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Abstract

This paper presents a new model that describes the physical phenomena occurring in an individual Outer Hair Cell (OHC) in the human hearing organ (Cochlea). The new model employs the concept of parametric amplification and piezoelectricity. As a consequence, the proposed model may explain in a natural way many as yet unresolved problems about the mechanisms of: 1) power amplification, 2) non- linearity, 3) fine tuning, or 4) high sensitivity that take place in the human hearing organ. Mathematical analysis of the model is performed. The equivalent electrical circuits of an individual OHC are established. The high selectivity of the OHC parametric amplifier is analyzed by solving the resulting Mathieu and Ince differential equations. An analytical formula for the power gain in the OHC’s parametric amplifier has been developed. The proposed model has direct physical interpretation and all its elements have their physical counterparts in the actual structure of the cochlea. The numerical values of the individual elements of the electrical equivalent circuits are consistent with the experimental physiological data. It is anticipated that the proposed new model may contribute in future improvements of human cochlear implants as well as in development of new digital audio standards.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Kiełczyński
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Abstract

Using intelligent materials and sensors to monitor the safety of concrete structures is a hot topic in the field of civil engineering. In order to realize the omni-directional monitoring of concrete structural damage, the authors of this paper designed and fabricated an embedded annular piezoelectric ultrasonic sensor using the annular piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic as a sensing element and epoxy resin as the matching and the backing layers. The influence of different matching and backing layers thickness on the acoustic characteristic parameters of the sensor were studied. The results show that the resonant frequency corresponding to the axial mode of annular piezoelectric ceramics moves toward the high frequency direction with the decrease of the height of piezoelectric ceramics, and the radial vibration mode increases as well as the impedance peak. With the thickness of the backing layer increases from 1 mm to 2 mm, the radial resolution of the annular piezoelectric ultrasonic sensor is enhanced, the pulse width is reduced by 39% comparing with the sensors which backing layer is 1 mm, and the head wave amplitude and −3 dB bandwidth are increased by 61% and 66%, respectively. When the matching layer thickness is 3 mm, the sensor has the highest amplitude response of 269 mV and higher sensitivity.
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Authors and Affiliations

Haoran Li
1
Yan Hu
2
Laibo Li
1
Dongyu Xu
2 3

  1. Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Preparation and Measurement of Building Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
  2. School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, PR China
  3. School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, PR China
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Abstract

A gyroscopic rotor exposed to unbalance is studied and controlled with an active piezoelectrical bearing. A model is required in order to design a suited controller. Due to the lack of related publications utilizing piezoelectrical bearings and obtaining a modal model purely exploiting experimental modal analysis, this paper reveals a method to receive a modal model of a gyroscopic rotor system with an active piezoelectrical bearing. The properties of the retrieved model are then incorporated into the design of an originally model-free control approach for unbalance vibration elimination, which consists of a simple feedback control and an adaptive feedforward control. After the discussion on the limitations of the model-free control, a modified controller using the priorly identified modal model is implemented on an elementary rotor test-rig comparing its performance to the original model-free controller.
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Bibliography

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  6.  F.B. Becker, M.A. Sehr, and S. Rinderknecht, “Vibration isolation for parameter-varying rotor systems using piezoelectric actuators and gain-scheduled control,” J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct., vol. 28, no. 16, pp. 2286–2297, Sep. 2017. doi: 10.1177/1045389X17689933.
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  18.  J. Jungblut, C. Fischer, and S. Rinderknecht, “Supplementary data: Active vibration control of a gyroscopic rotor using experimental modal analysis,” 2020. [Online]. doi: 10.48328/tudatalib-572.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jens Jungblut
1
ORCID: ORCID
Christian Fischer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Stephan Rinderknecht
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute for Mechatronic Systems, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
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Abstract

Structural vibration damping via piezoelectric shunt circuits has received a great deal of attention recently as they are light, easy to use and provide for good vibration damping performance. This study investigates vibration damping of a clamped-free beam under harmonic excitations in the steady state. The damping control strategy utilises the piezoelectric properties of PZT materials and a shunt circuit consisting of series RLC elements in parallel configuration. The analysis was made for the first mode frequency and, at the same time, for the four resonance frequencies.
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Authors and Affiliations

Roman Filipek
Jerzy Wiciak
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Abstract

The dependence of piezoelectric wave impedance on the rotation speed is investigated theoretically and numerically. The Coriolis force due to rotation is introduced into the piezoelectric motion equations, which is solved by the harmonic plane wave solution. It is shown that the wave impedance variations of longitudinal and transverse waves due to rotation are clearly different. The longitudinal wave impedance continuously increases with a small rotation ratio and one transverse wave impedance is almost irrespective of a rotation ratio. In contrast, the rotation applies a big impact on the other transversal wave impedances in the piezoelectric crystal which decreases monotonically with the rotation speed. Such characteristics are significant in piezoelectric transducers and sensors.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xiaoguang Yuan
1
Chaoyu Hao
1
Quan Jiang
1

  1. School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Abstract

Considering the low accuracy and low efficiency of the traditional calibration method for base strain sensitivity of accelerometers, a novel base strain sensitivity calibration system with steady harmonic excitation is proposed. The required cantilever beam for calibration is driven by an electromagnetic exciter to generate a base strain varying in a steady harmonic pattern. By applying a Wheatstone bridge circuit, the generated strain with low distortion can be measured. The measurement system with a compensation function can automatically calibrate the base strain sensitivity. The amplitude linearity and frequency response characteristics of the base strain sensitivity in two accelerometers are obtained experimentally, and the uncertainty in the results is 2% ( k = 2).
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Authors and Affiliations

Chuwei Ye
1

  1. The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract

In this paper, the performance and frequency bandwidth of the piezoelectric energy harvester (PZEH) is improved by introducing two permanent magnets attached to the proof mass of a dual beam structure. Both magnets are in the vicinity of each other and attached in such a way to proof mass of a dual beam so that they create a magnetic field around each other. The generated magnetic field develops a repulsive force between the magnets, which improves electrical output and enhances the bandwidth of the harvester. The simple rectangular cantilever structure with and without magnetic tip mass has a frequency bandwidth of 4 Hz and 4.5 Hz, respectively. The proposed structure generates a peak voltage of 20 V at a frequency of 114.51 Hz at an excitation acceleration of 1 g (g= 9.8 m/s2 ). The peak output power of a proposed structure is 25.5 µW. The operational frequency range of a proposed dual beam cantilever with a magnetic tip mass of 30 mT is from 102.51 Hz to 120.51 Hz, i.e., 18 Hz. The operational frequency range of a dual beam cantilever without magnetic tip mass is from 104.18 Hz to 118.18 Hz, i.e., 14 Hz. There is an improvement of 22.22% in the frequency bandwidth of the proposed dual beam cantilever with a magnetic tip mass of 30 mT than the dual beam without magnetic tip mass.

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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Ashutosh Anand
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Srikanta Pal
2
Sudip Kundu
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Presidency University Bangalore, India
  2. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra Ranchi, India
  3. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering and Center for Nanomaterials, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India
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Abstract

Although the study of oscillatory motion has a long history, going back four centuries, it is still an active subject of scientific research. In this review paper prospective research directions in the field of mechanical vibrations were pointed out. Four groups of important issues in which advanced research is conducted were discussed. The first are energy harvester devices, thanks to which we can obtain or save significant amounts of energy, and thus reduce the amount of greenhouse gases. The next discussed issue helps in the design of structures using vibrations and describes the algorithms that allow to identify and search for optimal parameters for the devices being developed. The next section describes vibration in multi-body systems and modal analysis, which are key to understanding the phenomena in vibrating machines. The last part describes the properties of granulated materials from which modern, intelligent vacuum-packed particles are made. They are used, for example, as intelligent vibration damping devices.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Xinxin Li
1
Kexue Huang
1
Zhilin Li
1
Jiangshu Xiang
1
Zhenfeng Huang
1
Hanling Mao
1
Yadong Cao
1

  1. College of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Abstract

A gyroscopic rotor exposed to unbalance and internal damping is controlled with an active piezoelectrical bearing in this paper. The used rotor test-rig is modelled using an FEM approach. The present gyroscopic effects are then used to derive a control strategy which only requires a single piezo actuator, while regular active piezoelectric bearings require two. Using only one actuator generates an excitation which contains an equal amount of forward and backward whirl vibrations. Both parts are differently amplified by the rotor system due to gyroscopic effects, which cause speed-dependent different eigenfrequencies for forward and backward whirl resonances. This facilitates eliminating resonances and stabilize the rotor system with only one actuator but requires two sensors. The control approach is validated with experiments on a rotor test-rig and compared to a control which uses both actuators.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jens Jungblut
1
ORCID: ORCID
Daniel Franz
1
Christian Fischer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Stephan Rinderknecht
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute for Mechatronic Systems, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
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Abstract

The paper presents the novel concept of the magnetoelectric sensor constructed using the amorphous glass ribbon. Its output characteristics (voltage pattern), conditions of work and experimental results are presented. The novel construction allows for minimizing the demagnetizing field in the core of the sensor and linearization of the characteristics between the magnetic field and obtained voltage. Conducted experiments were aimed at determining the sensor operation in the presence of the constant magnetic field (HDC). The main concern of the tests was to verify the linear dependency between the HDC value and the amplitude of the output voltage. Next, the computer model representing the sensor behavior in the constant magnetic field is described. The model implements the parameter identification task based on the regression algorithms. The presented work shows that the proposed device can be used to measure the weak magnetic field and the dependency between the output signal amplitudes and the constant component in the measured magnetic field is approximately linear. This enables measurements of even weak fields.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Kuczynski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Bilski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Adrian Bilski
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jerzy Szymanski
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Institute of Radioelectronics and Multimedia Technology, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
  3. Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, Faculty of Transport, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Poland
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Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of machine learning (ML) models in predicting concrete damage using electromechanical impedance (EMI) data. From numerous experimental evidence, the damaged mortar sample with surface-mounted piezoelectric (PZT) material connected to the EMI response was assessed. This work involved the different ML models to identify the accurate model for concrete damage detection using EMI data. Each model was evaluated with evaluation metrics with the prediction/true class and each class was classified into three levels for testing and trained data. Experimental findings indicate that as damage to the structure increases, the responsiveness of PZT decreases. Therefore, we examined the ability of ML models trained on existing experimental data to predict concrete damage using the EMI data. The current work successfully identified the approximately close ML models for predicting damage detection in mortar samples. The proposed ML models not only streamline the identification of key input parameters with models but also offer cost-saving benefits by reducing the need for multiple trials in experiments. Lastly, the results demonstrate the capability of the model to produce precise predictions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Asraar Anjum
1
Meftah Hrairi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Abdul Aabid
2
ORCID: ORCID
Norfazrina Yatim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maisarah Ali
3

  1. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia,P.O. Box 10, 50728, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  2. Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, PO BOX 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
  3. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, P.O. Box 10, 50728, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Abstract

In this paper, we investigate a problem on reflection and transmission of plane-waves at an interface between two dissimilar half-spaces of a transversely isotropic micropolar piezoelectric material. The entire model is assumed to rotate with a uniform angular velocity. The governing equations of rotating and transversely isotropic micropolar piezoelectric medium are specialized in a plane. Plane-wave solutions of two-dimensional coupled governing equations show the possible propagation of three coupled plane-waves. For an incident plane-wave at an interface between two dissimilar half-spaces, three reflected and three transmitted waves propagate with distinct speeds. The connections between the amplitude ratios of reflected and transmitted waves are obtained. The expressions for the energy ratios of reflected and transmitted waves are also obtained. A numerical example of the present model is considered to illustrate the effects of rotation on the speeds and energy ratios graphically.
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Authors and Affiliations

Baljeet Singh
1
Asha Sangwan
2
Jagdish Singh
3

  1. Department of Mathematics, Post Graduate Government College, Sector 11, Chandigarh, 160011, India
  2. Department of Mathematics, Government College, Sampla, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
  3. Department of Mathematics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
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Abstract

The purpose of this work is to present a theoretical analysis of top orthogonal to bottom arrays of conducting electrodes of infinitesimal thickness (conducting strips) residing on the opposite surfaces of piezoelectric slab. The components of electric field are expanded into double periodic Bloch series with corresponding amplitudes represented by Legendre polynomials, in the proposed semi-analytical model of the considered two-dimensional (2D) array of strips. The boundary and edge conditions are satisfied directly by field representation, as a result. The method results in a small system of linear equations for unknown expansion coefficients to be solved numerically. A simple numerical example is given to illustrate the method. Also a test transducer was designed and a pilot experiment was carried out to illustrate the acoustic-wave generating capabilities of the proposed arrangement of top orthogonal to bottom arrays of conducting strips.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jurij Tasinkevych
Ihor Trots
Ryszard Tymkiewicz
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Abstract

The paper presents the analysis of the magnetic sensor’s applicability to the energy harvesting operations. The general scheme and technical advancement of the energy extraction from the electric vehicle (such as a tram or a train) is presented. The proposed methodology of applying the magnetic sensor to the energy harvesting is provided. The experimental scheme for the sensor characteristics and measurement results is discussed. Conclusions and future prospects regarding the practical implementation of the energy harvesting system are provided.

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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Kuczynski
ORCID: ORCID
Adrian Bilski
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Bilski
ORCID: ORCID
Jerzy Szymanski
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

In this investigation, the effective mechanical, coupling and dielectric properties of Macro-fiber-composites (MFCs) consisting of piezo-rod-element constituents are determined using representative volume element method combined with finite element analysis. Experiments are conducted on piezo-bar-element MFCs to understand the applicability of the proposed approach which would later be extended to composites with modified geometric pattern. The longitudinal strains with respect to static deflections of beam and forced displacements under varying electrical loads are measured for the MFCs, and compared with the numerical simulations. Based on the good agreement from the result comparisons of piezo-bar-element MFCs, the effective material properties of piezo-rod-element MFCs are numerically determined based on the RVE approach.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

M.P. Saravanan
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Marimuthu
2
ORCID: ORCID
K. Jayabal
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Mohamed Sathak AJ College of Engineering, Chennai, India
  2. Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India
  3. Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Kancheepuram, Chennai, India
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Abstract

This paper presents a study of the damping of nonlinear vibrations in a two-mass model of mechanical system containing a torsion damper. The starting of the system by harmonic excitation is considered on the assumption of uniformly varying frequency and constant amplitude of the forced moment. Simultaneous structural friction phenomena (passive damping) and piezoelectric effect (active damping) have been considered as well. The problem is considered on the assumption of a uniform unit pressure distribution between the contacting surfaces of friction discs and plunger. The aim of the analysis is to asses the influence of angular acceleration, unitary pressure, external load and electric parameters on the resonance curves of the starting vibrations. The equations of motion of the tested system were solved by means of the Krylov-Bogolubov-Mitropolski method and digital simulation method.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Skup

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