Application of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxilic acid (ACC) to maize roots growing in hydroponic solution inhibited root elongation, and increased radial growth, but the responses to those treatments differed in degree. Auxin was more effective than ACC as an elongation inhibitor and root swelling promoter. Whereas NAA fully inhibited elongation and maintained swelling over 48 h, ACC inhibited elongation partially (50%) and only promoted swelling for 24 h. It is well-known that auxin, like ACC, promotes ethylene production, but similar levels of ethylene production reached by means of NAA or ACC treatments did not elicit the same response, the response being always stronger to NAA than to ACC. These results suggest that the effect of auxin on root growth is not mediated by ethylene. Elongation and swelling of roots appear to be inversely related: usually a reduction in elongation was accompanied by corresponding swelling. However, these two processes showed different sensitivities to growth regulators. After 24 h treatment with 0.5 μM NAA or 5 μM ACC, root elongation was inhibited by 90% and 53% respectively, but the same treatments promoted swelling by 187% and 140% respectively. Furthermore, 1 μM ACC was shown to promote inhibition of root elongation without affecting swelling. The ethylene antagonist STS (silver thiosulfate) did not affect elongation in control or NAAtreated roots, but increased ethylene production and swelling. These results indicate that longitudinal and radial expansion could be independently controlled.

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni which has gained industrial and scientific interests is a suitable nutritional alternative to sucrose as a sweetener. Recently, there have been studies which show the extraction of this phytochemical substance from stevia leaves and purification methods by several alcohols and chromatographic methods. However, these methods are not cost-effective. Therefore, an attempt was made to extract and purify ST using inexpensive, scalable and simple techniques where different steps like extraction, electrocoagulation, ion exchange, activated charcoal, vacuum evaporation and butanol wash were used as purification steps. The present study established a new improved technology of extraction of ST from stevia leaves using water as a solvent followed by various purification steps. 496 mg of Stevioside extracted in the form of crystals was obtained from 100 g of leaves which is 10 times more than the reported yield of 54 mg from 100 g stevia leaves in literature. This methodology can be scaled up at the industry level for future large production to meet the huge demand for natural sweeteners.

The article puts forward the thesis that the impressive achievement of Old Russian literature in the form of the literary heritage of St. Nil Sorsky is testimony to the creative continuation of Byzantine religious literature and the assimilation of the hagiographic stylistic patterns developed by the Veliko Tyrnovo School and its successors within the Eastern Slavic areas in the 14th and 15th centuries. The research is based on the texts: Admonitions for Spiritual Children and The Rule of Skit. Both are considered the most representative works of the spiritual leader of the Elders beyond the Volga. The analyses demonstrated the genre‑stylistic specificity of the above mentioned texts, expressing a Byzantine‑Slavic mystical discourse, one today known as Hesychasm. The text The Rule of Skit appeared to be unique in the history of East Slavonic utterances, presenting a comprehensive and integrated spiritual process leading to Hesychia. We are dealing with a treatise whose counterpart in Byzantine literature is The Ladder of Paradise by St. John of Sinai – this is a genre of Hesychastic literature, i.e. a kind of strategy for use in spiritual warfare leading from the state of sinfulness to deification, or holiness. In addition, attention has been drawn to the great care within the Hesychastes for the quality of texts expressing a mystical and ascetic current or serving liturgical purposes. New translations of Greek literature, which took into account the
achievements of the fourteenth‑century Hesychastic Councils and testify to the development of a philological and translation technique among the Orthodox Slavs, one that enabled the emergence of Slavic patristic syntheses, and to which St. Nil Sorsky’s works are recognized as the highest achievement.

Blastocystis spp. is a parasite that causes intestinal infection in humans and other animals. A few studies have been performed in Turkey on the distribution of Blastocystis in cattle. In this study, fecal samples were collected from 100 calves and subjected to analysis based on an SSU rRNA gene fragment. The overall prevalence of the disease was determined as 15% (15/100). This rate was 14.04% for females and 16.28% for males. In addition, three Blastocystis subtypes were identified: ST10, ST14, and novel subtypes ST25. To our knowledge, the ST25 subtype was reported with this study for the first time in Turkey. The nucleotide sequences (OM920832-OM920839) obtained in this study were deposited in GenBank. The results obtained will be useful for a better understanding of the epidemiology of Blastocystis spp., and its effects on public health.

Blastocystis sp. is one of the most frequently detected intestinal parasites in humans and can inhabit a wide range of animals. Close contact with animals is one of the transmission factors of Blastocystis sp. infection in humans. In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular prevalence and subtypes of Blastocystis sp. in stray cats living in İzmir, Turkey. The PCR target- ing the barcode region in the SSU rRNA gene was performed with DNA samples isolated from feces (n:465) to investigate the presence of Blastocystis sp. PCR positive samples were sequen- ced for subtyping analysis. Among the samples analyzed, Blastocystis sp. DNA was detected in 17 (3.65%) of them and sequence data were obtained from only seven isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that seven Blastocystis sp. isolates clustered with the reference Blastocystis ST4 isolates. Similarity rates were between 83.22% and 99.25%. In addition, Blastocystis database results confirmed that all of these were “allele 42” corresponding to ST4. As a result, the present study shows for the first time the presence of “ST4 allele 42”, the prevalent subtype in humans, in stray cats in İzmir, Turkey. This finding supports the notion that stray cats can be a source of Blastocystis sp. infection in humans.

This paper presents the image of St. Joseph in one of the sermons preached by Joseph Ratzinger on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of religious vows by two sisters from the Congregation of Our Lady of Sorrows. The special character of this approach lies in the fact that the main source of inspiration for the Bavarian Theologian is a relief from the Baroque altar located in a specific and largely unknown church in Portugal. The preacher – thanks to the reading of certain elements contained in the sculpture of St. Joseph – was able to emphasize aspects that had so far remained invisible: a readiness to do God’s will, going on a pilgrimage in faith or resignation from one’s own plans made to the point of heroism. Ratzinger’s interpretation, reinforced with references to Sacred Scripture, confirms the value of the presence of a work of art among theological topics.

The Apocalypse of St. Jana delights with the richness of eschatological content. However, the eschatological themes of the Apocalypse are not a frequent subject of scientific study. The reflections contained in this article take the form of methodological guidelines. They concern the process of interpreting the eschatology of Apocalypse. The Apocalypse should not be interpreted in isolation from historical and literary research. It should also not be interpreted in isolation from ethical research. It should also take into account the specific nature of prophetism of the Apocalypse. Eschatological contents contain an important place in this book. In order to interpret them properly, it is necessary to note i.a.: eschatological dynamics of the Apocalypse; the ambiguity of some symbols; the relation of eschatology to christology and ecclesiology.

The Fbg 70 Silesian bracteate bears an unusual depiction that – in the authors’ opinion – has not yet been satisfactorily explained. They thereby present here a completely new interpretation of this imagery, tracing it back to, on one hand, the traditions of earlier Silesian issues and on the other to the earliest, openwork pilgrim badges from the Amiens sanctuary, which depict the reliquary of the head of St. John the Baptist. They also suggest that some features of this depiction might be inspired directly by the said reliquary without the pilgrim badges as an intermediary. The Fbg 70 bracteate would therefore constitute only the second known example of a Polish coin depicting a reliquary – the first being the type 1 deniers of Bolesław IV the Curly. The authors suggest that the Amiens reliquary might also be depicted on other Silesian coins, for example on the Fbg 74 bracteate.

The medieval manuscripts of St. Mary’s Church Library ( Biblioteka Mariacka) are the oldest part of the collections of the Gdansk Library, with some items dating back to the 12th century. In view of their topics and history, they provide a priceless testimony to the history of Pomerania. The value of the manuscripts lies not only in their contents and ornamentation, but also in the fact that they include parchment documents bound by Gdansk bookbinders, which have survived in an excellent condition. The uniqueness of the collection was confirmed by the missal Missale secundum notulam dominorum Teutonicorum (Ms. Mar. F 332) being entered on UNESCO’s “Memory of the World” Polish National Register in 2016.
After 1921, not a single study discussing the provenance of books kept in St. Mary’s Church Library was written. This paper is an attempt to partially fill in the gap – to indicate the scribes and owners of the most valuable manuscripts. Among the latter, special attention should be devoted to clergymen connected with St. Mary’s church: Andreas Slommow, Heinrich Calow, and Johannes Zager, a lawyer Nicolaus Velan, and a scribe Johannes Rasoris from Nidzica.
For the purposes of this article, books kept by the Library were divided into sections: theology, philosophy, law and medicine; manuscripts related to the Teutonic Order were also given a separate section. Such a division may help the readers use the library holdings. The text also discusses the most important wartime losses.

The effects of different types of balls on spark plasma sintering (SPS) characteristics of high energy ball milled Ti-48wt% Al-4wt% Nd powders were investigated. After ball milling with STS balls and zirconia balls at 800 rpm for 3 h in argon atmosphere, both powders showed shape factors of about 0.8, but their average powder sizes differed respectively at approximately 11 µm and 5 µm. From XRD results, only the peaks of pure Ti, Al and Nd were detected in both powders. The obtained Ti-Al-Nd powders were consolidated by SPS technique at 1373 K for 15 min under a pressure of 50 MPa in vacuum, resulting in high density over 99%. EDS and XRD analyses indicated the formation of binary phases such as TiAl3, TiAl, Ti3Al5, and NdAl3 after SPS in both cases of STS and zirconia balls, while the ternary Ti-Al-Nd phase was detected only in the case of zirconia balls. The size of second phases was slightly smaller in the case of zirconia balls. The microhardness of the sample was 790 Hv with zirconia balls and 540 Hv with STS balls.

This study investigates mechanical properties of accelerated cooled and self-tempered (AC-ST) H-type S275JR quality steel sections in HEA120 and HEB120 sizes. The cooling process is conducted with a specially manufactured system that sprays a coolant consisting of a water + compressed air mixture on the section surfaces. Cooling times were applied as 10 and 30 seconds using 4 and 12 bar compressed air + water at an average constant pressure of 5 bar and a constant flow rate of 0.08 kg/s. In the HEA120 sections, the highest cooling rate was obtained with 83°C/s in the web region under the cooling time of 30 s and the air pressure cooling condition of 12 bar. At the cooling rate up to 6°C/s, the microstructure is transformed to acicular ferrite and polygonal ferrite phase from Ferrite+Pearlite. But upper bainite phase was formed at a cooling rate of 30°C/s, and a small amount of martensite and lower bainite microstructures were observed at a cooling rate of 60°C/s and above. The hardness in the untreated sections, in the range of 106-120 HB, was increased to 195 HB at a cooling rate of 83 C/s in the web region of the HEA120 section. For a cooling rate of 23°C/s, the maximum compressive residual stresses of –352 MPa are measured in the crotch region of the HEB120. And for a cooling rate of 6°C/s, the maximum tensile residual stresses of 442 MPa were determined in the flange region of the HEA120 section.

The article is devoted to the presentation of the achivements of historians working in Kraków, which are devoted to the history of England, Scotland, and Ireland in the early modern period. In the inter‑war period (1918‑1939) the works of Władysław Konopczyński and Stanisław Kot are mentioned. The former authored several articles devoted to the English Parliament and English reactions to the partitions of Poland. The latter studied traces of the Polish Brethren in Britain and the consequences of their influence.
After World War II it was Stanisław Grzybowski who should be named as the first historian who undertook serious research on British topics. He published a number of popular books, several of which were widely circulated and read, and one original source study on Tudor and early Stuart colonial policy.
It is Grzybowski's student, Mariusz Misztal who has published the most widely on the early modern history of England, especially on Mary Stuart, James Stuart to move to 19th century topics connected with Queen Victoria. Andrzej Kuropatnicki is ‑ in turn ‑ Misztal's student. He works and publishes on early modern English cookery and medicine.

The paper examines the special historiographic evidence: the lost last book by the well-known Polish historian and methodologist Professor Jerzy Topolski entitled “Methodology of History at the Beginning of the 21st Century”. Only its working outline in the form of an extensive table of contents has survived, but this does not prevent the author from making interesting hypotheses as to its meaning.

This article offers a reading of Einaudi’s trilingual series “Scrittori tradotti da scrittori”, a project that the publisher Valerio Magrelli conceived as a critical experimental work, based on the fusion of translation, rewriting and interpretative essay. The first volume of the series, Joseph Conrad’s Typhoon translated into French by André Gide and into Italian by Ugo Mursia, prompts a reflection on the role of “canonising” translations within the retranslation movement that has influenced editorial choices over the last decades.

Anna Janko’s latest novel Finalistka [ The Finalist] (2021) contains a catalogue of ill-nesses that the main character, the poet Hanka M., has to struggle with. The book, which in many ways resembles a patient’s diary, is a record of the battles Hanka, the author’s alter ego, has to fight with the enemy which happens to be her own body. The article considers the strategies she employs to hold her body in check as it repeatedly lets her down and, in effect, becomes her enemy. Its disconcerting strangeness strikes her every time she slips into a search for the signs and symptoms of ageing (her reflections at this point are compared with those of Simone de Beauvoir and some other writers). In Finalistka suffering from illnesses is inscribed into life’s transience which is not just human but universal, and at the same time particular, affecting both men and women. Nonetheless, it is the woman’s perspective that this article finds more interesting.

In her fiction Olga Tokarczuk evokes a spectrum of belief systems rooted in diverse religious traditions and entrenched in their literary‑theological redoubts. This article is an attempt of presenting an overview of the belief systems and worldviews that can be found in all of Tokarczuk's novels. It also examines her view of religion, including her opinions and reactions that belong primarily to the narrower context of the Polish hic and nunc, and the religious entanglements of literature. The fact that Olga Tokarczuk, herself a graduate of psychology, has done of lot reading in neighbouring fields such as anthropology may explain her persistent preoccupation with the soul. It holds the key both to her religious imaginarium and to her fictions. The empathic soul represents the potential transgressiveness of existence. It is also, in her own words, "the most tender narrator", a story‑telling 'persona' endowed with the faculty of fostering engagement and a sense of responsibility for the state of the world. The article argues that Tokarczuk's aim is to conjure up and activate its 'persona', or soul, and while making it interact with the reader's soul, initiate a chain reaction that breaks barriers between human beings, and reaches out beyond the confines of the human world. That process begins with her playing around with multiple religious traditions to demonstrate that their borders and defences are anything but impregnable.

This article examines the history of periodicals which have been published in Sandomierz, or had an ongoing interest in the town, since 1816, when the first publication of this kind went into print. Apart from the Polish segment, the article covers periodicals in Latin, German, English, Russian and Dutch. So far c. 230 items on wide range of themes have been sourced to Sandomierz.

The paper aims to give the results of initial research on the collection of incunabula from the St John’s church in Gdańsk. The collection constitutes significant part of PAN Biblioteka Gdańska. The author reconstructed the size and contents of the collection on the basis of the original church catalogues, marks of ownership and the physical details of the items. The books were gathered in the St John’s church from the time of the collections foundation until the 20th century. The paper establishes also the losses sustained by St John’s church’s library during World War II. Thanks to the incunabula’s content analysis the author determines the thematic focal points of the collection.

This article analyzes the financial situation of the biggest print media in Poland and the strategies of coping with declining sales and advertising revenue.

While in the United States Polish newspapers and magazines began to spring up in the late 19th century, in Russia the Polish diaspora did not produce their own press until the early 20th century. This article surveys the contents of three periodicals and other publications produced by Polonia associations in Krasnodar, Zheleznovodsk and Stavropol in Southern Russia.

Magazyn Muzyczny was one of the two top 'cult magazines' of the communist period. Like its rival, Non Stop, it promoted pop music, especially rock. Both magazines went through a similar evolution, although the latter had a much longer history, as it was the direct successor of Jazz, the oldest entertainment music magazine in Central and Eastern Europe, established in 1956. However, since the 1980s — what with editorial, personal, structural changes, and above all the shift of the musical taste of many, mainly young Poles, effected by the rock boom — it became in principle (and in recent years) a virtually new periodical. Its quantitative (structural) analysis has filled the content of this article, but it also forms the basis of a broader study, which is due to appear in print in the near future in the form of a two-volume monograph.

In 2019 the Polish Jazz Association will celebrate its 50th anniversary. Its activities over that period were accompanied by countless publications in the following categories: 1) regular periodicals; 2) mimeographed typescripts and bulletins; 3) festival programmes and graphics; 4) others (flyers, ephemera, posters). The aim of this article is to examine the mechanisms of PJA publicizing its activities and using media to reach out to the jazz fan community

ABSTRACT:

The purpose of this article is to determine the origins of the enigmatic image appearing on a Silesian bracteate of the Rataje type (Fbg 70). The image has recently been interpreted as radiating circles of light and its symbols associated with St John the Baptist, whose figure appears on Silesian coins relatively often. While analysing the numismatic material, the author focuses on two types of coins which may have served as the model for the Silesian bracteate: half-bracteate from Hedeby, issued in all probability during the reign of Harald Bluetooth (958–987) and the Celtic stater, struck in Lesser Poland (or in Silesia) in the first third of the 1st century BC.

SUMMARY:

One Silesian bracteate from the Rataje group (the issue from 1220–1240) features an image which should be interpreted as radiating circles of light (fig. 1). A closer analysis allows the conclusion that such an interpretation might be based on the Prologue to John’s Gospel, where John the Baptist is associated with the symbolism of light (J 1, 4–9). In the text, Christ’s predecessor is presented as the witness to the Light, heralding the arrival of the Saviour.

While looking for the model, the creator of the die of the Rataje bracteate may have relied on, one might arrive at two alternative solutions. The first one may be related to the half-bracteates struck in Hedeby, associated with the first half of the 10th century and sometimes with the times of Harald Bluetooth’s rule (958–987) (fig. 3), which were, in turn, modelled on Charles the Great’s pennies, struck in Dorestad approximately until the year 790 (fig. 2). Younger half-bracteates from Hedeby, coined in the second half of the 10th century appear both in Pomeranian (such as Gralewo II, Rybice or Świnoujście–Przytór) and Silesian finds (Bystrzyca, Gębice, Kotowice II and Radzików II). Hence, it is possible that they served as the model for the Silesian bracteate in the era of advanced renewal, necessitating frequent changes in the appearance of the dies.

The other solution would identify Celtic staters of the Cracow type as the model for the Rataje bracteate. The coins minted in Lesser Poland from around 100 BC to around 30 AD were described by Marcin Rudnicki in 2012. On some specimens, classified by the scholar as group I, representing “the earliest, prototype variants of the Cracow type” and dated by him to the period from around 100 to around 70 BC, the elements of the die form a composition significantly similar to the image on the Rataje bracteate. Although the Cracow type staters have not been recorded in Silesia, there is no doubt that the coins reached the region, a fact confirmed by their occurrence in Central Poland as well as in Bohemia, Slovakia and as far as in the Zagreb area.

Using the Celtic stater as the iconographic model for the Silesian bracteate might have been connected with the so-called “heads” or “St John pennies”. The name, appearing in sources from 1445 onwards, although certainly used in Poland much earlier, was given to Roman coins, found mainly in Polish lands, whose obverse featured the emperor’s head (identified with the severed head of John the Baptist). It is possible that the notion of “St John’s pennies” designated also other ancient coins. This fact, as well as original iconography, may have influenced the use of the transformed motif from the Celtic coin obverse on the die of the Silesian bracteate. Owing to the rays, the composition may have been associated with the symbolism of light, closely connected with the patron of Silesia and emphasised by the liturgy at the time.

Cwaniary (Female Wanglers) is not only a metatextual novel with numerous references to popular culture, but above all an important contribution to the discussion about the place and role of women in contemporary society. The author breaks with the nineteenth-century image of matka Polka, the Polish Mother, whose existence is confined to family and home. The creations and actions of the female wanglers in Cwaniary, outsiders who defy popular stereotypes by pursuing outré lifestyles, are underpinned with allusions to a nascent rebellion against patriarchy, systemic suppression of women's rights, and the resulting marginalization of women in society. Unfortunately, Poles still have great problems with openness to other cultures, nations, and non-heteronormative sexual orientations. The Poles, it seems, are caught between an irrational fear of disintegration of the structures of their relatively homogeneous society and the need to move on and reinvent themselves as the 'modern subjects' of critical theory. It is a choice between holding on to an anachronistic model of Polish culture founded on suppression or catching up with the 21st-century world of openness, diversity and multiculturalism.