbon fiber were prepared through the 2-step process: fabrication of a composite precursor and ultrasonication of the precursor melt. The short carbon fibers were coated with 0.15~1.5 μm thick SiC layer by a carbothermal reaction, and an amount of the carbon fiber reinforcement was determined to be 1.5 vol.% and 4.0 vol.%, respectively. The addition of the carbon fiber increased the hardness of A356 alloy. However, tensile strength did not increase in the as-cast composites regardless of the SiC coating and volume fraction of the carbon fiber, due to the debonding which reduced load transfer efficiency from matrix to fiber at the interface. After T6-treatment of the composites, a significant increase in strength occurred only in the composite reinforced by the SiC-coated short carbon fiber, which was considered to result from the formation of a precipitate improving the Al/SiC interfacial strength

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Authors and Affiliations

Jin Man Jang

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Se-Hyun Ko

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wonsik Lee

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Advanced Materials and Process R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea

Microstructure Formation of Al-5 mass%Mg Alloy Melts by Interaction with Silica

Sun-Ki Kim Seong-Ho Ha Bong-Hwan Kim Young-Ok Yoon Hyun-Kyu Lim Shae K. Kim Young-Jig Kim

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 947-950 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136402

Keywords Al-Mg system Silica reduction Mg2Si phase diagram

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Abstract

Dissolution of Si in Al-5 mass%Mg alloy melt by the reduction of SiO2 and its effect on microstructure formation of the alloy after solidification were investigated. Al-5 mass%Mg alloy without silica powder had approximately 0.05 mass%Si as an impurity. No significant difference in Si content was observed after the reaction with silica for 10 min, while the Si content increased up to about 0.12 mass% after 30 min. From the microstructure analysis and calculation of Scheil-Gulliver cooling, it was considered that as-cast microstructures of Al-5 mass%Mg-1 mass% SiO2 alloys had the distribution of eutectic phase particles, which are comprised of β-Al3Mg2 and Mg2Si phases. Based on the phase diagrams, only limited amount of Mg can be selectively removed by silica depending on the ratio of Si and Mg. Addition of silica of more than approximately 1.5 mass% in Al-5 mass%Mg alloy led to the formation of spinel and removal of both Mg and Al from the melt.

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Authors and Affiliations

Sun-Ki Kim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Seong-Ho Ha

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bong-Hwan Kim

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Young-Ok Yoon

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hyun-Kyu Lim

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Shae K. Kim

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Young-Jig Kim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sungkyunkwan University, School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Advanced Materials and Process R&D Department, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea

Research on Distribution and Morphology of Primary Si Under the Effect of Direct Current

Jiayan Li Benson Kihono Njuguna Ping Ni Liang Wang Yi Tan

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 2 | 367-372 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.135867

Keywords Silicon source direct current Joule heating Si morphology Fe impurity

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Abstract

A source of pure silicon was added into an alloy refining system during a refining process with the application of a direct electric current. The effect of the temperature difference between the graphite electrodes and the alloy was decreased. The temperature increase value (ΔT) of the Al-28.51wt.%Si alloy sample caused by Joule heating was calculated by weighing the mass of primary silicon. When the current density was 5.0×105 A/m2, the overall temperature increase in the alloy was about 90°C regardless of the alloy composition. Adequate silicon atoms recorded the footprint of the electric current in the alloy melt. The flow convection generated by the electric current in the melt during the solidification process resulted in the refinement of primary silicon. The Fe impurity content in alloy refining without the electric current density was 2.16 ppm. However, it decreased to 1.27 ppmw with the application of an electric current density of 5.0×105 A/m2.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jiayan Li

1 2

Benson Kihono Njuguna

1 2

Ping Ni

1 2

Liang Wang

2 1

Yi Tan

1 2

Dalian University of Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116023, China
Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory for Solar Energy Photovoltaic System of Liaoning Province, Dalian 116024, China

Thermoplastic hardened Cu-Ni-Si-Ag alloy

Beata Krupińska Robert Chulist Marcin Kondracki Krzysztof Labisz

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e145683 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145683

Keywords CuNi2Si1 alloys modification thermoplastic treatment structure

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Abstract

The goal of the work was to investigate the influence of silver addition on the microstructure of CuNi2Si1 alloys. The investigated copper alloy was cast and then supersaturated, plastically deformed on the Gleeble 3800 simulator and finally aged. Structural changes were examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Orientation mapping was completed FEI Quanta 3D field emission gun scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with TSL electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) system. The effect of structural and microstructural changes on hardness and conductivity was also investigated. Based on the mechanical tests it was found, that the mechanical properties and conductivity are improved due to heat and plastic treatment. It was also found that the precipitation hardening raises the hardness to the level of 40% whilst an increase in conductivity by 20% is observed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Krupińska

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Robert Chulist

2

Marcin Kondracki

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Krzysztof Labisz

4

Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, 44-100 Gliwice, Konarskiego St. 18a, Poland
Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059 Krakow, Reymonta St. 25, Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Foundry Engineering, 44-100 Gliwice, Konarskiego St. 18a, Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Transport and Aviation Engineering, Department of Railway Transport, 44-100 Gliwice, Konarskiego St. 18a, Poland

Study of Si morphology in AlSi21CuNiMg cast alloy using col our and deep etching

Eva Tillová Mária Chalupová Lenka Kuchariková Mirosław Bonek Milan Uhríčik Lucia Pastierovičová

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e144618 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144618

Keywords Al-Si cast alloy primary silicon deep etching morphology

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Abstract

The effect of possible modification and refining effect of Al-Cu-P-based pre-alloy combined with Fe on the microstructure and the silicon morphology change in hypereutectic Al-Si cast alloy was studied. The samples in the as-cast state were observed by optical and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The 3D morphology of both primary and eutectic silicon was observed by using colour and deep etching in detail. The results showed that the AlCu19P1.4 pre-alloy (1.07 wt.%) combined with the addition of Fe (0.02 wt.%) has a significant effect on the change of the amount, size and morphology of primary Si. This is significantly refined and changes the shape from a coarse irregular star-shaped, polyhedral, or plate-like shape to a fine polyhedral shape. The average size of the primary Si is reduced by about of 78 % from 135 μm to 28 μm and the number of primary Si particles increased from 7.4 to 237. No change in the morphology of the eutectic Si was observed; a refinement of the structure from a coarse needle/plate-like to a fine plate-like structure was seen. The depth etching method using HCl was very effective in the study of the 3D silicon morphology observed, which could be observed in detail without the presence of artefacts.

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Authors and Affiliations

Eva Tillová

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mária Chalupová

1

Lenka Kuchariková

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mirosław Bonek

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Milan Uhríčik

1

Lucia Pastierovičová

1

University of Žilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovak Republic
Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, ul. Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Multiparameter reliability model for SiC power MOSFET subjected to repetitive thermomechanical load

Sebastian Bąba

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 3 | e137386 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.137386

Keywords reliability engineering reliability modelling power MOSFET SiC

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Abstract

The main drawback of any Design for Reliability methodology is lack of easy accessible reliability models, prepared individually for each critical component. In this paper, a reliability model for SiC power MOSFET in SOT – 227 B housing, subjected to power cycling, is presented. Discussion covers preparation of Accelerated Lifetime Test required to develop such reliability model, analysis of semiconductor degradation progress, samples post-failure analysis and identification of reliability model parameters. Such model may be further used for failure prognostics or useful lifetime estimation of High Performance Power Supplies.

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Authors and Affiliations

Sebastian Bąba

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

TRUMPF Huettinger Sp. z o.o., Research and Development Department, 05-220 Zielonka, Poland

Effect of Various Organic Additives in Galvanic Bath on Properties of Ni-SiC Composite Coatings

M. Nowak J. Mizera A. Kłyszewski A. Dobkowska S. Boczkal A. Kozik P. Koprowski

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2019 | vol. 64 | No 4 | 1327-1333 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2019.130098

Keywords organic additives SiC composite coatings nickel coatings zeta potential

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Abstract

The paper presents the results of the electrodeposition of nickel composite coatings reinforced with the ceramic SiC particles. A Watts type galvanic bath modified with various organic additives was used. These additives were: 2-sulfobenzoic acid imide (LSA), dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (DSS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (THAM) and hexamethyldisilizane (HMDS). The nickel composite coating was electrodeposited on a 2xxx aluminum alloy series substrate (EN-AW 2017) with zinc interlayer. Studies concerned the effect of the applied organic additives on properties of composite coatings such as: microstructure, microhardness, adhesion to the substrate, corrosion resistance and roughness. The structure of the coatings was assessed by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Based on the studies of zeta potential it was found that the bath modification had a significant impact on the amount of the ceramic phase embedded in metal matrix. The tests conducted in a model 0.01 M KCl solution were not fully representative of the true behavior of particles in a Watts bath.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Nowak

J. Mizera

A. Kłyszewski

A. Dobkowska

S. Boczkal

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Kozik

P. Koprowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Properties of Ni60/SiO ₂ Coating Prepared by the Pyrolysis Products of Rice Husk

Chunxue Wei Hongbing Li

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 1 | 37-42

Keywords Ni60/SiO2 Coating rice husk Hardness Wear

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Abstract

Surface coating technology, as the main technology to improve the fatigue life of mechanical systems, has been well applied in mechanical equipment. The present study aimed to explore low-cost surface coating preparation technology using inexpensive rice husk as the research object, and the pyrolysis process behavior of rice husk was analyzed. The Ni60/SiO ₂ coating was prepared on the surface of the 45# steel substrate using the pyrolysis product SiO ₂ fiber as the reinforcing phase and supersonic plasma-spraying equipment. The results showed no defects such as cracks, pores, and inclusions in the prepared coating. The nanohardness of the Ni60/SiO ₂ coating reached 6506 μN, and the average friction coefficient reached 0.42. In the friction-and-wear experiment, the Ni60/SiO ₂ coating was manifested as an abrasive wear mechanism.

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Authors and Affiliations

Chunxue Wei

1

Hongbing Li

1

Henan Light Industry Vocational College, Zhengzhou, 450002, P.R. China

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