The possibility of producing 3-aminobenzyl alcohol and 3-aminobenzaldehyde by
oxidation of 3-aminotoluene with ozone in the solution of
acetic anhydrite in the presence of manganese (II) acetate,
potassium bromide and sulfuric acid has been shown.
The catalytic systems for regulating selectivity and depth of substrate oxidation has been developed. The
catalytic system Mn(OAc)₂ – Ac₂0 – H₂SO₄ promotes the formation of alcohol (65.5%) and 3-
acetylaminobenzylidendiacetate (20.1%) with the system Mn(OAc)₂ – KBr – Ac₂O – H2SO₄ increases oxidation
selectivity on the methyl group to 90.8% producing mainly aldehyde (80.8%)
The optimum temperature of selective oxidation of 3– aminotoluene with the ozone – air mixture (30°C)
which is much lower than that of oxidation by the known
methods (120°-240°C) and the optimum rations of the
reagents concentrations: for alcohol synthesis – [ArCH3] :
[Mn(OAc)₂] : [H₂SO₄] =1 : 0.2 : 2.5; for aldehyde synthesis –[ ArCH3]: [Mn(OAc)₂] : [KBr] aldehyde
synthesis – [ArCH3] : [Mn(OAc)₂] : [KBr] : [H₂SO₄] =
1:0.2:2.5 have been determined.
This work is an analysis of fabrication of a prior-designed
wind turbine blade using the CAM system software. The
presented research was realized on a 5-axis CNC machine.
This work is an analysis of construction and creation
of a 3D model of a wind turbine blade in a CAD environment,
using SOLIDWORKS on the basis of forces influencing the
blade, which were determined using WIATRAK 1.1 software.
The presented process is related to the issues of 3D modelling
of a wind turbine blade and simulation of fabrication process in
the CAM environment.
This work analyzes the process of construction and
manufacturing of a blade used in a wind turbine. The calculation
scheme is presented for forces generated on the blade of a wind
turbine and parameters are determined of weather conditions in
which the designed element would be working. Subsequently, for
the chosen aerodynamic profile the characteristics are calculated
of its aerodynamic coefficients, which enables the establishing
of the angle of attack which impacts the yield of wind engines.
The presented process is an introduction to 3D modelling of
a wind turbine’s blade and simulation of its creation in a CAM
environment.
The article describes selected issues falling within
the scope of the technical analysis of a detached building’s heating
system with a direct evaporation ground source heat pump
installation. This paper covers the characteristics of modernized
facility as well as calculations to determine the heat demand.
What is more, the article describes the manner in which heat
pumps shall be selected, its installation components as well as
the receiving installation.
The article addresses the issues falling within the
scope of the economic analysis of a detached building’s heating
system with a direct evaporation ground source heat pump
installation. The paper was elaborated based on the data made
available by the investment’s contractor and the investor. The
paper provides data on the investment expenditures and utility
cost, calculations of the installation payback, internal return rate
and the current net value.
This paper shall present and explain the key aspects
related to the issue of combined heat and power generation (CHP
– Combined Heat and Power or Cogeneration). The cooperation
with the water treatment plant launched allowed a closer look
at the described technology as well as allowed the analyses and
survey. The survey on the efficacy of the selected components
of the cogeneration system was based on two cogeneration units
fuelled with biogas produced in the sewage fermentation.
The article analyses selected aspects of the technology
and logistics used to modernise a coal-fired heating plant to
switch to woodchips, which is illustrated with a specific investment.
The study presents characteristics of the investment’s heat
economy before the modernisation, as well as the assumptions
and program of the project. Finally, selected effects of the modernisation
have been described
The article focuses on selected aspects of the technical
and economic analysis of the 0.8 MW agricultural biogas
plant. The electrical power, generated in a cogeneration system,
fed power to the neighbouring overhead power grid, Węgrów
– Sokołów Podlaski, while the heat energy recovered from combustion
gases and liquids cooling the engine was used to heat
digesters, a residential building, drying room and farm buildings.
The planned annual production equals c.a. 6400 MWh per year
given the 8000 h of engine operation. The substrates used as input
for the digestive chambers were as follows: fermented maize,
pig slurry and liquid digestate pulp.
The paper contains the economic analysis of the carried
out modernisation of the facilities of a water-park consisting
in fitting solar collectors for heating of tap hot water and central
heating system. The article presents the data showing investment
outlays, operating costs and the calculations concerning
the payback time.
The paper contains the technical analysis of the carried
out modernisation of the facilities of a water-park consisting
in fitting solar collectors for the heating of tap hot water and
central heating system. The article includes information on the
modernisation carried out with a particular emphasis on analysing
the way in which the equipment has been selected and technical
solutions employed.
The paper presents selected issues relating to the
energy analysis of the air heat pump for hot water. Experimental
studies on a test stand made it possible to verify the operational
parameters of the heat pump under actual conditions of use.
The study shows that heating the water in the storage tank
with the capacity of 130 dm3 from 25°C to 40°C took approximately
60 minutes and the water heating for another 5°C took
30 minutes longer. The heat pump process in the field of higher
water temperature in the tank is less effective, thus heating the
water in the tank above 50°C is less favorable economically.
This paper presents the results of measurements of
the operation of a photovoltaic system, connected to the power
grid. The intensity of solar radiation and the ambient temperature
in the location of the installation were simultaneously recorded
in different weather conditions on selected days throughout the
year. For the combined results the analysis of correlation in terms
of efficiency of individual exemplary photovoltaic installation
was conducted.
The paper presents the results of laboratory tests
concerning the cutting process of basket willow by means of disc
cutting unit. A disc for cutting wood with diameter of 600mm
was used in the tests. The influence of plant’s moisture and the
rotary speed of the disc of cutting unit on the unitary energy were
determined. The most favorable values of the operating parameters
of the cutting unit were selected according to the minimum
energy requirement in the cutting process of the tested plant.
The paper presents the problem of intelligent installations
in buildings, their construction and integration with other
systems present in the building. Attention has been focused on
systems designed to ensure the safety of property and persons
residing in different facilities. It also discusses ways to control
the microclimate and other aspects of the building so as to obtain
the maximum comfort of the people placed in them. Considering
its high popularity, the smart installation based on the KNX/EIB
standard is further discussed, examples of algorithms for dealing
with security threats are given as well as the functions indicated
which can improve the comfort of using a facility.
The paper presents the simulation analysis determining
the effect of tyre energy efficiency class on fuel consumption
of a passenger car. Calculations were made assuming the wheel
movement on a dry and smooth asphalt road surface. The tests
based on a simulation model were performed on 61 types of tyres,
being characterised by different sizes and energy efficiency classes.
Different values of rolling resistance coefficient were adopted
(in accordance with energy efficiency classes), also, the values
of basic and additional resistance to motion were determined.
Based on them, engine speeds and load torque corresponding
to respective specific fuel consumption were estimated. This
parameter allowed the relationship between average mileage fuel
consumption and tyre energy efficiency class to be determined
on the basis of the NEDC test.
The paper presents a theoretical analysis of the effect
of electric car performance characteristics on vehicle energy
consumption and driving range. The test object was a Nissan
Leaf electric vehicle. The characteristic curves of basic and additional
resistance to motion (sum of rolling resistance and air
resistance and inertia resistance or grade resistance, respectively)
were applied to the model characteristic curve of electric motor
torque of the tested vehicle.
Based on that, the graphs describing the relationships between
vehicle energy consumption and vehicle speed were made (for
specific values of car acceleration / acclivity grade) as well as the
relations between vehicle driving range and its traction properties.
It was concluded that the use of performance characteristics
significantly increased the vehicle’s energy consumption and
decreased the available vehicle’s driving range.
The current hypotheses of water structure and influence
of the magnetic field on the change in its structure have been analyzed.
The hypotheses of the feasibility of using high-frequency
electromagnetic fields to enhance their impact on the water structure
and the stability of this process have been formulated. Experimental
studies on using water treated in high-frequency electromagnetic
fields for eco-concrete production have been carried out.
In the paper the new constructions of robots, modern
technologies of painting and newest methods of paint robots programming
were presented. Fanuc P-250iA robot using to painting
was characterized. The general characteristic of robot with
controller R-30iA was demonstrated. The technology and the
paint equipment applied to paint frames and load-carrying boxes
was shown. The possibilities of simulation software Roboguide
were presented exactly, which is a tool for robot environment
simulation on a computer PC. Roboguide system application can
reduce the programming time of robots and necessary programs
optimization conducted before implementation to production.
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of adding bio-components in the form of methyl esters of corn oil to
the milesPLUS diesel oil on its fractional composition. The corn biofuel was produced in-house by using an own-design GW-200
reactor. The diesel fuel evaporated at temperatures ranging from 162 to 352oC. The addition of 7, 20 and 40% of a bio-component
in principle does not affect the deterioration of the starting point distillation temperatures. They affect the temperature at the
end of distillation to a greater extent, resulting in temperatures exceeding 360oC.
During studying and mathematical description of the trends of urbanized territories
development as ecological and town-planning systems
there were several vague similarities founded between its major parameters change periodicity
and other physical values, having undulatory nature.
Obtained counterparts had predetermined interest for search of fundamental basics of urbanization.
It turned out that all laws of Nature has the same basis – power permanence rule. This law is
known in philosophy as principle of «change of unchangeable», in ecology – as a law of ecosystem
self-regulation, in accordance to which at conditions
of insufficient occupancy of the territory the
population amount growths, and at conditions of
over-occupancy it decreases. According to research,
also development attributable to the dynamics of
urbanized territories is noticeable, in which all the
four types of physical interactions are expressed to
a certain degree. These and other results of research
have allowed to articulate the main principles
of ecological space «urban physics» content,
which have proven to be coordinated with the postulates
of new single field physics (Bishkek version).
The above-mentioned have allowed to lay
down the theoretical foundation for an occurrence
of a new branch in the science of townplanning
i.e. wave urbanistics, as a science of
management by unduly processes of territories
development in order to provide a conditions of
their sustainable development.
In the article the equations have been worked making it possible to model the motion of freerunning
grain mixture flow on a flat sloping vibrating sieve within the framework of shallow water theory.
Free-running grain mixture is considered as a heterogeneous system consisting of two phases, one of
which represents solid particles and the other one gas.
The mixture is brought into a state of fluidity by means
of high-frequency vibration imposition. Coefficients of
internal and external friction and dynamic-viscosity decrease by exponential law as the fluctuation intensity
is increased.
When considering grain mixture dynamics, the
following assumptions are put forward: we ignore the
air presence in space between particles, we consider the
density of particles to be constant, the free-running
mixture is similar to Newtonian liquid.
The basic system of equations of grain mixture
dynamics is due to the laws of continuum mechanics.
The equation of continuity is issued from the law of
conservation of mass, and the dynamic equations are
issued from the law of variation of momentum.
The stress tensor equals to the sum of the
equilibrium tensor and the dissipative tensor. The
equilibrium part of the stress tensor is represented by
the spherical tensor, which is found to conform to
Pascal law for liquids, and the dissipative part, which is
responsible for viscous force effect and defined by
Navier-Stokes law.
Boundary conditions on the surfaces (restricting the
capacity of the free-running grain mixture) have been
researched. The distributions of apparent density and
velocity field are assigned at the inlet and outlet flow
sections of the mixture. The normal velocity component
of the grain mixture on the side frames and on the sieve
becomes zero, which meets the no-fluid-loss condition
of the medium through the frame. Beyond that point at
this time we satisfy dynamic conditions, which
characterize the mixture sliding down the hard frame,
motion flow resistance force is represented as average
velocity linear dependence. A kinematic condition and
two dynamic ones are stipulated on the free surface
layer. One of the conditions states mass flow continuity
across the free surface, the other one states the stress
continuity while passing through the free surface.
The basic premise of planned motion equations is
the condition of small size of flow depth in comparison
with its width. With the use of shallow water theory the
basic principles of the equations of flow dynamics are
simplified and for their solving a Cauchy problem can
be set.
Based on the example of the pilot area in Kiev the influence of the increased static
load on the superstructure of the stress-strain state of the slope was studied. The efficiency of
the proposed methodology when considering the work of "home-slope-retaining structure"
depending on natural and anthropogenic factors was demonstrated.