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Bashkirian Rugosa (Anthozoa) from the Donets Basin (Ukraine). Part 10. The Family Krynkaphyllidae fam. nov.

Acta Geologica Polonica | vol. 71 | vol. 71 | No 1 | DOI: 10.24425/agp.2020.132258

Keywords Rugosa (Anthozoa) taxonomy Relationships Bashkirian Donets Basin

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Abstract

The known occurrence of corals distinguished here in the new Family Krynkaphyllidae varies at the subfamily level. Those of the Subfamily Krynkaphyllinae subfam. nov. are so far almost unknown from outside of the Donets Basin. In contrast, those of the Subfamily Colligophyllinae subfam. nov. are common, possibly ranging from the lower Viséan Dorlodotia Salée, 1920, a potential ancestor of the family, to the Artinskian Lytvophyllum tschernovi Soshkina, 1925. They bear different generic names, but were all originally described as fasciculate colonial. A detailed study of Lytvophyllum dobroljubovae Vassilyuk, 1960, the type species of Colligophyllum gen. nov., challenges that recognition in that at least some of those taxa are solitary and gregarious and/or protocolonial. As such, solitary, protocolonial and, probably, fasciculate colonial habits are accepted in the Colligophyllinae subfam. nov., whereas the Krynkaphyllinae subfam. nov. contains only solitary taxa. The resemblance to the Suborder Lonsdaleiina Spasskiy, 1974 led to the analysis of families included in that suborder by Hill (1981) in the context of their relationship, or homeomorphy, to Krynkaphyllidae fam. nov. This question primarily concerns the Family Petalaxidae Fomichev, 1953; a relationship with the Family Geyerophyllidae Minato, 1955, is more distant, if one exists. The distinct, parallel stratigraphic successions of taxa within two subfamilies of the Krynkaphyllidae fam. nov. document their probably common roots and early divergence. However, a lack of robust data precludes an interpretation or treatment of those successions as phylogenetic. The absence of key stratigraphic and morphologic data meant that eastern Asiatic taxa have not been considered in these successions; however, morphological similarities allow for their tentative inclusion within the Krynkaphyllidae fam. nov. The following new taxa are introduced: Krynkaphyllidae fam. nov., Krynkaphyllinae subfam. nov., Colligophyllinae subfam. nov., Krynkaphyllum gen. nov., Colligophyllum gen. nov., Protokionophyllum feninoense sp. nov., Krynkaphyllum multiplexum sp. nov., Krynkaphyllum validum sp. nov., and three species of Protokionophyllum Vassilyuk in Aizenverg et al., 1983 left in open nomenclature.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy Fedorowski

1

Institute of Geology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Bogumiła Krygowskiego 12, PL-61-680 Poznań, Poland

Time-slot based architecture for power beam-assisted relay techniques in CR-WSNs with transceiver hardware inadequacies

Mushtaq Muhammad Umer Hong Jiang Qiuyun Zhang Liu ManLu Muhammad Owais

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 5 | e146620 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.146620

Keywords cognitive radio WSNs energy harvesting DF relaying relay selection schemes in WSNs hardware inadequacy in WSNs

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Abstract

Over the past two decades, numerous research projects have concentrated on cognitive radio wireless sensor networks (CR-WSNs) and their benefits. To tackle the problem of energy and spectrum shortfall in CR-WSNs, this research proposes an underpinning decode-&-forward (DF) relaying technique. Using the suggested time-slot architecture (TSA), this technique harvests energy from a multi-antenna power beam (PB) and delivers source information to the target utilizing energy-constrained secondary source and relay nodes. The study considers three proposed relay selection schemes: enhanced hybrid partial relay selection (E-HPRS), conventional opportunistic relay selection (C-ORS), and leading opportunistic relay selection (L-ORS). We present evidence for the sustainability of the suggested methods by examining the outage probability (OP) and throughput (TPT) under multiple primary users (PUs). These systems leverage time switching (TS) receiver design to increase end-to-end performance while taking into account the maximum interference constraint and transceiver hardware inadequacies. In order to assess the efficacy of the proposed methods, we derive the exact and asymptotic closed-form equations for OP and TPT & develop an understanding to learn how they affect the overall performance all across the Rayleigh fading channel. The results show that OP of the L-ORS protocol is 16% better than C-ORS and 75% better than E-HPRS in terms of transmitting SNR. The OP of L-ORS is 30% better than C-ORS and 55% better than E-HPRS in terms of hardware inadequacies at the destination. The L-ORS technique outperforms C-ORS and E-HPRS in terms of TPT by 4% and 11%, respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mushtaq Muhammad Umer

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hong Jiang

1

Qiuyun Zhang

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Liu ManLu

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Muhammad Owais

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science & Technology (SWUST) Mianyang, 621010, P.R. China
Department of Software Engineering, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan

Analysis of the influence of the geometric features of the filler on the thermal properties and structure of the composites in the polypropylene matrix

Przemysław Postawa Bartłomiej Jeż Sylwester Norwiński Aleksandra Kalwik

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 5 | e147064 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.147064

Keywords polypropylene-based composites mechanical properties thermal properties fillers

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Abstract

The article presents the results of research on polymer composites based on polypropylene filled with various fillers. The physical and thermal properties of the composites are the result of the used polymer matrix as well as the properties and geometric features of the used filler. The geometric shape of the filler is particularly important in the processing of plastics in which the flow is forced, and high shearing tension occurs, which determines the high macromolecular orientation and specific arrangement of the filler particles. Thermal analysis (STA) was used in the research and photographs were taken using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) of fractures of polymer composites. The following fillers were used: talc, fibreglass, glass beads, and a halogen-free nitrogen-phosphorus flame retardant. The test material was obtained by extrusion. Shapes for strength tests, which were subjected to scanning microscopy tests after a static tensile test, were obtained by injection. The carried-out tests allowed us to determine the influence of the type and shape of individual fillers on structural changes in the structure of polypropylene composites and the degree of sample weight loss in a specific temperature range, depending on the used filler.

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Authors and Affiliations

Przemysław Postawa

1

Bartłomiej Jeż

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sylwester Norwiński

1

Aleksandra Kalwik

1

Department of Technology and Automation, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Czestochowa University of Technology,Al. Armii Krajowej 19c, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland

Multi–server loss queueing system with random volume customers, non–identical servers and a limited sectorized memory buffer

Marcin Ziółkowski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 5 | e146764 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.146764

Keywords multi–server queueing system with heterogeneous servers queueing systems with random volume customers sectorized memory buffer loss probability Stieltjes convolution

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Abstract

In the present paper, the model of multi–server queueing system with random volume customers, non–identical (heterogeneous) servers and a sectorized memory buffer has been investigated. In such system, the arriving customers deliver some portions of information of a different type which means that they are additionally characterized by some random volume vector. This multidimensional information is stored in some specific sectors of a limited memory buffer until customer ends his service. In analyzed model, the arrival flow is assumed to be Poissonian, customers’ service times are independent of their volume vectors and exponentially distributed but the service parameters may be different for every server. Obtained results include general formulae for the steady–state number of customers distribution and loss probability. Special cases analysis and some numerical computations are attached as well.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Ziółkowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Information Technology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Poland

Comparison of main geometric characteristics of deformed sphere and standard spheroid

Vasyl Kovalchuk Ivaïlo M. Mladenov

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 5 | e147058 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.147058

Keywords deformed sphere standard spheroid sphericity index tipping (bifurcation) point for geodesics elliptic integrals and functions

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Abstract

In the paper we compare the geometric descriptions of the deformed sphere (i.e., the so-called λ-sphere) and the standard spheroid (namely, World Geodetic System 1984’s reference ellipsoid of revolution). Among the main geometric characteristics of those two surfaces of revolution embedded into the three-dimensional Euclidean space we consider the semi-major (equatorial) and semi-minor (polar) axes, quartermeridian length, surface area, volume, sphericity index, and tipping (bifurcation) point for geodesics. Next, the RMS (Root Mean Square) error is defined as the square-rooted arithmetic mean of the squared relative errors for the individual pairs of the discussed six main geometric characteristics. As a result of the process of minimization of the RMS error, we have obtained the proposition of the optimized value of the deformation parameter of the λ-sphere, for which we have calculated the absolute and relative errors for the individual pairs of the discussed main geometric characteristics of λ-sphere and standard spheroid (the relative errors are of the order of 10−6 – 10−9). Among others, it turns out that the value of the,sup> ^{flattening factor of the spheroid is quite a good approximation for the corresponding value of the deformation parameter of the λ-sphere (the relative error is of the order of 10−4).}

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Authors and Affiliations

Vasyl Kovalchuk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ivaïlo M. Mladenov

2 3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Tsarigradsko Chaussee 72, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria

Mechanical properties and Mullins effect in rubber reinforced by montmorillonite

Anita Białkowska Małgorzata Przybyłek Marta Sola-Wdowska Milan Masař Mohamed Bakar

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 5 | e147059 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.147059

Keywords rubber nanocomposites physical properties Mullins effect morphology

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Abstract

The present work investigated the properties of rubber vulcanizates containing different nanoparticles (Cloisite 20A and Cloisite Na+) and prepared using different sonication amplitudes. The results showed that a maximum improvement in tensile strength of more than 60% over the reference sample was obtained by the nanocomposites containing 2 wt.% Cloisite 20A and 1 wt.% Cloisite Na+ and mixed with a maximum amplitude of 270 µm. The modulus at 300% elongation increased by approximately 18% and 25% with the addition of 2 wt.% Cloisite 20A and 3 wt.% Cloisite Na+, respectively. The shape retention coefficient of rubber samples was not significantly affected by the mixing amplitude, while the values of the softness measured at the highest amplitude (270 µm) were higher compared to those of mixtures homogenized with lower amplitudes. The loading-unloading and loading-reloading processes showed similar trends for all tested nanocomposites. However, they increased with increasing levels of sample stretching but were not significantly affected by filler content at a given elongation. More energy was dissipated during the loading-unloading process than during the loading-reloading. SEM micrographs of rubber samples before and after cycling loading showed rough, stratified, and elongated morphologies. XRD results showed that elastomeric chains were intercalated in the MMT nanosheets, confirming the improvement of mechanical properties. The difference between the hydrophilic pristine nanoclay (Cloisite Na+) and organomodified MMT (Cloisite 20A) was also highlighted, while the peaks of the stretched rubber samples were smaller, regardless of the rubber composition, due most probably to the decrease of interlayer spacing.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anita Białkowska

1

Małgorzata Przybyłek

1

Marta Sola-Wdowska

1

Milan Masař

2

Mohamed Bakar

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Commodity Science, Poland
Tomaš Bata University in Zlin, Centre of Polymer Systems, Czech Republic

Contents 5/2023

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 5

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Model predictive ship trajectory tracking system based on line of sight method

Anna Miller

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 5 | e145763 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145763

Keywords model predictive control MPC ship control autonomous ship trajectory tracking line of sight LOS

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Abstract

Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) perfectly fit into the future vision of merchant fleet. MASS autonomous navigation system combines automatic trajectory tracking and supervisor safe trajectory generation subsystems. Automatic trajectory tracking method, using line-of-sight (LOS) reference course generation algorithm, is combined with model predictive control (MPC). Algorithm for MASS trajectory tracking, including cooperation with the dynamic system of safe trajectory generation is described. It allows for better ship control with steady state cross-track error limitation to the ship hull breadth and limited overshoot after turns. In real MASS ships path is defined as set of straight line segments, so transition between trajectory sections when passing waypoint is unavoidable. In the proposed control algorithm LOS trajectory reference course is mapped to the rotational speed reference value, which is dynamically constrained in MPC controller due to dynamically changing reference trajectory in real MASS system. Also maneuver path advance dependent on the path tangential angle difference, to ensure trajectory tracking for turns from 0 to 90 degrees, without overshoot is used. All results were obtained with the use of training ship in real–time conditions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Miller

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Gdynia Maritime University, ul. Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland

Influence of plunger motion profile of high pressure die casting on the casting porosity and solidification rate

Katarzyna Żak Rafał Dańko Paweł L. Żak Wojcich Kowalczyk

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 5 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.147339

Keywords high-pressure die casting computer simulation cooling rate numerical methods aluminium alloy

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Abstract

The high pressure die casting (HPDC) is a technique that allows us to produce parts for various sectors of industry. It has a great application in such sectors as automotive, energy, medicine, as the HPDC allows us to produce parts very fast and very cheaply. The HPDC casting quality depends on many parameters. The parameters among others, are cast alloy alloy metallurgy, filling system design, casting technology elements geometry and orientation, as well as, machine operation settings. In the article, different plunger motion schemes of the HPDC machine were taken into account. Analyses lead to learning about plunger motion influence on the casting porosity and solidification process run. Numerical experiments were run with the use of MAGMASoft® simulation software. Experiments were performed for industrial casting of water pump for automotive. Main parameter taken into account was maximal velocity of the plunger in the second phase. The analysis covered porosity distribution, feeding time through the gate, temperature field during whole process, solidification time. Cooling curves of the casting in chosen points were also analysed. Obtained results allow us to formulate conclusions that connect plunger motion scheme, gate solidification time and the casting wall thickness on the solidification rate and porosity of the casting.

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Żak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Rafał Dańko

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Paweł L. Żak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wojcich Kowalczyk

2

AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
Frech Poland Sp. z o.o., Przedmos´c, Główna 8, 46-320 Praszka, Poland

Application of high-speed camera measurements for determination of energy losses generated in a vibrating belt of CVT transmission

Waldemar Łatas Adam Kot

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 5 | e146238 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.146238

Keywords continuously variable transmission moving beam vibrations high-speed camera power losses

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Abstract

The paper presents a proposition of the theoretical-experimental method of determination of power losses in the transversely vibrating rubber V-belt of continuously variable transmission. The article comprises the results of experimental tests conducted on a special test stand with a complete scooter drivetrain powered by a small two-stroke internal combustion engine. Such a configuration allows ensuring real CVT working conditions. A high-speed camera was used for the contactless measurement of belt vibrations and time-lapse image analysis was performed in dedicated software. An axially moving Euler–Bernoulli beam was assumed as the mathematical model. Longitudinal vibrations and nonlinear effects were omitted. Additionally, it was assumed that the belt material behaves according to the Kelvin–Voigt rheological model. Analysis of the damped free vibrations of the cantilever beam, made of the belt segment, allowed to determine the equivalent bending damping coefficient. The CVT power losses, due to bending in the rubber transmission belt, were obtained for the fixed working conditions after numerical calculations. The proposed methodology is a new approach in this research area, which allows to obtain results impossible to achieve with other measurement methods.

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Authors and Affiliations

Waldemar Łatas

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Adam Kot

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Applied Mechanics and Biomechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Department of Automotive Vehicles, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Poland

A study on microbial self-healing concrete using expanded perlite

Usama Bin Amjad Muhammad Shahid Siddique Taha Shahid Ahmed Iftikhar Saleh M. Alogla Jawad Ahmad

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 5 | e146475 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.146475

Keywords concrete self-healing bacteria expanded perlite crack detection

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Abstract

The increasing concern for the safety and sustainability of structures is calling for the development of smart self-healing materials and preventive repair methods. This research is carried out to investigate the extent of self-healing in normal-strength concrete by using Sporosarcina aquimarina – NCCP-2716 immobilized in expanded perlite (EP) as the carrier. The efficacy of crack-healing was also tested using two alternative self-healing techniques, i.e. expanded perlite (EP) concrete and direct introduction of bacteria in concrete. A bacterial solution was embedded in EP and calcium lactate pentahydrate was added as the nutrient. Experiments revealed that specimens containing EP-immobilized bacteria had the most effective crack-healing. After 28 days of healing, the values of completely healed crack widths were up to 0.78 mm, which is higher than the 0.5 mm value for specimens with the direct addition of bacteria. The specimen showed a significant self-healing phenomenon caused by substantial calcite precipitation by bacteria. The induced cracks were observed to be repaired autonomously by the calcite produced by the bacteria without any adverse effect on strength. The results of this research could provide a scientific foundation for the use of expanded perlite as a novel microbe carrier and Sporosarcina aquimarina as a potential microbe in bacteria-based self-healing concrete.

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Authors and Affiliations

Usama Bin Amjad

1

Muhammad Shahid Siddique

1

Taha Shahid

1

Ahmed Iftikhar

2

Saleh M. Alogla

3

Jawad Ahmad

1

Department of Civil Engineering, Military College of Engineering, Risalpur, sub-campus of National University of Sciences and Technology,Islamabad, Pakistan
Principal Scientific Officer / Program Leader at Pakistan Agricultural Research Council Islamabad, Pakistan
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia

Robust hybrid synchronization control of chaotic 3-cell CNN with uncertain parameters using smooth super twisting algorithm

Nazam Siddique Fazal ur Rehman Uzair Raoof Shahid Iqbal Muhammad Rashad

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 5 | e146474 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.146474

Keywords hybrid synchronization cellular neural network sliding mode control smooth super twisting algorithm Lyapunov stability theory

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Abstract

This paper presents the control design framework for the hybrid synchronization (HS) and parameter identification of the 3-Cell Cellular Neural Network. The cellular neural network (CNN) of this kind has increasing practical importance but due to its strong chaotic behavior and the presence of uncertain parameters make it difficult to design a smooth control framework. Sliding mode control (SMC) is very helpful for this kind of environment where the systems are nonlinear and have uncertain parameters and bounded disturbances. However, conventional SMC offers a dangerous chattering phenomenon, which is not acceptable in this scenario. To get chattering-free control, smooth higher-order SMC formulated on the smooth super twisting algorithm (SSTA) is proposed in this article. The stability of the sliding surface is ensured by the Lyapunov stability theory. The convergence of the error system to zero yields hybrid synchronization and the unknown parameters are computed adaptively. Finally, the results of the proposed control technique are compared with the adaptive integral sliding mode control (AISMC). Numerical simulation results validate the performance of the proposed algorithm.

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Authors and Affiliations

Nazam Siddique

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Fazal ur Rehman

2

Uzair Raoof

3

Shahid Iqbal

1

Muhammad Rashad

3

University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

Maintaining technical readiness in the context of military exploitation systems

Anna Borucka

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 5 | e146619 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.146619

Keywords readiness reliability safety technical objects preventive maintenance strategy renewal process

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Abstract

Readiness and reliability is a special attribute of rescue systems (army, police, fire service), where performance at the highest level is more important than economic efficiency. For this reason, special attention is given to the process of renewal of technical objects. In such systems, a preventive strategy is most often used. Though this is a safe model, it does not always take into account the specifics of the use of a technical object. Moreover, in some situations, it forces the end of life of a device that could still continue to operate as intended. The article analyzes precisely such technical objects, removed from operation after just 10 years of use. It was shown that such approach is not justified and that modern management strategies must be implemented also in relation to machinery and equipment operating in rescue systems. The most important achievements of the article are the use of reliability analysis methods in the systems where it is not common, and the indication of the benefits of such analysis. It has been shown that knowing the characteristics of reliability, you can consciously control each process and make decisions in this regard based on the technical condition of the facility and not on instructions. In the case under study, this would make it possible to undermine the decision to withdraw the analyzed objects from operation.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Borucka

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

Contents 6/2023

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 6

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The look-up algorithm of monitoring an object described by non-linear ordinary differential equations

Przemysław Hawro Tadeusz Kwater Jacek Bartman Bogdan Kwiatkowski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e144603 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.144603

Keywords look-up algorithm monitoring on-line adaptive estimation polluted river MATLAB

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Abstract

The article proposes an adaptive algorithm that generates all object signals, including those for which measurements are not performed due to the difficulties associated with on-line measurements. The algorithm is modeled on the idea of the Kalman filter using its equation, however, the selection of gains is optimized in a different way, i.e. the constant values depend on the adopted ranges of adaptation errors. Moreover, the knowledge of the statistics of all noise signals is not imposed and there is no linearity constraint. This approach allowed to reduce the complexity of calculations. This algorithm can be used in real-time systems to generate signals of objects described by non-linear differential equations and it is universal, which allows it to be used for various objects. In the conducted research, on the example of a biochemically contaminated river, only easily measurable signals were used to generated the object signals, and in addition, in the case of absence some measurements, the functioning of the algorithm did not destabilize.

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Authors and Affiliations

Przemysław Hawro

e-mail:

ORCID:

Tadeusz Kwater

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jacek Bartman

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bogdan Kwiatkowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

An efficient microgrid model based on Markov fuzzy demand-side management

G. K. Jabash Samuel M. S. Sivagama Sundari R. Bhavani A. Jasmine Gnanamalar

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 3 | e145569 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145569

Keywords smart grid non-linear model predictive controller fuzzy Markov decision process power scheduling operating cost

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Abstract

Today’s electricity management mainly focuses on smart grid implementation for better power utilization. Supply-demand balancing, and high operating costs are still considered the most challenging factors in the smart grid. To overcome this drawback, a Markov fuzzy real-time demand-side manager (MARKOV FRDSM) is proposed to reduce the operating cost of the smart grid system and maintain a supply-demand balance in an uncertain environment. In addition, a non-linear model predictive controller (NMPC) is designed to give a global solution to the non-linear optimization problem with real-time requirements based on the uncertainties over the forecasted load demands and current load status. The proposed MARKOV FRDSM provides a faster scale power allocation concerning fuzzy optimization and deals with uncertainties and imprecision. The implemented results show the proposed MARKOV FRDSM model reduces the cost of operation of the microgrid by 1.95%, 1.16%, and 1.09% than the existing method such as differential evolution and real coded genetic algorithm and maintains the supply-demand balance in the microgrid.

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Authors and Affiliations

G. K. Jabash Samuel

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. S. Sivagama Sundari

2

R. Bhavani

3

A. Jasmine Gnanamalar

4

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Rohini College of Engineering and Technology, Kanyakumari, India
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Amrita College of Engineering and Technology, Nagercoil, India
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi-626004, India
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, PSN College of Engineering and Technology, Anna University, India

Thermoplastic hardened Cu-Ni-Si-Ag alloy

Beata Krupińska Robert Chulist Marcin Kondracki Krzysztof Labisz

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 2 | e145683 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145683

Keywords CuNi2Si1 alloys modification thermoplastic treatment structure

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Abstract

The goal of the work was to investigate the influence of silver addition on the microstructure of CuNi2Si1 alloys. The investigated copper alloy was cast and then supersaturated, plastically deformed on the Gleeble 3800 simulator and finally aged. Structural changes were examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Orientation mapping was completed FEI Quanta 3D field emission gun scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with TSL electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) system. The effect of structural and microstructural changes on hardness and conductivity was also investigated. Based on the mechanical tests it was found, that the mechanical properties and conductivity are improved due to heat and plastic treatment. It was also found that the precipitation hardening raises the hardness to the level of 40% whilst an increase in conductivity by 20% is observed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Krupińska

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Robert Chulist

2

Marcin Kondracki

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Krzysztof Labisz

4

Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, 44-100 Gliwice, Konarskiego St. 18a, Poland
Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059 Krakow, Reymonta St. 25, Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Foundry Engineering, 44-100 Gliwice, Konarskiego St. 18a, Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Transport and Aviation Engineering, Department of Railway Transport, 44-100 Gliwice, Konarskiego St. 18a, Poland

Impact of thermal backfill parameters on current-carrying capacity of power cables installed in the ground

Seweryn Szultka Stanisław Czapp Adam Tomaszewski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 3 | e145565 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145565

Keywords current-carrying capacity numerical simulations power cables thermal analysis

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Abstract

Proper design of power installations with the participation of power cables buried in homogeneous and thermally well-conductive ground does not constitute a major problem. The situation changes when the ground is non-homogeneous and thermally low-conductive. In such a situation, a thermal backfill near the cables is commonly used. The optimization of thermal backfill parameters to achieve the highest possible current-carrying capacity is insufficiently described in the standards. Therefore, numerical calculations based on computational fluid dynamics could prove helpful for designers of power cable lines. This paper studies the influence of dimensions and thermal resistivity of the thermal backfill and thermal resistivity of the native soil on the current-carrying capacity of power cables buried in the ground. Numerical calculations were performed with ANSYS Fluent. As a result of the research, proposals were made on how to determine the current-carrying capacity depending on the dimensions and thermal properties of the backfill. A proprietary mathematical function is presented which makes it possible to calculate the cable current-carrying capacity correction factor when the backfill is used. The research is expected to fill the gap in the current state of knowledge included in the provisions of standards.

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Authors and Affiliations

Seweryn Szultka

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Stanisław Czapp

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Adam Tomaszewski

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdansk, Poland

Towards mass customisation: automatic processing of orders for residential ship’s containers - A case study example

Adam Dudek Justyna Patalas-Maliszewska Jacek Frączak

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 3 | e145562 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145562

Keywords mass customization residential shipping containers natural language processing automatic processing of orders

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Abstract

Along with changes in customer expectations, the process of ordering a house, especially one built with the most modern technology from prefabricated HQ 40-foot shipping containers, should take place in an atmosphere of free-flowing, customer-friendly conversation. Therefore, it is important that the company producing such a solution has a tool supporting such offers and orders when producing personalized solutions. This article provides an original approach to the automatic processing of orders based on an example of orders for residential shipping containers, natural language processing and so-called premises developed. Our solution overcomes the usage of records of the conversations between the customer and the retailer, in order to precisely predict the variant required for the house ordered, also when providing optimal house recommendations and when supporting manufacturers throughout product design and production. The newly proposed approach examines such recorded conversations in the sale of residential shipping containers and the rationale developed, and then offers the automatic placement of an order. Moreover, the practical significance of the solution, thus proposed, was emphasized thanks to verification by a real residential ship container manufacturing company in Poland.

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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Dudek

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Justyna Patalas-Maliszewska

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jacek Frączak

3

University of Applied Sciences in Nysa, Armii Krajowej 7, 48-300 Nysa, Poland
University of Zielona Góra, ul. Licealna 9,65-417 Zielona Góra, Poland
Sanpol Sp. z o.o, Sulechowska 27a, 65-119, Zielona Góra, Poland

Handling high and low priority traffic in multi-layer networks

Edyta Biernacka Piotr Boryło Piotr Jurkiewicz Robert Wójcik Jerzy Domżał

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 3 | e145568 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145568

Keywords elastic optical resources high priority traffic multi-layer networks priority-aware bypasses

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Abstract

In this paper, we propose a novel priority-aware solution named bypass to handle high- and low-priority traffic in multi-layer networks. Our approach assumes diversification of elastic optical spectrum to ensure additional resources reserved for emergency situations. When congestion occurs, the solution dynamically provides new paths, allocating a hidden spectrum to offload traffic from the congested links in the IP layer. Resources for a bypass are selected based on traffic priority. High-priority traffic always gets the shortest bypasses in terms of physical distance, which minimizes delay. Bypasses for low-priority traffic can be established if the utilization of the spectrum along the path is below the assumed threshold. The software-defined networking controller ensures the global view of the network and cooperation between IP and elastic optical layers. Simulation results show that the solution successfully reduces the amount of rejected high-priority traffic when compared to regular bypasses and when no bypasses are used. Also, overall bandwidth blocking probability is lower when our priority-aware bypasses are used.

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Authors and Affiliations

Edyta Biernacka

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Piotr Boryło

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Piotr Jurkiewicz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Robert Wójcik

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jerzy Domżał

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Telecommunications, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland

Sub-optimal motion planning of one-chained, two-input nonholonomic systems

Ignacy Duleba Iwona Karcz-Duleba

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 3 | e145684 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145684

Keywords nonholonomic systems chained form optimization algorithm Lie algebraic method

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Abstract

In this paper three algorithms of motion planning for two-input, one-chained nonholonomic systems are presented. The classical Murray-Sastry algorithm is compared with two original algorithms aimed at optimizing energy of controls. Based on the generalized Campbell- Baker-Hausdorff-Dynkin formula applied to the systems, some observations are made concerning the optimal relationship between amplitudes and phases of harmonic controls. The observations help to optimize a selection of controls and to design new algorithms for planning a sub- optimal trajectory between given boundary configurations. It was also shown that for those particular systems the generalized C-B-H-D formula is valid not only locally (as in a typical case) but also globally. Simulations performed on the five-dimensional chain system facilitate distinguishing the proposed algorithms from the Murray-Sastry algorithm and to illustrate their features. Systems in a chained form are important from a practical point of view as they are canonical for a class of systems transformable into this form. The most prominent among them are mobile robots with or without trailers.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ignacy Duleba

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Iwona Karcz-Duleba

2

e-mail:

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Department of Cybernetics and Robotics
Department of Control Systems and Mechatronics Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland

Application of fuzzy type II multi-layer Kalman filter for parameters identification of two-mass drive system

Kacper Śleszycki Karol Wróbel Krzysztof Szabat Seiichiro Katsura

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e146107 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.146107

Keywords electrical drives torsional vibration state estimation Kalman filter multi-layer estimator

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Abstract

The paper describes a novel online identification algorithm for a two-mass drive system. The multi-layer extended Kalman Filter (MKF) is proposed in the paper. The proposed estimator has two layers. In the first one, three single extended Kalman filters (EKF) are placed. In the second layer, based on the incoming signals from the first layer, the final states and parameters of the two-mass system are calculated. In the considered drive system, the stiffness coefficient of the elastic shaft and the time constant of the load machine is estimated. To improve the quality of estimated states, an additional system based on II types of fuzzy sets is proposed. The application of fuzzy MKF allows for a shorter identification time, as well as improves the accuracy of estimated parameters. The identified parameters of the two-mass system are used to calculate the coefficients of the implemented control structure. Theoretical considerations are supported by simulations and experimental tests.

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Kacper Śleszycki

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Karol Wróbel

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Krzysztof Szabat

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Seiichiro Katsura

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Institute of Electrical Machines, Drives and Measurements, Wrocław, Poland
Keio University, Department of System Design Engineering, Tokyo, Japan

The application of the fuzzy rule-based Bayesian algorithm to determine which residential appliances can be considered for the demand response program

Piotr Kapler

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e146106 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.146106

Keywords demand response residential power consumers uncertainty fuzzy rule-based Bayesian

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Abstract

This paper proposes the usage of the fuzzy rule-based Bayesian algorithm to determine which residential appliances can be considered for the Demand Response program. In contrast with other related studies, this research recognizes both randomness and fuzziness in appliance usage. Moreover, the input data for usage prediction consists of nodal price values (which represent the actual power system conditions), appliance operation time, and time of day. The case study of residential power consumer behavior modeling was implemented to show the functionality of the proposed methodology. The results of applying the suggested algorithm are presented as colored 3D control surfaces. In addition, the performance of the model was verified using R squared coefficient and root mean square error. The conducted studies show that the proposed approach can be used to predict when the selected appliances can be used under specific circumstances. Research of this type may be useful for evaluation of the demand response programs and support residential load forecasting.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Kapler

1

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ORCID:

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Electrical Power Engineering Institute, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland

Influence of modelling phase transformations with the use of LSTM network on the accuracy of computations of residual stresses for the hardening process

Joanna Wróbel Adam Kulawik

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e145681 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.145681

Keywords RNN network hardening process temperature phase transformations in the solid state effective stresses numerical modelling

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Abstract

Replacing mathematical models with artificial intelligence tools can play an important role in numerical models. This paper analyses the modeling of the hardening process in terms of temperature, phase transformations in the solid state and stresses in the elastic-plastic range. Currently, the use of artificial intelligence tools is increasing, both to make greater generalizations and to reduce possible errors in the numerical simulation process. It is possible to replace the mathematical model of phase transformations in the solid state with an artificial neural network (ANN). Such a substitution requires an ANN network that converts time series (temperature curves) into shares of phase transformations with a small training error. With an insufficient training level of the network, significant differences in stress values will occur due to the existing couplings. Long-Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks were chosen for the analysis. The paper compares the differences in stress levels with two coupled models using a macroscopic model based on CCT diagram analysis and using the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) and Koistinen-Marburger (KM) equations, against the model memorized by the LSTM network. In addition, two levels of network training accuracy were also compared. Considering the results obtained from the model based on LSTM networks, it can be concluded that it is possible to effectively replace the classical model in modeling the phenomena of the heat treatment process.

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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Wróbel

1

Adam Kulawik

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Computer Science, Czestochowa University of Technology, Dabrowskiego 73, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland

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