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Opto-Electronics Review

Opto-Electronics Review

Description
Opto-Electronics Review is peer-reviewed and quarterly published by the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) and the Association of Polish Electrical Engineers (SEP) in electronic version. It covers the whole field of theory, experimental techniques, and instrumentation and brings together, within one journal, contributions from a wide range of disciplines. The scope of the published papers includes any aspect of scientific, technological, technical and industrial works concerning generation, transmission, transformation, detection and application of light and other forms of radiative energy whose quantum unit is photon. Papers covering novel topics extending the frontiers in optoelectronics or photonics are very encouraged.
It has been established for the publication of high-quality original papers from the following fields:


  • Optical Design and Applications,
  • Image Processing
  • Plasmonics, nanooptics, and metamaterials,
  • Optoelectronic Materials,
  • Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems,
  • Infrared Physics and Technology,
  • Modelling of Optoelectronic Devices, Semiconductor Lasers

  • Technology and Fabrication of Optoelectronic Devices,
  • Photonic Crystals,
  • Laser Physics, Technology and Applications,
  • Optical Sensors and Applications,
  • Photovoltaics,
  • Biomedical Optics and Photonics

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Journal Metrics:
JCR Impact Factor 2022: 1.6
5 Year Impact Factor 2021: 2.038
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2022: 0.414
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2022: 0.815
CiteScore 2022: 4.4
Ministry of Education and Science 2021*: 100 points
* changed Dec. 1st, 2021

From 1992 to 2005 the Journal was published only in the paper form. From 2006 it was available also online. Since 2017 Opto-Eelectronics Review is published only in electronic form. All volumes issued online by the end of 2019 can be found on the following websites:

Years 2017-2019: https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/opto-electronics-review/issues
Years 2015-2016: https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/oere
Years 2006-2014: https://link.springer.com/journal/volumesAndIssues/11772
Years 1992-2005 (scanned version): https://optor.wat.edu.pl/contents.htm

ISSN
ISSN 1896-3757
Publishers
Polish Academy of Sciences (under the auspices of the Committee on Electronics and Telecommunication) and Association of Polish Electrical Engineers in cooperation with Military University of Technology

Opto-Electronics Review - Editorial Board

Editor-in-Chief:
L. R. JAROSZEWICZ, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

Deputy Editor-in Chief:
P. MARTYNIUK, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland


Board of Co-editors:

Optical Design and Applications
V.O. ANGELSKY, Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine

Image Processing
M. JÓŹWIK, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

Plasmonics, nanooptics, and metamaterials
T. ANTOSIEWICZ, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland

Modelling of Optoelectronic Devices. Semiconductor Lasers
M. DEMS, Łódź Technical University, Łódź, Poland

Optoelectronics Materials
D. DOROSZ, AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland

Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems
T.P. GOTSZALK, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland

Infrared Physics and Technology
M. KOPYTKO, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
F. WANG, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

Technology and Fabrication of Optoelectronic Devices
J. MUSZALSKI, Institute of Electron Technology, Warsaw, Poland

Photonic Crystals
K. PANAJOTOV, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium

Laser Physics, Technology and Applications
J. ŚWIDERSKI, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

Optical Sensors and Applications
M. ŚMIETANA, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

Photovoltaics
A. IWAN, Military Institute of Engineer Technology, Wroclaw, Poland

Biomedical Optics and Photonics
A. LIEBERT, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw, Poland


International Editorial Advisory Board


D. BIMBERG, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany

F. CAPASSO, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA

A.I. DIROCHKA, Production Center ORION, Moscow, Russia

P.G. ELISEEV, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA

P. HARING−BOLIVAR, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany

M. HENINI, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England

B. JASKORZYNSKA, Royal Institute of Technology, Kista, Sweden

M. KIMATA, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan

R. KLETTE, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

S. KRISHNA, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA

H.C. LIU, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

J. MISIEWICZ, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland

E. OZBAY, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey

J.G. PELLEGRINI, Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate, Fort Belvoir, USA

M. RAZEGHI, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

A. ROGALSKI, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

P. RUSSELL, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany

V. RYZHII, University of Aizu, Aizu, Japan

C. SIBILIA, Universita' di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italy

A. TORRICELLI, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy

T. WOLIŃSKI, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

W. WOLIŃSKI, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

S.−T. WU, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA

Y.P. YAKOVLEV, Ioffe Physicotechnical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia

J. ZIELŃSKI, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland


Language Editor

J. Kulesza, e-mail: jolanta.kulesza@wat.edu.pl


Technical Editors:

R.Podraza, e-mail: renata.podraza@wat.edu.pl

E.Sadowska, e-mail: elzbieta.sadowska@wat.edu.pl

Publisher:

Polish Academy of Sciences and Association of Polish Electrical Engineers

Editorial office:

Military University of Technology,

ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2

00 – 908 Warsaw, Poland

opelre@wat.edu.pl

Opto-Electronics Review is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.


The journal content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Opto-Electronics Review | 2022 | 30 | 1

1 Van der Waals materials for HOT infrared detectors: A review
Antoni Rogalski
Opto-Electronics Review | 2022 | 30 | 1 | e140551 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2022.140551
Keywords: 2D material photodetectors transition metal dichalcogenides photodetectors HgCdTe photodiodes high operating temperature infrared detectors
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Abstract

In the last decade several papers have announced usefulness of two-dimensional materials for high operating temperature photodetectors covering long wavelength infrared spectral region. Transition metal dichalcogenide photodetectors, such as PdSe 2/MoS 2 and WS 2/HfS 2 and WS 2/HfS 2 heterojunctions, have been shown to achieve record detectivities at room temperature (higher than HgCdTe photodiodes). Under these circumstances, it is reasonable to consider the advantages and disadvantages of two-dimensional materials for infrared detection. This review attempts to answer the question thus posed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Antoni Rogalski
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
2 Effect of photoanode structure and sensitization conditions on the photovoltaic response of dye-sensitized solar cells
Paweł Gnida , Aneta Slodek , Ewa Schab-Balcerzak
Opto-Electronics Review | 2022 | 30 | 1 | e140739 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2022.140739
Keywords: dye-sensitized solar cells N719 phenothiazine derivatives TiO2 nanostructures co-sensitization co-adsorbents
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Abstract

This work summarises investigations focused on the photoanode impact on the photovoltaic response of dye-sensitized solar cells. This is a comparison of the results obtained by the authors’ research team with literature data. The studies concern the effect of the chemical structure of the applied dye, TiO2 nanostructure, co-adsorbents addition, and experimental conditions of the anode preparation. The oxide substrates were examined using a scanning electron microscope to determine the thickness and structure of the material. The TiO2 substrates with anchored dye molecules were also tested for absorption properties in the UV-Vis light range, largely translating into current density values. Photovoltaic parameters of the fabricated devices with sandwich structure were obtained from current-voltage measurements. During tests conducted with the N719 dye, it was found that devices containing an 8.4 µm thick oxide semiconductor layer had the highest efficiency (5.99%). At the same time, studies were carried out to determine the effect of the solvent and it was found that the best results were obtained using an ACN : tert-butanol mixture (5.46%). Next, phenothiazine derivatives (PTZ-1–PTZ-6) were used to prepare the devices; among the prepared solar cells, the devices containing PTZ-2 and PTZ-3 had the highest performance (6.21 and 6.22%, respectively). Two compounds designated as Th-1 and M-1 were used to prepare devices containing a dye mixture with N719.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Gnida
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aneta Slodek
2
ORCID: ORCID
Ewa Schab-Balcerzak
2 1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
  2. Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna St., 40-006 Katowice, Poland
3 Modelling and analysis of fibre microlenses with ray-tracing and finite-difference methods
Adam Śliwak , Mateusz Jeleń , Sergiusz Patela
Opto-Electronics Review | 2022 | 30 | 1 | e140147 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2022.140147
Keywords: finite-difference time-domain method knife-edge method microlens ray-tracing
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Abstract

Fibre optic microlenses are small optical elements formed on the end-faces of optical fibres. Their dimensions range from a few tens to hundreds of micrometres. In the article, four optical fibre microlenses are modelled and analysed. Microlenses are used for light beam manipulation and quantitative metrics are needed to evaluate the results, for example, the size of focusing spot or intensity distribution. All four lenses tested are made of rods of the same refractive index; they were welded to a single-mode fibre. Two modelling methods were used to analyse the lenses: ray-tracing and finite-difference time-domain. The ray-tracing algorithm moves rays from one plane to another and refracts them on the surfaces. Finite-difference time-domain consists of calculating Maxwell’s equations by replacing spatial and temporal derivatives by quotients of finite differences. In this paper, the results of the microlenses analyses obtained from ray-tracing and finite-difference time-domain methods were compared. Both methods of analysis showed the presence of undesirable side lobes related to lens design, namely rods too long for lens fabrication. The test results were compared with the measurements made with the knife-edge method. The use of a single tool to determine parameters of an optical fibre lens does not allow for precise determination of its properties. It is necessary to use different tools and programs. This allows a complete analysis of the beam parameters, letting us find the causes of technical issues that limit the performance of the lenses.
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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Śliwak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Jeleń
1
Sergiusz Patela
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Faculty of Microsystem, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, ul. Janiszewskiego 11/17, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
4 Radiometric calibration and measurement algorithm for electrical inspection solar-blind ultraviolet cameras
Casper J. Coetzer , Nicholas West
Opto-Electronics Review | 2022 | 30 | 1 | e140128 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2022.140128
Keywords: AC voltage calibration corona cameras electrical discarges radiometric measurements
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Abstract

Solar-blind ultraviolet cameras with image intensifier with CMOS detector typically use various count methodologies to measure the optical energy of an electrical corona. However, these count methodologies are non-radiometric without considering parameters such as distance, focus-, zoom-, and gain setting of a camera. An algorithm which considers the calibration and radiometric measurement of optical energy for the slow frame rate intensifier type cameras is presented. Furthermore, it is shown how these calibration data together with the flowcharts are used for the conversion from raw measured data to radiometric energy values.
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Authors and Affiliations

Casper J. Coetzer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nicholas West
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Dept. of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
  2. Dept. of Electrical and Information, University of Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave., Braamfontein 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa
5 Performance improvement of a novel zero cross-correlation code using Pascal’s triangle matrix for SAC-OCDMA systems
Samia Driz , Benattou Fassi , Chahinaz Kandouci , Fodil Ghali
Opto-Electronics Review | 2022 | 30 | 1 | e140550 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2022.140550
Keywords: multiple access interference Pascal’s triangle matrix quality of service spectral amplitude coding-optical code division multiple access zero cross-correlation
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Abstract

In order to minimize the receiver complexity and improve the performance of the spectral amplitude coding - optical code division multiple access system, a novel one-dimensional zero cross-correlation code using Pascal’s triangle matrix has been suggested. This research article shows that the position of chip “1” in the code sequences is one of the important factors affecting system performance. In fact, mathematical results show that, for the all-wavelength direct detection, it is possible to reduce the number of filters without sacrificing system performance. In addition, compared to one-wavelength direct detection, the signal-to-noise ratio value is increased with an increasing weight by using wide-bandwidth filters as decoders. Performance of the proposed system in terms of the minimum bit error rate is validated using the OptiSystem software. Compared with the previous systems at 622 Mbps, the suggested system gave the best values of bit error rate of around 10−43, 10−35, and 10−26 for higher, medium, and lower service demand, respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Samia Driz
1
Benattou Fassi
1
Chahinaz Kandouci
1
Fodil Ghali
1
  1. Telecommunications and Digital Signal Processing Laboratory, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel Abbes, 22000 Algeria
6 A simulation study of temperature effects on performance parameters of silicon heterojunction solar cells with different ITO/a-Si:H selective contacts
Jošt Balent , Marko Topič , Janez Krč
Opto-Electronics Review | 2022 | 30 | 1 | e140557 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2022.140557
Keywords: heterojunction photovoltaics simulation temperature tunnelling
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Abstract

Effects of temperature variation on the performance of silicon heterojunction solar cells are studied using opto-electrical simulations. It is shown that the low-temperature cell efficiency is determined by the fill factor, while at high temperatures it depends on the open-circuit voltage. Simulations revealed that the low-temperature drop in the fill factor is caused by poor tunnelling, in particular at the ITO/p-a-Si:H heterojunction. The authors link this drop in fill factor to a low maximum-power-point voltage and show how poor tunnelling is reflected in the charge redistribution determining the device voltage. The effect of the contact work function on temperature behaviour of efficiency by varying the electron affinity of ITO layers has been demonstrated. It was also demonstrated that increasing the electron affinity of ITO on the p-side minimises the work function mismatch, leading to significant improvements in efficiency, especially at low temperatures, while optimisation on the n-side results in marginal improvements over the entire temperature range. In addition to the cumulative effects of the temperature-dependent parameters, their individual contributions to the efficiency were also investigated. Moreover, it was presented that the thermal energy (kT) determines the efficiency temperature behaviour, while other parameters play only a minor role. This paper shows how temperature variations affect device performance parameters.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jošt Balent
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marko Topič
1
ORCID: ORCID
Janez Krč
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
7 Simple three-stage frequency-stabilized diode laser system using injection-locking and tapered amplifier
Jerzy Szonert , Małgorzata Głódź , Krzysztof Kowalski
Opto-Electronics Review | 2022 | 30 | 1 | e140146 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2022.140146
Keywords: diode laser optical injection-locking master oscillator power amplifier optical limiting amplifier tapered amplifier
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Abstract

We developed a three-stage, amplifying, tunable diode laser system that comprises a master laser in a Littrow configuration, frequency-stabilized by dichroic atomic vapour laser lock, acousto-optic frequency shifter, injection-locked slave laser, and tapered amplifier. The slave amplifies the injected frequency-shifted master beam while suppressing (within 0.5  %) the strong dependence of its intensity on the acousto-optic frequency shifter carrier frequency, thus acting as a strongly saturated optical limiting amplifier with constant output power. The resulting beam is then amplified in a tapered amplifier. The system provides an output power above 700 mW at a wavelength of 780 nm, with a time-averaged linewidth of 0.6 MHz, and a frequency drift below 2 MHz/h. Dichroic atomic vapour laser lock enables frequency stabilization in the range of 400 MHz around D2 lines of rubidium. The mode-hop-free tuning range amounts to 2 GHz. Determined by the acousto-optic frequency shifter model used, the fine-tuning range (precision of few tens kHz) spans 70 MHz. A description of the system was presented and its performance was tested. The basic components have been designed in our laboratory.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy Szonert
1
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Głódź
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Kowalski
1
  1. Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
8 A proposed preamble channel estimation scheme for flip FBMC-based indoor VLC systems
Mohamed Y. El-Ganiny , Ashraf A. M. Khalaf , Aziza I. Hussein , Hesham F. A. Hamed
Opto-Electronics Review | 2022 | 30 | 1 | e140859 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2022.140859
Keywords: channel estimation filter bank multicarrier IEEE 802.15.7 standard interference approximation method visible light communication
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Abstract

Filter bank multicarrier waveform is investigated as a potential waveform for visible light communication broadcasting systems. Imaginary inter-carrier and/or inter-symbol interference are causing substantial performance degradation in the filter bank multicarrier system. Direct current-biased optical filter bank multicarrier modulation overcomes all the problems of direct current-biased optical-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulation approaches in terms of speed and bandwidth. However, it also wastes a lot of energy while transforming a true bipolar signal into a positive unipolar signal by adding direct current-bias. In this paper, a flip-filter bank multicarrier-based visible light communication system was introduced to overcome this problem. In this system, a bipolar signal is converted to a unipolar signal by isolating the positive and negative parts, turning them to positive and then delivering the signal. Also, a new channel estimation scheme for a flip-filter bank multicarrier system is proposed which improves the channel estimation performance compared to that of each of the conventional schemes. The proposed system performance is measured in terms of bit error rate, normalized mean squared error, and constellation diagram. The superiority of the proposed scheme over other conventional structures has been successfully verified by MATLAB 2020b simulation experiments results. These results are evaluated under indoor visible light communication standard.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohamed Y. El-Ganiny
1
Ashraf A. M. Khalaf
2
ORCID: ORCID
Aziza I. Hussein
3
ORCID: ORCID
Hesham F. A. Hamed
4
  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Higher Technological Institute, 10th of Ramadan City, Sharqia, Egypt
  2. Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
  3. Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Effat University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  4. Department of Telecommunications Engineering, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Egypt

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Other forms of misconduct include failure to meet clear ethical and legal requirements such as misrepresentation of interests, breach of confidentiality, lack of informed consent and abuse of research subjects or materials. Misconduct also includes improper dealing with infringements, such as attempts to cover up misconduct and reprisals on whistleblowers.

The primary responsibility for handling research misconduct is in the hands of those who employ the researchers. If a possible misconduct is brought to our attention, we will seek advice from the referees and the Editorial Board. If there is the evidence, we will resolve the matter by appropriate corrections in the printed and online journal; by refusing to consider an author's future work and by contacting affected authors and editors of other journals.

Human and Animal Rights

If the work involves the use of human subjects, the author should ensure that the work described has been carried out in accordance with The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki) for experiments involving humans; Uniform Requirements for manuscripts submitted to Biomedical journals. Authors should include a statement in the manuscript that informed consent was obtained for experimentation with human subjects. The privacy rights of human subjects must always be observed.

All animal experiments should comply with the ARRIVE guidelines and should be carried out in accordance with the EU Directive 2010/63/EU for animal experiments, and the authors should clearly indicate in the manuscript that such guidelines have been followed.

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