Nauki Techniczne

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Opis

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences has been published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences since the establishment of PAS in 1952. The journal is peer-reviewed and issued in electronic format. It aims to publish original, high-quality papers from multidisciplinary engineering sciences, with preferred topics including:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence,
Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology,
Civil Engineering,
Control, Informatics and Robotics,

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics,
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics,
Material Science and Nanotechnology,
Power Systems and Power Electronics.

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Journal Metrics:

JCR Impact Factor 2024:	1.1
5 Year Impact Factor 2023:	1.0
CiteScore 2024:	2.7
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023:	0.271
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2023:	0.517
Ministry of Education and Science:	100 points

Abbreviated title: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci.

ISSN

ISSN 2300-1917

Editorial Board 2023-2025

Editor-in-Chief:

A. Rogalski, Military University of Technology

Honorary (Past) Editor-in Chief:

T. Kaczorek, Warsaw University of Technology

M.P. Kaźmierkowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Deputy Editor-in-Chief:

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

M. Mrozowski, Gdansk University of Technology

Board of Topical Co-editors:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence

B. Sawicki and T. Leś, Warsaw University of Technology

Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology

P. Ładyżyński, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

Civil Engineering

L. Czarnecki, Building Research Institute, ITB, Warsaw

Ł. Sadowski, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

Control, Robotics and Informatics

J. Klamka and A. Babiarz, Silesian Technical University

J. Stefanowski, Poznan University of Technology

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics

M. Mrozowski and P. Kryszkiewicz, Gdansk University of Technology

Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

G. Zboiński, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery PAN and University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Materials Science and Nanotechnology

B. Major and P. Czaja, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN

Power Systems and Power Electronics

J. Rąbkowski and M. Jasiński, Warsaw University of Technology

International Editorial Advisory Board

R. Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, USA

Xu Binshi, China Association of Plant Engineering, Beijing, P.R. China

F. Blaabjerg, Aalborg University, Denmark

C. Cecati, University of L’Aquila, Italy

A. Cichocki, RIKEN Institute, Tokyo, Japan

M. David, National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France

R. Ebner, Materials Centre Leoben, Leoben, Austria

E. Fornasini, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

L.G. Franquelo, University of Sevilla, Spain

M. Gad-el-Hak, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA

M. Giersig, Free University of Berlin, Germany

D. van Gemert, Catholic University Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium

L. Keviczky, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

V. Kučera, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

R. Kennel, Technical University Munich, Germany

T.A. Kowalewski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

E. Levi, Liverpool John Moore University, UK

G. Maier, Technical University of Milan, Milan, Italy

K.F. Man, City University of Hong Kong,

R. Maniewski, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

H.A. Mang, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

H. Mihashi, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan

S. Mindess, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

D.A. Mlynski, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

A.S. Nowak, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

K. Ohnishi, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan

A. Öberg, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

W. Pedrycz, University of Alberta, Canada

M. Razeghi, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

J. Rodriguez, University of Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

J.V. Sloten, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

B.M. Wilamowski, University of Auburn, Alabama, USA

A.L. Yarin, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA

Du Xiangwan, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China

J. Żurada, Department of Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, USA

Editorial Office:

Pałac Kultury i Nauki

Wydział IV Nauk Technicznych PAN

Pl. Defilad 1

PL 00-901 Warszawa

Managing Editor:

Renata Podraza, e-mail: Renata.Podraza@pan.pl

Finance:

Katarzyna Łasak, e-mail: Katarzyna.Lasak@pan.pl

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.

The journal content is available under the licencse CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access

1 An Evaluation of an Artificial Immune System Based Approach to Anomaly Detection in Computer Programs

Patryk Widuliński , Krzysztof Wawryn

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157325 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157325

Słowa kluczowe: intrusion detection systems malware anomaly detection negative selection

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Abstrakt

The growing sophistication of cyber threats and the limitations of traditional intrusion detection systems (IDS) have led researchers to explore biologically inspired models. One promising approach involves the application of Artificial Immune Systems (AIS), which mimic the self/nonself discrimination mechanism of biological immune systems. In this paper, we propose an IDS based on the Negative Selection Algorithm (NSA), enhanced by a novel modification involving intercellular receptors (ICRs). This dual-receptor architecture improves detection accuracy by targeting both standard and intercellular anomalies in program code. We present a mathematical model of the system, describe its implementation, and evaluate its performance across three key metrics: detection rate, memory efficiency, and processing speed. Experimental results demonstrate that the modified NSA with ICRs matches or outperforms existing methods, achieving an average detection accuracy improvement of 8.1%.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Patryk Widuliński

Krzysztof Wawryn

2 A Hierarchical Process Model Discovery Algorithm for CRS Systems

Andrzej Stroiński , Dariusz Dwornikowski , Anna Kobusińska , Jerzy Brzeziński

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 155043 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.155043

Słowa kluczowe: process mining data discovery process modelling distributed systems CRS systems

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Abstrakt

An increasing number of distributed systems are currently being developed according to the REST paradigm, supporting a diverse range of services and applications. However, analyzing potential errors and deviations in their operation has become progressively more difficult due to both the scale of processed data and the proliferation of available services. In this context, process mining offers a valuable approach. By analyzing event logs collected from such systems, it is possible to derive process models that represent application behavior in distributed environments. These models support the identification and remediation of errors as well as the optimization of system performance. This article introduces a mechanism for representing process models of Communication Resource Systems (CRS) developed within the RESTparadigm using process algebra. In addition, we propose an algorithm for discovering such models, enabling the identification of both local processes executed within individual services and the interactions that occur between them.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Andrzej Stroiński

Dariusz Dwornikowski

Anna Kobusińska

Jerzy Brzeziński

3 Assessment of Differential Evolution Method for Control of Multiple-sources Water Supply System - Case Study

Ariel Antonowicz , Rafał Brodziak , Jędrzej Bylka , Pzemysław Zakrzewski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157328 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157328

Słowa kluczowe: water distribution network modeling and optimization differential evolution WNTR Epanet multisource water distribution network

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Abstrakt

This study demonstrates the use of the Differential Evolution method for optimizing multi-source water supply systems. The objective was to identify a water-supply scenario that minimizes the total water-supply costs in multiple sources network. The analysis assumed varying water-production costs at each source. Control was implemented through the adjustment of valve settings at the network inlets. For the research, open-source tools such as EPANET, the WNTR library, and Python's scipy.optimize package were utilized. The analyses were conducted on two water distribution networks. The first was a simplified network with three water sources, designed to validate the simulation environment and perform initial assessments of the optimization algorithms. The second was a complex model representing a real water distribution network. For this network, analyses were conducted assuming 3, 4, 5, and 6 sources. For both networks, multiple pricing scenarios were evaluated to explore the algorithm performance under different conditions. The results show that near-optimal solutions can be achieved with significantly reduced computation times. The differences in objective function values between the Brute Force and Differential Evolution (DE) methods were no greater than 0.2%, while the computation time for DE was substantially shorter. These findings highlight DE's scalability, efficiency, and potential for real-world applications, promoting cost-effective and accessible optimization in engineering practice.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Ariel Antonowicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Rafał Brodziak

Jędrzej Bylka

Pzemysław Zakrzewski

4 Influence of force causing water molecules to flow in computer simulations of water nanoflows

Janusz Bytnar , Bogusław Twaróg , Kamil Szostek , Monika Piróg

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157327 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157327

Słowa kluczowe: computer simulation molecular dynamics nanoflows

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Abstrakt

Understanding liquid behavior in nanoscale channels is essential for designing advanced systems involving nanofluids. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an external forcing applied to water molecules flowing through a copper nanochannel on the thermodynamic stability of the system, using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. The motivation stems from the lack of clear guidelines for selecting forcing parameters that ensure physically consistent flow without introducing artificial phase transitions. Simulations were conducted for three molecular water models (OPC, PPC, TIP4P) and three forcing magnitudes. The temperature evolution and molecular velocity distributions were analyzed. The results demonstrate that excessively high forcing leads to nonphysical behavior, such as overheating beyond the boiling point, whereas too low forcing may cause cooling below the freezing point. Only intermediate forcing values allow for stable, realistic flow behavior within the liquid phase. Additionally, the choice of molecular water model was shown to significantly affect flow dynamics, highlighting the importance of proper parameter selection in MD studies. These findings provide practical guidelines for reliable nanoscale flow simulations and may support the design of transport structures in nanoscale devices.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Janusz Bytnar

Bogusław Twaróg

Kamil Szostek

Monika Piróg

5 Analysis of the Sensor Architecture for a Level 3 Autonomy System in Tracked Military Vehicles

Sebastian Jakubowski , Jakub Wiech

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157321 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157321

Słowa kluczowe: sensor architecture autonomous tracked vehicle self-propelled mortar

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Abstrakt

The article presents an analysis of the sensor system architecture designed for third-level autonomy in full-scale tracked platforms intended for military applications. In particular, it focuses on the use of advanced data fusion, enabling the integration of information from heterogeneous sensors, such as LiDARs, cameras, ToF (Time-of-Flight) sensors, inertial measurement units (IMUs), radars, and vehicle onboard systems. This configuration ensures a high degree of environmental perception accuracy and reliability in decision-making, which is crucial under the dynamic and demanding terrain conditions typical of combat operations. It also enhances situational awareness. Key aspects of designing the sensory system are discussed in detail, including the optimal selection of sensors, their placement on the tracked vehicle, and the implementation of real-time data fusion algorithms. The analysis covers the evaluation of these technologies in terms of environmental mapping accuracy, operational reliability, and adaptability under varying operational conditions. The research results indicate that an appropriate sensor architecture, supported by advanced data processing methods, significantly improves the effectiveness of condition-based autonomous control and the vehicle’s ability to adapt to the specific requirements of combat missions. The conclusions drawn from the study provide valuable guidance in designing modern military vehicles that utilize state-of-the-art sensing technologies and autonomous algorithms.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Sebastian Jakubowski

Jakub Wiech

6 Enhancing Shear-Thinning Behavior in AsphaltB Binders through Organophilic Clay Modification

Zhen Wu , Qingping Wang , Cheng Li , Yulong Guo , Hakeem Jan , Basit Ali

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157096 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.157096

Słowa kluczowe: organophilic nano-clay asphalt binder modification shear-thinning behavior viscosity–shear rate relationship rutting resistance

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Abstrakt

This study investigates the influence of shear rate on the non-Newtonian flow behavior of asphalt binders modified with 1–5% organophilic nano clay by weight. Asphalt binders exhibit shear-thinning characteristics, where viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate, enhancing elasticity and reducing temperature sensitivity. Two penetration-grade bitumen samples (60/70 and 80/100) from Attock Refinery Limited (ARL), Pakistan, were modified using the melting method per ASTM D6606. Rotational viscometer tests (ASTM D4402) were conducted at 135 °C over shear rates from 3.4 to 34 s⁻¹. Viscosity dropped by nearly 60% with increasing shear rate, with the 5% nano clay blend exhibiting the highest viscosity (385.5 cp (mPa·s)) at low shear rates. All concentrations demonstrated improved flow behavior, with 5% yielding the most significant effect. These findings highlight the potential of organophilic nano clay to improve binder rheology, indicating enhanced resistance to rutting and deformation critical for pavement applications. Further field-scale research is recommended to evaluate long-term performance, mix workability, and economic feasibility.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Zhen Wu

Qingping Wang

Cheng Li

Yulong Guo

Hakeem Jan

Basit Ali

7 The study on the effect of blade guide strip on aerodynamic performance of horizontal axis wind turbine

Guowen Li , Haotian Song , Xinghui Wu , Xinhua Sun

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157322 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157322

Słowa kluczowe: guide strip wind turbine wind tunnel test lift-drag conversion

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Abstrakt

This paper mainly studies the influence of adhering hidden movable airflow guide strips to the surface of horizontalaxis wind turbine blades on the aerodynamic performance of the blades. The experimental data suggest that the guide strip changes the flow direction of the airflow. A reverse force will be generated in the opposite direction of the airflow outflow, i.e., the blade guide strip's resistance and the airflow's flow distance on the blade surface will be increased. The lift of the blade will be increased with a low starting wind speed and a significant wind energy utilization effect. The research results show that the guide strip structure can increase the lift coefficient of the blade by 9.1% under the condition of a small Angle of attack. When the wind speed reaches 8 m/s, the power coefficient increases by 14.1% and the starting wind speed decreases by 0.5 m/s. However, the negative resistance of the guide strip was increased at high incoming flow speeds. At this time, the guide strip was adopted to level the actuator and placed on the blade's surface. The experimental results show that when the guide strip is retracted, the output power of the wind turbine is the same as that of the prototype blade.Therefore, the guide strip blades with retraction and extension functions enhance the low-speed performance of the wind turbine while maintaining its high-speed performance.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Guowen Li

Haotian Song

Xinghui Wu

Xinhua Sun

8 An Explainable Hybrid Deep Learning Approach for Power Quality Disturbance Classification

Hasan Uzel

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157326 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157326

Słowa kluczowe: power quality deep learning hybrid explainable AI LIME

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Abstrakt

This study presents a deep learning-based framework for the accurate classification of power quality (PQ) disturbances using time-series and environmental data. Four architectures Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) a Hybrid model were implemented and evaluated on a dataset containing key electrical and environmental features such as voltage sag, harmonics, temperature pollution level. Comprehensive preprocessing, including normalization, skewness–kurtosis analysis correlation assessment, ensured statistical reliability. Among the evaluated models, the Hybrid architecture achieved the best performance, with an accuracy of 98.91% and an F1-score of 98.90%, outperforming all standalone approaches. Model interpretability was enhanced using Local Interpretable ModelAgnostic Explanations (LIME), which identified feature contributions for individual predictions. A comparison with eight recent studies demonstrated competitive or superior performance in both accuracy and explainability. The integration of highperforming hybrid modeling with interpretable AI makes the proposed system well-suited for real-time PQ monitoring in smart grid environments. Future work may incorporate unsupervised and transfer learning methods to improve adaptability across varying grid conditions and data scarcity scenarios.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Hasan Uzel

9 Optimal collision-free Cartesian trajectory planning for a free-floating space robot with non-zero linear and angular momentum

Tomasz Rybus

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157323 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157323

Słowa kluczowe: free floating manipulator optimal trajectory planning obstacle avoidance space robotics

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Abstrakt

An unmanned chaser satellite equipped with a robotic manipulator can be employed for active debris removal and inorbit servicing missions. It is often assumed that the chaser satellite's control system is switched off during the capture operation performed with the manipulator. However, due to the limited accuracy of the chaser’s control system, which relies on thrusters for the approach phase, it may not be possible to obtain zero relative velocity of the chaser with respect to the target satellite. Moreover, in the tangent capture scenario, the chaser satellite is intentionally accelerated to a specific linear velocity before initiating the capture operation. This paper presents an optimal trajectory planning method applicable to a manipulator mounted on a free-floating satellite with non-zero initial velocity and non-zero but constant linear and angular momentum. The trajectory of the manipulator’s end-effector is parameterized in the Cartesian space using an 8th-order polynomial. The trajectory planning task is formulated as a constrained nonlinear optimization problem and solved using an interior-point algorithm. Constraints include joint position limits and collision avoidance with spherical obstacles. Two objective functions are considered: minimizing the trajectory length and minimizing the attitude changes of the chaser satellite. The proposed approach is validated through numerical simulations conducted using parameters from a prototype of the 7-DoF WMS 1 Lemur space manipulator. Trajectories obtained with the proposed approach are compared to two non-optimal trajectories: a straight-line trajectory and a collision-free trajectory obtained with the Artificial Potential Field method.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Tomasz Rybus

e-mail:

ORCID:

10 Modal Analyses of Non-Uniform Axially Functionally Graded Euler-Bernoulli Beams

Esra Zeynep Sensoy , Tarik Baran

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157320 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157320

Słowa kluczowe: Haar wavelet method functionally graded material functionally graded beam non-uniform axially functionally graded beam free vibration analysis

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Abstrakt

The dynamic response of functionally graded beams is of great importance in modern engineering applications where structural elements often exhibit material inhomogeneity and geometric non-uniformity. This study investigates flexural free vibrations of axially functionally graded Euler-Bernoulli beams with non-uniform cross-sections, where both geometric dimensions and material properties vary along the beam axis. The governing equations of motion were discretized and solved using the Haar wavelet method, which provides an efficient numerical scheme. Four classical boundary conditions; clampedfree, pinned-pinned, clamped-pinned, and clamped-clamped were analyzed to demonstrate the versatility of the approach. The accuracy of the method was verified by comparison with benchmark solutions available in the literature. Extended case studies were then performed for tapered and cone-shaped beams with linearly varying depth or width considering axially functionally graded material. The results demonstrate that variations in axial cross-sectional geometry have a greater impact on natural frequencies and mode shapes than material gradation. This study revisits the Haar wavelet method and extends its application to conditions that were previously unstudied, such as different functionally graded material models in tapered and cone configurations. The validated results are in good agreement with existing literature. Finally, detailed graphs and tables present the results obtained for previously uninvestigated cases.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Esra Zeynep Sensoy

Tarik Baran

11 Compatibility Charts of BRB-VD Combined Systems for RC Frames in Ultra-high Seismic Intensity Zones

Shuwei Lan , Yu Liu , Xiang Lan , Kechuang Wu

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157319 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157319

Słowa kluczowe: combined seismic energy dissipation buckling-restrained braces viscous dampers performance-based seismicdesign damper compatibility the K-ξa relationship charts

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Abstrakt

The combined seismic energy dissipation of BRB and VD in ultra-high seismic zones can exploit their respective advantages, resulting in a hybrid damping solution with superior performance and broad prospects. Although the potential of such combined damping systems in seismic design is widely acknowledged, the absence of a clear methodology for coordinating their distinct mechanisms of stiffness and damping remains a critical obstacle hindering their efficient application. To solve the compatibility problem between these two damping technologies, a series of computational analyses on reinforced concrete frame structures equipped with BRB-VD combined systems in ultra-high seismic zones is carried out. Key parameters, including the nominal lateral stiffness ratio K of BRBs and the additional damping ratio ξ_a provided by VD, are determined. Furthermore, the K-ξ_a relationship charts illustrating the compatibility between the two dampers under different seismic design groups in ultrahigh seismic zones are obtained, which can avoid the inconvenience caused by multiple iterations based on the response spectrum design method. Finally, the accuracy and practicability of the K-ξ_a relation charts for combined seismic energy dissipation design are verified by engineering examples, which provides a convenient manual calculation tool for structural engineers, and offers valuable references for global similar high seismic regions.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Shuwei Lan

Yu Liu

Xiang Lan

Kechuang Wu

12 Development of a New Phasor Measurement Algorithm with Decaying DC Offset Removal

Eugeniusz Rosołowski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157324 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157324

Słowa kluczowe: decaying DC component digital filters discrete Fourier transform least error squares method notch filter phasor measurement unit short circuit variable window filter

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Abstrakt

Current and voltage phasors are still the basis of most power system protection and automation functions. Most of the phasor measurement algorithms used for this purpose are derived from the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) method, which is justified by its relatively simple implementation and good harmonic rejection. Increasing requirements in terms of relay operating speed and accuracy impose new conditions, particularly with regard to the shortening of the measurement window and immunity to a decaying DC (DDC) component. In response to these requirements, new solutions are emerging, mainly based on algorithms with an expanding measurement window and on assumed definitions of the proposed measurement model. The method presented in this paper combines the properties of the DFT with a suitably modified least squares (LS) method to meet expected requirements, ensuring that a fast assessment of the phasor components of the fundamental-frequency component, insensitive to the presence of the DDC component, is obtained. The attached results of the simulation studies show details related to the application of the proposed method and some of its properties.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Eugeniusz Rosołowski

13 Music Genre Classification through Federated Deep Harmonic Convolution and Attention Learning

Yuan Tan , Caicai Wang

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157568 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157568

Słowa kluczowe: music genre clasification federated learning harmonic convolution attention mechanism deep learning hypeparameter optimalization

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Abstrakt

Intelligent music recommendation and retrieval systems need genre categorization, yet class imbalance, overlapping genre features, decentralized data privacy, and restricted deployment efficiency continue to challenge present methods. AAI-HarmoCNN-AttnNet, a privacyconscious federated deep learning architecture for accurate and scalable music genre categorization, addresses these concerns. The proposed model captures fine-grained spectrum cues and long-range temporal relationships using harmonic-sensitive convolutional layers and dual-path attention. Federated learning allows dispersed clients to optimize while preserving raw audio data. A hybrid hyperparameter optimization technique combining Egret Swarm Optimization and Golden Jackal Optimization improves convergence stability and generalization. AAIHarmoCNN-AttnNet outperforms thirteen competitive baselines, including CRNN, Bi-GRU with attention, and recent self-supervised methods, with 99.1% classification accuracy, 98.9% precision, 98.8% recall, and 97.4% Genre Diversity Sensitivity (GDS) score, in extensive NCASI benchmark dataset experiments. Federated evaluations show robust convergence under non-IID client distributions, with tightly clustered clientwise accuracy above 99% and decreased inter-client variation. Ablation experiments confirm the complimentary contributions of harmonic convolution and dual-path attention, while ROC analysis shows excellent discrimination with high true-positive rates and low false-positive rates. For real-time deployment, edge device resource profiling has low inference latency, small model size, and balanced power efficiency. This shows that AAI-HarmoCNN-AttnNet is a strong, privacy-preserving, and deployment-ready solution for federated music genre classification in current intelligent audio systems.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Yuan Tan

Caicai Wang

14 Experimental study on ammonolysis process of copper(II) nitrate and copper oxide-copper nitride transformations

Robert Szczęsny , Katarzyna Bogdańska , Marek Wiśniewski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157564 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157564

Słowa kluczowe: copper nitride copper oxides ammonolysis reaction gaseous ammonia infrared spectroscopy

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Abstrakt

Copper nitride (Cu₃N) is experiencing renewed interest. New chemical methods have been developed to synthesize this compound in the last ten years. Although these approaches are largely based on the precipitation reaction exploiting different nitriding agents, an interesting issue is still the applicability of the gas (NH₃) – solid ammonolysis process towards various precursors and the analysis of the course of this reaction. The nitridation processes of the copper(II) nitrate and the subsequent copper oxide-copper nitride obtaining were analyzed in this study. The mentioned phase transformations were monitored in situ by infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used for morphology and phase composition analysis. The results indicate that Cu(NO₃)₂ can be effectively used as a direct Cu₃N precursor. This ammonolysis reaction proceeded through the formation of copper oxides. Additionally, ammonolysis-oxidation tests between CuO and Cu3N indicate the full reversibility of these processes.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Robert Szczęsny

e-mail:

ORCID:

Katarzyna Bogdańska

Marek Wiśniewski

15 Performance, Sizing and Residual Load – An Analysis of Photovoltaic Systems for a Water Treatment Facility

Thomas Liberski , Fausto A. Canales , Jakub Jurasz

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157567 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157567

Słowa kluczowe: solar power systems renewable energy sustainable water supply systems energydroughts decentralized electricity supply PV orientation optimization

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Abstrakt

This study presents an analysis of photovoltaic (PV) systems designed for a water supply utility located in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland, focusing on system sizing, configurations, and residual load implications. The analysis was performed for two key objectives, maximising the capacity factor and self-consumption and then comparing both cases using residual load. Using hourly electricity demand data from eight locations, along with satellite-based solar irradiance and weather inputs, the research identifies optimal tilt and azimuth configurations under both objectives. The results reveal that capacity factor optimisation achieves annual capacity factor values ranging from 13.00% to 13.38%, but results in lower self-consumption rates (ranging from 33.39% to 46.59%). In contrast, self-consumption optimisation reaches higher values (ranging from 35.11% to 47.39%) but with reduced capacity factor performance (ranging from 6.93% to 11.57%). A centralised PV system configuration was also evaluated, achieving a capacity factor of 13.27% and self-consumption of 42.08% in the capacity factor optimised case, and 6.93% capacity factor with 44.84% self-consumption in the self-consumption optimised case. The results highlight a trade-off between maximising energy yield and improving temporal matching of generation and demand, with each optimisation strategy enhancing a different aspect of PV system performance in electricity supply for the critical infrastructure operation.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Thomas Liberski

Fausto A. Canales

Jakub Jurasz

16 Thermo-optical, structural and morphological characterization of ZnO:PQX composite thin films

Natalia Nosidlak , Katarzyna Wojtasik , Piotr Dulian , Patryk Szymczak , Mateusz Piz

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157064

Słowa kluczowe: ellipsometry ZnO thin films organic dye solo-gel

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Abstrakt

This work presents a detailed study of thin zinc oxide (ZnO) films and ZnO composite films doped with the organic luminescent dye PQX, prepared by the sol-gel method and spin coating. The optical, thermos-optical, structural and morphological properties of these films were investigated using spectroscopic ellipsometry, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The PQX dye showed strong absorption in the blue region of the spectrum with a large Stokes shift, indicating potential for luminescent solar concentrators (LSC) applications. Thermal studies revealed limited stability of PQX in thin films with partial degradation beginning at 100°C and complete decomposition above 300°C, which affected the optical and structural properties of the composite films. Annealing led to an amorphous state transition of the organic component and increased porosity in the ZnO matrix. ZnO:PQX films exhibited increased surface roughness and reduced refractive index compared to pure ZnO. These findings suggest that while PQX enhances sone optical properties, its thermal instability limits the performance of ZnO:PQX composites in LSC devices, highlighting the need for further materials optimization.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Natalia Nosidlak

Katarzyna Wojtasik

e-mail:

ORCID:

Piotr Dulian

Patryk Szymczak

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mateusz Piz

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ORCID:

17 New solution bounds for unified algebraic lyapunov equation and robust stability in delta operator system

Yan Xu , Jianzhou Liu

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157569 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157569

Słowa kluczowe: unified algebraic Lyapunov matrix equation matrix solution bounds delta operator system robust stability

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Abstrakt

In this paper, we utilize matrix transformations and inequalities to derive a novel upper bound and two lower bounds to solve the unified algebraic Lyapunov matrix equation (UALE). We then review existing bounds for the UALE and compare them with our new bounds, highlighting that our upper bound is the least restrictive among current results. The restrictions of our newly established lower bound are either weaker than the existing lower bounds or consistent with them. Our upper and lower bounds demonstrate increased accuracy over existing results through some numerical examples. As an application to linear systems, we illustrate how our upper bound can be employed to analyze the robust stability of the unified system based on the delta operator. Finally, we validate the effectiveness and superiority of our results through a series of numerical examples.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Yan Xu

Jianzhou Liu

18 Quantum Approximation Optimization Algorithm for Traveling Salesman Problem on 5-qubit IQM Spark quantum computer

Igor Dudkiewicz , Wojciech Bożejko

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157570 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157570

Słowa kluczowe: quantum optimization quantum computing QAOA TSP permutation encoding

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Abstrakt

In this paper, we consider a method for solving difficult combinatorial optimization problems on real quantum computers. We focus on the traveling salesman problem as a representative problem for a group of problems where the solution is represented by a permutation. Typically, existing algorithmic solutions use binary matrices to store this permutation – the QUBO (Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization) model. We propose a new way of encoding permutations on quantum computers, using a significantly smaller number of qubits than binary matrix encodings. Our method allows for significant performance improvements for any problem whose input or solution is a permutation. We demonstrate an example implementation of the Traveling Salesman Problem on the IQM quantum computers: IQM Spark 5-qubit ’ODRA-5’ computer and IQM Radiance ’Garnet’ 20-qubit computer.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Igor Dudkiewicz

Wojciech Bożejko

19 The fast convergence controller design for a class of Markov jump delay systems with partially known transition rates

Bo Li , Junjie Zhao , Xuejing Ren

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157572 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157572

Słowa kluczowe: the fast convergence control input saturation time delay partially unknown transition rates

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Abstrakt

Fast convergence is one of the core pursuit goals of modern high-performance control systems. This article investigates the fast convergence control problem of Markov jump systems. In order to ensure the feasibility of the fast convergence controller design method, the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional is constructed based on Lyapunov stability theory in the derivation process of the algorithm. Based on a time-varying proportional function, a distributed control algorithm is designed and the fast convergence controller design method is proposed for the considered systems. The variation of controller gain with time is discussed in sections, and the boundary of controller output is given to make the designed controller more practical for real-world engineering applications. Finally, two simulation examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in this paper.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Bo Li

Junjie Zhao

Xuejing Ren

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