Humanities and Social Sciences

Rocznik Historii Prasy Polskiej

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Rocznik Historii Prasy Polskiej | 2025 | t. 28 | No 2

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Abstract

This article surveys the state of research in the 19th-century popular educational magazine Opiekun Domowy [The Home Guardian] (published in Warsaw in 1865–1876). The focus is on identifying research gaps and correcting factual inaccuracies and misinterpretations in the existing literature. The gaps result primarily from the editors' relative lack of interest in science and technology during the early phase of the magazine's history and insufficient attention to the materials published from 1872 onwards, when its profile was refurbished. Finally, the article formulates some suggestions for further research.
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Authors and Affiliations

Urszula Kowalczuk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Zakład Literatury i Kultury Drugiej Połowy XIX Wieku Wydział Polonistyki Uniwersytet Warszawski ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warszawa
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Abstract

This article is an analysis of the evolution in the program, content and form of Opiekun Domowy [The Home Guardian] (1865–1876) from July 1871 until April 1872. The process was initiated by a highly motivated pair of new editors, Franciszek Gumowski and Bogumił Aspis. Their ambition was to provide the magazine’s educational mission with a solid scientific foundation. The article tries to reconstruct their pedagogical credo by examining the way in which the scientific approach is brought into their presentation of educational themes. Another aspect of their approach, noted in the article, is the analogy between raising a child and “raising” a reader, a relationship which seems to guide their attitudes towards their readers. An analysis of the revamped communications strategy in that period shows that while the family and family values remained at the centre of the project, the idea of guardianship — as highlighted in the title — came for a significant revision. By tracing and exploring that shift in the case of a respected Warsaw periodical the article provides an insight into the process of socio‑cultural change in the second half of the 19th century.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zofia Satkowska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Szkoła Doktorska Nauk Humanistycznych Uniwersytet Warszawski ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warszawa
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Abstract

This is an analysis of three essays from the 19th‑century family magazine Opiekun Domowy [The Home Guardian] — 'Pozowanie' [Posturing], 'Osobniki' [Specimens] and 'Sąsiedztwo' [Neighbourhood]. They were chosen to demonstrate the diversity of topics and the quality of debate that the editors of the magazine considered proper in their coverage of social and educational issues. This article takes a close look at the argument of each essay and explores its scope by positioning it within multiple interpretative frames. While some of them, literary and otherwise, belong to the contemporary context, others are based on a handful of subsequent philosophical and scientific works. Once this expanded approach is used, it is possible to discover a surprising breadth of sociological and philosophical reflection in texts that have so far been regarded as educational‑didactic run‑of‑the‑mill. Of the three essays discussed here one is a keen analysis of posturing (affectation) and its distortive effect on social life; the next, with a title resonating with a memorable Dickensian phrase, deals with alienation (anomie) treated as a negative effect of civilizational change; and the last one, focused on neighbourhood (the local community), can be regarded as a thoughtful annex to the philosophy of 'organic work', much in vogue then. The conclusion is clear. The journalism of the Opiekun Domowy is the product of a broader and more nuanced understanding of social and educational issues than one could find elsewhere at that time, let alone a popular family magazine.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Andrulonis
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Szkoła Doktorska Nauk Humanistycznych Uniwersytet Warszawski ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warszawa
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Abstract

This article attempts to reconstruct the implied reader and the social program that underpins the texts in the first four years' volumes of Opiekun Domowy [The Home Guardian] (1865–1868). First, the article presents the magazine's origins and the profile of its first editor‑in‑chief Adam Mieczyński, who committed himself to the task of, as he put it, 'the enlightenment of the middle class, radicalised during the January Uprising'. The article then examines the idea of responsible care ('opieka'), i.e. a form of social engagement, advocated by members of the moderate intelligentsia who supported the magazine. In Mieczyński's correspondence, programmatic texts and personal columns it is concretized as a blend of progressive goals and paternalistic rhetoric. In effect, the article concludes, while the nature of the care, suggested by the magazine's title, is inextricably patriarchal, its scope is by no means narrow. It comprises education, improvement of the material and moral condition of the new 'middle class', and a religiously‑sanctioned work ethic, which involves a quasi‑paternal responsibility as well as respect for tradi-tional forms of patronage and the status quo.
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Authors and Affiliations

Damian Włodzimierz Makuch
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Zakład Literatury i Kultury Drugiej Połowy XIX wieku Wydział Polonistyki Uniwersytet Warszawski ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-937 Warszawa
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Abstract

This article explores the representations of mothers and motherhood in Polish women's magazines of the interwar period. Both themes are invariably invoked in texts or passages addressed directly to the female reader. In all its formats (article, column, reportage, interview) the women's press journalism focused the attention of its readers the image of the Polish Mother, an epitome of femininity devoted to the good of the child, family, nation and state. A thematic analysis of the material shows that there are in fact two overlapping variants of the mother and motherhood images. The idealized variant features a woman who, guided by noble principles, strives to optimize the life of individuals and groups. The other, more realistic variant allows for conditions like maternal deficiency (lack of maternal instinct), or, on the social side, lack of support for mothers and their children.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Maj
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Katedra Komunikacji Politycznej Instytut Nauk o Komunikacji Społecznej i Mediach Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie ul. Głęboka 45, 20-612 Lublin
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Abstract

This article presents a profile of the children's magazine Płomyczek [A Little Flame], a supplement to fortnightly newspaper Nowe Widnokręgi [New Horizons] published in Moscow between mid‑1943 and January 1946 by the Union of Polish Patriots (ZPP). For the most part its pages were filled with texts written by authors who were associated with the ZPP and classic children's literature from the didactic legacy of the Enlightenment and the 19th century. A systematic analysis of the magazine's content is aimed at identifying various aspects of its propaganda agenda and techniques. The title page of the Płomyczek usually displays a graphic evocation of a great historical event from the patriotic calendar, dressed up with elements of rural life and landscape. Most of the expository and narrative texts follow the official paradigm, in which Polishness is integrated into the historical workings of progress from the emergence of class society to the victorious struggle of the oppressed proletariat. The present is dominated a stark contrast between the situation of Poles who found refuge in the Soviet Union and those who have to live under the German occupation. The Germans are depicted as brutal and inhuman enemies; and, indeed, they are sometimes compared to animals. There can be no doubt that it is a war between good and evil, and this message keeps being driven home by drastic scenes that would normally be not shown to children. By contrast, in the Soviet Union people live safely in a well‑organized society. The Poles have a lot in common with the Russian, as the authors of the Płomyczek never tire to point out, and, by implication, nothing stands in the way of their cultural assimilation to the host nation. Propaganda through the use of associations, images and symbols is more peculiar to verse, most of which was home‑made. As far as poems from the interwar period are concerned, the editors picked up only those that carried the right ideological message.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Rogoż
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Instytut Nauk o Informacji Uniwersytet Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie ul. Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków
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Abstract

The periodicals published by the Landsmannschaften, homeland associations of ethnic Germans expelled from Central and Eastern Europe, played a destructive role in the history of Germany. Their predecessors sprang up from the ground in the Western Zones as early as 1945. Initially these semi‑legal bulletins were sent to subscribers per mail. At that time their motivation and content were primarily humanitarian – to help families and friends to get along in the post‑war confusion. In 1949 the strict licencing laws were relaxed and in the following years hundreds of periodicals began to published. They ranged from bulletins representing small rural communities to ventures that claimed the succession of big regional newspapers. Most important among them were Der Schlesier, Breslauer Nachrichten, Die Pommersche Zeitung, Das Ostpreußenblatt, Das Pommernblatt, Der Westpreuße, Unser Oberschlesien and Die Schlesiche Rundschau. In the 1950 these periodicals felt in a way encouraged by Konrad Adenauer's government to question the postwar border with Poland. Their pages were filled with texts that exaggerated the drama of what they called 'Flight and Expulsion'. While Poland was regularly accused of ingrained imperialism, the allegedly incontrovertible German rights to the territories east of the Oder‑Neiße line (i.e. Poland's Regained Territories) was reaffirmed and mythologized. At the same time Germany's guilt was relativized at multiple points, not just for starting the Second World War. However, by the end of the 1950s practically no politician in the Federal Republic would think of putting the existing borders in question. The Landsmannschaften could hardly do anything about it. Their members were dispersed between all parties — left, right and center — and in each party they always constituted a minority of diminishing significance. Meanwhile, the majority of German society fully accepted the post‑war territorial losses, if only for pragmatic reasons. No one wanted to risk an armed conflict with the Eastern Bloc. Yet, the cast‑away periodicals continued for about three decades to support fanatical demands for the restoration of the 1937 borders. Most Germans reacted with irritation and called their obstinacy obtuseness. The radicalism of the leaders of these organizations put off both young people and the intelligentsia – people for whom investing in their professional career was more important than sticking to the past. The refugees associated with the Landsmannschaften were subjected to a torrent of ridicule, the organizations themselves pushed into the role of scapegoats and marginalized. Over years and decades, these attitudes gained more ground and became normalized. In effect, anything related to Schlesien (Silesia) became taboo in the German social, cultural and scientific sphere. Even an admission of one’s roots became shameful for the vast majority of the last wave of migrants from the former German territories who came to West Germany after 1968. Drawing on an assortment of texts from the periodicals, the article argues that as a result of a politically driven, long‑term process the history and cultural heritage of the former eastern lands have been completely forgotten in the Federal Republic.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sebastian Fikus
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Instytut Dziennikarstwa i Komunikacji Medialnej Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach ul. Bankowa 11, 40-007 Katowice
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Abstract

Interpellations submitted by members of parliament are an important source for researchers analyzing political and social processes or studying the mechanism of image making by politicians or political parties in the parliamentary forum or the public sphere at large. The media historian would undoubtedly be most interested in those interpellations that throw light on the relations between politics and the media, the functioning of oversight mecha-nisms with regard to journalism and the defence strategies adopted by the press under governmental or judicial pressure. The article seeks to distinguish this kind of interpellations from the rest by defining them as documents – produced in response to concrete infringements of press freedom — that address the problem of media functioning in all its aspects, formal and non-formal. In the case of the 1919 Legislative Sejm, tools of quantitative and qualitative analysis have been applied to map the content, type of argument, the expected outcomes, as well as the legal and procedural ramifications of the seventy-three interpellations assigned to the press documentary class. Furthermore, each interpellation has been given its own tag with information about its structure and type, its author and addressee, together with their rank and function. The qualitative method was also used to characterize the content of the parliamentary questions and assess their authors' argumentative and rhetorical skills at the point of moving of the motion and in the run-up for the final vote. The history of law approach has been used only to a limited extent, namely to specify the legal grounds and parliamentary regulations concerning the tabling and handling of interpellations. The functioning of the press community and the press as a subject of the 1919 Legislative Sejm are two research areas in which the author of this article has been interested for the last few years.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grażyna Wrona
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Instytut Nauk o Informacji Uniwersytet Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie ul. Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków
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Abstract

The regional and local press remained an important segment of the press market in interwar Poland, although it was badly hit by the economic crisis of the early 1930s and its numbers and status were steadily undercut by the process of amalgamation with large newspapers. The German occupation put an end to the local press and the Polish society had to go without it. There were German publications (usually official), but they served the needs of the local German administration, and thus belong to a different category. The departure of German troops in 1945 opened the opportunity for the restoration of the pre‑war media landscape, but it soon became clear that it was impossible due to the systemic changes introduced by the new regime. The communists (Polish Workers' Party) who seized power and consolidated it over the next few years were wedded to a highly regulated, centralized model of the information sphere (following the Soviet example). However, against all political headwinds and the handicap of being a secondtier city, in 1946 Kalisz managed to launch a local newspaper, under a title with a local pedigree. This article chronicles the rise and fall of The Kalisz Courier, a locally published mutation of the Głos Wielkopolski from Poznań, and gathers a wide range of information about the journalistic community that revived the paper and kept it going, drawing on the best pre‑war traditions. The article also tries to throw some light on the political circumstances, arguments and calculations both behind the decision to start the newspaper and, in 1950, to shut it down.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Walczak
1

  1. Instytut Interdyscyplinarnych Badań Historycznych Uniwersytet Kaliski im. Prezydenta Stanisława Wojciechowskiego Plac św. Józefa 2–4–6, 62-800 Kalisz

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‘Yearbook of the History of Polish Press’ welcomes only fully original articles (not previously printed anywhere) which present the latest research results and which are not a compilation of already existing studies.

The first stage of the reviewing procedure is the opinion of the Editor-in-Chief (or a member of the Editorial Board indicated by him/her), who takes a preliminary decision on admitting the article to further reviewing or rejecting it, of which they inform the author immediately. In some cases, their decision is consulted with a member of the Editorial Board who specialises in the issue in question. The reasons for rejection at this stage may include, but are not limited to, incompatibility of the manuscript's subject matter with the journal's profile, failure to meet standards for article structure, low substantive level, gross linguistic deficiencies, non-compliance with the principles of publication ethics or other legitimate reasons.

The submission then proceeds to the external review stage. Each article undergoes anonymisation, i.e. the concealment of data that could identify the author, before it is sent to the Reviewers. At least two independent reviewers from outside the author's unit are appointed to evaluate each publication. The editors ensure that there is no conflict of interest (especially business or personal relationships) between authors and reviewers in the review process. Reviews are processed in a 'double-blind review process' in which reviewers and authors do not know each other's identities.

Reviews are written and descriptive. In his/her assessment the reviewer takes into account the originality and substantive value of the article, its form (composition, language), the quality of the sources, scientific reliability. Reviewers may also indicate the qualification of the article to a given category of scientific texts. All remarks, corrections and suggestions for possible changes are placed by the reviewer in the review form, so that the author can get acquainted with them and take them into account in the final editing of the text. The review concludes with a conclusion and an unequivocal request that the article should or should not be accepted for publication. Two positive reviews are required for an article to be accepted for publication. In t case of a significant divergence of reviews, the editorial board may decide to appoint a third reviewer.

Upon completion of the external review stage, the author is notified accordingly by the editorial board. In addition to the reviewers' conclusions, the author may receive additional comments and suggestions for changes from the Editor-in-Chief (or a member of the Editorial Board designated by the Editor-in-Chief) or the language editor.

The review process is confidential. A collective list of reviewers working with the journal is published once a year under Editorial Board / List of Reviewers. The ethical aspects of the responsibilities of reviewers and authors are outlined below in the Ethical Principles section. The editors also accept non-peer-reviewed material (reports, commentaries, letters, etc.) for publication.

Obligations of reviewers The reviewer's opinion is a key element of the editorial process, as it is on the basis of this opinion that the editorial board makes the substantive decision on whether or not accept the article for publication. In order for this process to proceed properly, we ask reviewers to evaluate manuscripts objectively and we oblige them to maintain confidentiality, to report conflicts of interest and to pass on information on suspected plagiarism. For details, please see the chapter 'Reviewer policies' in the section on Publication Ethics (below). Forms for reviewers
  • Review form (used for traditional review circulation);
  • A declaration of no conflict of interest (from 2023 onwards the statement is part of the review form);
  • System form (available to registered reviewers)..
List of reviewers

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