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Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Description

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, since the beginning of the existence of the PAS in 1952. The journal is peer‐reviewed and is published both in printed and electronic form. It is established for the publication of original high quality papers from multidisciplinary Engineering sciences with the following topics preferred:

  • Artificial and Computational Intelligence,
  • Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology,
  • Civil Engineering,
  • Control, Informatics and Robotics,
  • Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics,
  • Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics,
  • Material Science and Nanotechnology,
  • Power Systems and Power Electronics.

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Journal Metrics:
JCR Impact Factor 2023: 1.2
5 Year Impact Factor 2022: 1.1
CiteScore 2023: 2.8
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023: 0.282
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2023: 0.573
Ministry of Education and Science: 100 points

Abbreviated title: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci.
ISSN
ISSN 2300-1917

Editorial Board 2023-2025

Editor-in-Chief:

A. Rogalski, Military University of Technology

Honorary (Past) Editor-in Chief:

T. Kaczorek, Warsaw University of Technology

M.P. Kaźmierkowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Deputy Editor-in-Chief:

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

M. Mrozowski, Gdansk University of Technology

Board of Topical Co-editors:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence

B. Sawicki and T. Leś, Warsaw University of Technology

Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology

P. Ładyżyński, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

Civil Engineering

L. Czarnecki, Building Research Institute, ITB, Warsaw

Ł. Sadowski, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

Control, Robotics and Informatics

J. Klamka and A. Babiarz, Silesian Technical University

J. Stefanowski, Poznan University of Technology

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics

M. Mrozowski and P. Kryszkiewicz, Gdansk University of Technology

Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

G. Zboiński, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery PAN and University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Materials Science and Nanotechnology

B. Major and P. Czaja, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN

Power Systems and Power Electronics

J. Rąbkowski and M. Jasiński, Warsaw University of Technology

International Editorial Advisory Board

R. Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, USA

Xu Binshi, China Association of Plant Engineering, Beijing, P.R. China

F. Blaabjerg, Aalborg University, Denmark

C. Cecati, University of L’Aquila, Italy

A. Cichocki, RIKEN Institute, Tokyo, Japan

M. David, National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France

R. Ebner, Materials Centre Leoben, Leoben, Austria

E. Fornasini, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

L.G. Franquelo, University of Sevilla, Spain

M. Gad-el-Hak, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA

M. Giersig, Free University of Berlin, Germany

D. van Gemert, Catholic University Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium

L. Keviczky, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

V. Kučera, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

R. Kennel, Technical University Munich, Germany

T.A. Kowalewski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

E. Levi, Liverpool John Moore University, UK

G. Maier, Technical University of Milan, Milan, Italy

K.F. Man, City University of Hong Kong,

R. Maniewski, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

H.A. Mang, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

H. Mihashi, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan

S. Mindess, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

D.A. Mlynski, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

A.S. Nowak, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

K. Ohnishi, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan

A. Öberg, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

W. Pedrycz, University of Alberta, Canada

M. Razeghi, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

J. Rodriguez, University of Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

J.V. Sloten, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

B.M. Wilamowski, University of Auburn, Alabama, USA

A.L. Yarin, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA

Du Xiangwan, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China

J. Żurada, Department of Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, USA

Editorial Office:

Pałac Kultury i Nauki

Wydział IV Nauk Technicznych PAN

Pl. Defilad 1

PL 00-901 Warszawa

Managing Editor:

Renata Podraza, e-mail: Renata.Podraza@pan.pl

Finance:

Katarzyna Łasak, e-mail: Katarzyna.Lasak@pan.pl

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.


The journal content is available under the licencse CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5

1 Contents No. 5_2025
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5
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2 Integrating AI-driven deepfake generation with IoT surveillance systems: A structured framework for synthetic media creation
Revathi Lavanya Baggam , Vatsavayi Valli Kumari
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154066 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154066
Keywords: artificial intelligence machine learning deep learning
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Abstract

The convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies has revolutionized surveillance systems, enabling the collection and analysis of vast amounts of visual data. In this context, the emergence of Deep-Fake technology presents both opportunities and challenges for enhancing surveillance capabilities. This paper proposes a structured framework for integrating AI-driven deepfake generation with IoT surveillance systems, aiming to create synthetic media for diverse applications such as training, testing, and augmenting surveillance datasets. The framework encompasses data acquisition, pre-processing, model training, and deployment stages, leveraging deep learning techniques to synthesize hyper-realistic images and videos. Key components include the utilization of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for feature extraction, generative adversarial networks (GANs) for realistic media synthesis, and IoT sensors for realtime data collection. Ethical considerations regarding privacy, consent, and data security are carefully addressed throughout the framework. Experimental validation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach in generating synthetic media that closely resemble real-world surveillance footage. Overall, this framework represents a significant step towards leveraging AI-driven deepfake technology to enhance the capabilities of IoT surveillance systems while ensuring ethical and responsible deployment in practice. Subsequently, we employ a deep Q learning process for continuous updating and results processing within the structured framework.
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Authors and Affiliations

Revathi Lavanya Baggam
1
ORCID: ORCID
Vatsavayi Valli Kumari
2
  1. Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science & Systems Engineering, Andhra University College of Engineering,Waltair, India. PIN-530003
  2. Department of Computer Science & Systems Engineering, Andhra University College of Engineering, Waltair, India. PIN-530003
3 Enhancing transparency and user-interactivity in sentiment analysis design through X-OODM
Abqa Javed , Muhammad Shoaib , Abdul Jaleel , Salman Jan , Ahmed Alkhyyat , Ali Samad
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154286 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154286
Keywords: transparency user-interactivity sentiment analysis and measures explainability object-oriented design methodology
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Abstract

Explainability is a significant factor in the realm of web-based applications. It provides a robust system for understanding and interpreting the internal functioning of applications throughout the design process. Nonfunctional parameters are integrated into the transparent and user-interactive models presented in X-OODM. Various components are employed to generate the metrics for each parameter, which then serve to develop the overall model metric. However, X-OODM used different scenarios of web-based applications as a case study to assess design quality metrics. In this study, we used domain diagrams from C0 to C10 as design models, improved with various sentiment analysis use cases, to assess the applicability of X-OODM and related metrics. Each domain diagram presents a distinct functionality that is evaluated under the user-interactive model and the transparent model of X-OODM. The user-interactive model uses transferability, informativeness, and accessibility, whereas the transparent model includes simulatability, decomposability, and algorithmic transparency. These parameters are further classified into several components, all of which contribute to the explainable model. A multiple linear regression is used to assess the explainable metric for each class domain model. The robust user-interactive and transparent model metrics determine the statistical significance for the design of web-based applications, specifically in sentiment analysis. This work can be extended to implement all the X-OODM models for the evaluation of web-based applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Abqa Javed
1
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Shoaib
1
Abdul Jaleel
2
Salman Jan
3
Ahmed Alkhyyat
4
Ali Samad
5
  1. Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology, 54890 Lahore, Pakistan
  2. Department of Computer Science (RCET GRW), University of Engineering and Technology, 52250 Lahore, Pakistan
  3. Faculty of Computer Studies, Arab Open University, A’Ali, 732, Bahrain
  4. College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf 54001, Iraq
  5. Department of Data Sciences, Faculty of Computing, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
4 Potential of quantum machine learning for processing multispectral Earth observation data
Manish K. Gupta , Michał Romaszewski , Piotr Gawron
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154279 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154279
Keywords: quantum computing quantum machine learning projected quantum kernel multispectral image Earth observation Sentinel-2 land use and land cover classification remote sensing
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Abstract

Quantum computers with hundreds of noisy qubits are already available for the research community. They have the potential to run complex quantum computations well beyond the computational capacity of any classical device. It is natural to ask the question, what application these devices could be useful for? Land use and land cover classification of multispectral Earth observation data collected from the earth observation satellite mission is one such problem that is hard for classical methods due to its unique characteristics. In this work, we compare the performance of several classical machine learning algorithms on the stilted re-labeled dataset of the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission, when the algorithm has access to projected quantum kernel (PQK) features. We show that the classification accuracy increases drastically when the model has access to PQK features. We then naively study the performance of these algorithms with and without access to PQK features on the original Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission data set. This study provides key evidence that shows the potential of quantum machine learning methods for Earth observation data.
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Authors and Affiliations

Manish K. Gupta
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Romaszewski
2
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Gawron
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bartycka 18, Warsaw 00-716, Poland
  2. Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bałtycka 5, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
5 Combining improved generative adversarial networks for end-to-end traffic object detection under complex illumination conditions
Yang Liu , Zhe Gong , Yuyang He , Weiqin Li
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e155037 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.155037
Keywords: low-illumination object detection object recognition image enhancement autonomous driving
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Abstract

The images captured by vehicle-mounted cameras in low-illumination environments have the problem of severe loss of detailed information. At the same time, the detection and recognition performance of traffic object detection algorithms is also influenced by factors such as object texture, movement speed, shooting angle, and occlusion. Under low-illumination conditions, the background of images is integrated with traffic objects, so the current object detection algorithms have relatively poor performance in detecting traffic objects under low illumination. In order to achieve low-illumination image enhancement without significantly reducing the reasoning speed of object detection algorithms and meanwhile improve the detection accuracy of object detection algorithms under low-illumination conditions, a multi-object detection model based on image enhancement, namely low-illumination enhancement and deep fusion-you only look once (LEDF-YOLO), is proposed. Firstly, based on the generative adversarial network (GAN) model, the direct-to-deep-generative adversarial network (DD-GAN) model is proposed to improve the effect of enhancing low-illumination images. Then, the fusion and parallel-cross stage partial bottleneck with two convolutions (FP-C2f) module and the transformer-spatial pyramid pooling fast (T-SPPF) module were designed to enhance and fuse multi-scale features. Finally, the network model of you only look once version 8n (YOLOv8n) was improved by introducing cross-hierarchical connections, making object localization more accurate. Experimental results on UA-DETRAC and self-made datasets showed that compared to the YOLOv8n algorithm, the LEDF-YOLO object detection method improved detection accuracy while maintaining the high real-time performance of the you only look once version 8n (YOLOv8n) algorithm.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yang Liu
1
Zhe Gong
2
Yuyang He
1
ORCID: ORCID
Weiqin Li
3
  1. Jiangsu Vocational College Of Information Technology, School of Automobile and Intelligent Traffic, Wuxi 214153, China
  2. China National Offshore Oil Corporation, CNOOC Research Institute Company Limited, Beijing 100027, China
  3. Beijing Benz Automotive Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
6 Parametric design for sustainable marine infrastructure
Hassan Abdolpour , Maciej Marut
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154289 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154289
Keywords: sustainable inrastructure parameric design marine inrastructure digital transformation BIM
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Abstract

As coastal cities expand and confront the challenges posed by climate change, the imperative for sustainable infrastructure is becoming increasingly urgent. Marine infrastructure such as ports, quays, and ferry terminals are vital to urban ecosystems; however, they significantly impact the environment due to substantial material consumption and high energy requirements. Innovative solutions are essential to enhance design efficiency, reduce carbon emissions, and ensure long-term durability. Digital methodologies, including parametric design, building information modeling (BIM) and remote monitoring, present promising avenues toward sustainable marine infrastructure. By leveraging intelligent design processes and real-time data integration, these approaches can minimize material waste, extend structural lifespan, and promote eco-friendly urban development. This paper explores how the integration of these digital tools can contribute to the advancement of sustainable urban systems, aligning with contemporary development trends in urban infrastructure.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hassan Abdolpour
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Marut
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
  2. COWI A/S, Wrocław, Poland
7 Interpretable machine learning for battery health insights: A LIME and SHAP-based study on EIS-derived features
Taha Etem
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e155033 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.155033
Keywords: lithium-ion batteries EIS distribution of relaxation times SHAP LIME
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Abstract

This paper presents a comparative study of interpretable machine learning methods for lithium-ion battery state of health (SOH) estimation using features derived from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis. Four DRT peak-area features capturing diffusion (A1), charge-transfer resistance (A2), solid-electrolyte interphase impedance (A3), and ohmic resistance (A4). These serve as inputs to five regression models: linear regression, support vector regression, k-nearest neighbors, random forest, and gradient boosting. All models achieve near-perfect predictive accuracy, demonstrating that these EIS-derived features reliably encode SOH information. To bridge the gap between high performance and transparency, we apply Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME) and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) to quantify both local and global feature importance. Our interpretability analysis reveals a unanimous consensus: the SEI-related feature (A3) dominates SOH predictions, with the charge-transfer feature (A2) as a secondary contributor, while diffusion (A1) and ohmic (A4) features play lesser roles. Cross-model and cross-method agreement underscores the physical validity of these insights and paves the way for integrating transparent, trustworthy SOH estimators into safety-critical battery management systems.
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Authors and Affiliations

Taha Etem
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Cankiri Karatekin University, Faculty of Engineering, Computer Engineering, Cankiri, Turkiye
8 Flower pollination algorithm optimization applied for Lyapunov-based fuzzy logic speed controller of a complex drive system
Grzegorz Kaczmarczyk , Radosław Stanisławski , Łukasz Knypiński , Danton Diego Ferreira , Marcin Kamiński
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154205 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154205
Keywords: flower pollination algorithm fuzzy logic controller two-mass system electric drives
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Abstract

With the current trends in manipulator design, plentiful examples of machines with flexible links and joints can be instantiated. Lighter construction that allows bending and torsion offers multitude of advantages, such as lower energy consumption and better operation safety when collision is possible in the working environment. However, precise control of applications with such mechanical constructions is very challenging. The state variables might be affected by torsional vibrations, and identification of controller parameters is more difficult, which makes the controller tuning complicated. Therefore, this work focuses on tackling the issues related to speed control of electric drives with sophisticated, and elastic couplings. The robustness against parameter uncertainty is provided through the use of a fuzzy logic system. The speed controller design process incorporates the selection of the rule base, designation of membership functions, as well as controller gain optimization using a nature-inspired technique – the flower pollination algorithm (FPA). Increased damping of torsional vibrations, as well as decreased sensitivity to inertia changes is expected compared to other conventional control solutions, such as PI control. In this study both numerical and experimental studies are conducted.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Kaczmarczyk
ORCID: ORCID
Radosław Stanisławski
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Knypiński
ORCID: ORCID
Danton Diego Ferreira
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Kamiński
ORCID: ORCID
9 Acrylic resins for manufacturing dental prosthetic restorations – microstructural, micromechanical and tribological tests
Łukasz Bojko , Paweł Pałka , Anna M. Ryniewicz , Wojciech Ryniewicz
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154730 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154730
Keywords: removable dental prosthesis microstructure microhardness friction coefficient wear
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Abstract

When planning and manufacturing a removable dental prosthesis, efforts should be made to optimally distribute pressure without exceeding the threshold of the physiological capacity of tissues, especially since this type of restoration often causes prosthetic stomatopathies and atrophy of the bone substrate. The aim is to evaluate acrylic prosthetic structures in terms of microstructure, micromechanical parameters, resistance to movement in sliding friction, and wear resistance in the environment of physiological saline and artificial saliva. The research material includes removable prosthetic restorations made of acrylic resins manufactured in the Materials Science Laboratory at the Department of Dental Prosthetics of the Jagiellonian University Medical College. The clinical functionality of the restoration consists of adapting to individual biomechanical forces and creating the most favorable conditions for proper occlusion. Microstructure tests allowed the identification of the surface layer in wear defects and indicated the Vertex Rapid Simplified material as the least susceptible to internal defects and cracks, which may constitute potential places for the growth of fungi and bacteria. Micromechanical tests showed similar values of microhardness and longitudinal elastic moduli of the biomaterials tested. They may determine the strength and extent of the plate. Premacryl Plus had different and lower micromechanical parameters. Tribological tests facilitated a positive assessment of the effect of saliva on friction coefficients and forces. Reducing its value protects the tissues of the prosthetic base against the irritating effects of forces generated by the restoration under chewing and occlusion conditions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Bojko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Pałka
2
ORCID: ORCID
Anna M. Ryniewicz
3
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Ryniewicz
4
ORCID: ORCID
  1. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  2. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  3. University of Applied Science in Nowy Sacz, Faculty of Health Sciences, ul. Kosciuszki 2G, 33-300 Nowy S ˛acz, Poland
  4. Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Dental Institute, Department of Dental Prosthodontics and Orthodontics,ul. Montelupich 4, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
10 Pile-base resistance formation in natural-scale field conditions
Paweł Siemaszko
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154720 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154720
Keywords: static load test pile base resistance load-settlement curve pile-bearing capacity
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Abstract

Field testing is the most relevant method for verifying pile foundation design calculations. The ultimate static load test allows the pile load to reach the maximum bearing capacity; however, the excessive cost of this method restricts its use. The theory presented in this paper is based on static load test results performed in a specifically designed chamber that closely resembles natural soil conditions and pile dimensions. This study utilizes the Meyer-Kowalow theory and previous author’s work on this topic to attain a streamlined design process and reduce costs without compromising safety and reliability. It was concluded that the relationship between the toe and skin of the pile remained constant, and this was depicted in graphs showing the results under field conditions. The author intends to verify this conclusion in future research, using more static load test results. The primary focus of this study was to develop a method for estimating pile-toe bearing capacities, which represents the most complex measurement method to solve. The previous author’s works focused on developing the calculus required to estimate the pile-skin bearing capacity, which was the first step in describing the pile-soil interaction. This study focused on verifying a mathematical model describing pile-toe behavior and calculations based on this model. This study provides practical equations for estimating pile-toe and skin resistance, which can improve the design process when using the proposed method.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Siemaszko
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Unaffiliated
11 Usability of microstructural investigations of concrete-like composites; aggressive factors monitoring
Filip Chyliński , Lech Czarnecki , Thomas Mathia
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154284 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154284
Keywords: microstructure concrete-like composites SEM concrete corrosion usability function
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Abstract

The microstructure of a material is a key factor in determining its properties and durability. This paper highlights key findings from microstructural investigations of concrete-like composites, with a focus on their implementation potential. It introduces a usability function and explores trends in its classification to demonstrate the potential of various microscopic techniques in addressing research questions within the field of building materials. This segment of the analysis focuses on various aggressive factors that affect the microstructures and might cause corrosion of concrete-like composites. The findings underscore that the impact of corrosive agents on Portland cement composites cannot be comprehensively assessed without a detailed investigation of their microstructure, emphasizing the pivotal role of microscopic techniques in the evaluation of concrete-based materials. Furthermore, significant advancements are anticipated in the near future as image analysis becomes increasingly supported by artificial intelligence.
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Authors and Affiliations

Filip Chyliński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lech Czarnecki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Thomas Mathia
2
  1. Instytut Techniki Budowlanej, 00-611 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes, École Centrale de Lyon, 69134 Écully, France
12 Recycled polymer fibers in cement composites for sustainable construction
Tomasz Walerus , Mateusz Moj , Bartłomiej Bodak
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e155031 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.155031
Keywords: fibers waste material cement composite hydration scanning electron microscopy
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Walerus
1
Mateusz Moj
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bartłomiej Bodak
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Materials Engineering and Construction Processes, Wrocław University of Science and Technology,Wybrzeze Wyspia ˙ nskiego 27, Wrocław, Poland
  2. Department of Geotechnics, Hydrotechnics, Underground and Water Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology,Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, Wrocław, Poland
13 Quantitative and qualitative analysis of hazardous events in the construction sector: causes, classification and implications
Zuzanna Woźniak , Bożena Hoła
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154729 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154729
Keywords: construction accident at work near misses causes
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Abstract

In most countries worldwide, the construction industry is recognized as one of the sectors with an exceptionally high incidence of accidents. The inherent complexity of construction processes, coupled with the variability of implementation conditions, engenders a multitude of disruptions. These disruptions pose a threat to the life and health of construction employees and can give rise to hazardous events, including accidents and near-misses. The research focuses on identifying direct and indirect causes of hazardous events, intending to determine which factors have the greatest impact on their occurrence. A comprehensive dataset was systematically analyzed, comprising 754 recorded accidents at work (A) and 1717 near-miss events (NM). The research was conducted based on a model of the course of a hazardous event that was developed for the purposes of this study. A categorization system was devised, encompassing eight categories of direct causes and 12 categories of indirect causes. The significance of causes was assessed through the utilization of Pareto-Lorenz analysis and ABC methodology. The most significant factors contributing to occupational accidents were identified: inadequate work organization, improper use of materials by employees, and failure to adhere to instructions. The most significant factors contributing to the occurrence of near misses were identified: improper use of material by an employee, inadequate organization of the workstation, and failure to adhere to instructions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zuzanna Woźniak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bożena Hoła
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Poland
14 Fatigue life assessment of steel connectors in the adjustable column-base connection for high-speed rail
Piotr Kozioł
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e155032 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.155032
Keywords: adjustable connection bolt fatigue life life prediction high-speed rail
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Abstract

High-speed rail (HSR) systems provide numerous benefits, including reduced travel time, increased transport capacity, and lower environmental impact compared to conventional rail networks. Recent experience in Poland has confirmed that the design of high-speed rail lines requires the development of new, dedicated structural solutions. One such example is the need to assess the load-bearing capacity of the column-to-foundation connection, which in Poland is designed as a connection with a spacing between the column base plate and the top part of the pile foundation – an uncommon solution in HSR applications. The study included the development of a fatigue damage spectrum in the high-cycle range, taking into account stress variability caused by pressure fluctuations from passing trains. The results establish a relationship between the number of load cycles and pressure values, enabling a simplified estimation of the fatigue strength of the examined connection. Wind effects are influenced by several factors, including train speed, aerodynamic shape, and the angle of load application. The study highlights the sensitivity of the system to boundary conditions and recommends design improvements to enhance fatigue resistance. The novelty of the work lies in identifying critical failure modes specific to distance-type connections and emphasizing the need for full-scale experimental validation in the context of HSR development in Poland.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Kozioł
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering,Wybrzeze Wyspia ˙ nskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
15 Research on a method for capturing bullets with limited deformation for forensic comparative examination
Dawid Pacek , Przemysław Badurowicz , Roman Gieleta
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e1555035 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.155035
Keywords: forensic tests bullet catcher ballistic test numerical simulation
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Abstract

There are currently no solutions that could be effectively used for stopping a wide range of non-full metal jacket bullets without deformation. The paper presents research on the elaboration of a novel solution in the form of a material system combining composite and fluid. It contains a demonstration of the results proving its effectiveness and an analysis of the solutions of bullet traps currently used in forensic laboratories, as well as the system based on a composite structure proposed for the current needs. The experimental tests and the numerical simulations of bullet impact into water, with a nominal velocity, are described. The critical value of impact velocity ��cr (which does not cause deformation of the bullet) was found numerically. The composite reducing bullet velocity to ��cr was prepared and tested. With the use of the composite and plasticine, a monolithic hollow point 9 mm GECO Action Extreme bullet was decelerated and slowly stopped in such a manner as not to cause bullet deformation. The proposed method could therefore be used to capture non-full metal jacket bullets in a form facilitating the determination of whether the given weapon was used to fire a projectile of the same type as the one found at the crime scene.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dawid Pacek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Przemysław Badurowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Roman Gieleta
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Military Institute of Armament Technology, ul. Wyszynskiego 7, 05-220 Zielonka, Poland
  2. Military University of Technology, ul. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908, Warszawa, Poland
16 The fractional, multi-order, reduced model of the one-dimensional heat transfer process
Krzysztof Oprzękiewicz
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154282 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154282
Keywords: multi order fractional system heat transfer process multi-order fractional state equation stability controllability observability
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Abstract

In the paper a new, fractional, reduced, multi-order model of a one-dimensional heat transfer process is addressed. The proposed model is the generalization of state space models using single fractional order. The use of various orders for each mode of state equation allows to better describe a behaviour of a thermal system. In addition, the analysis of controllability and observability allows to reduce the dimension of the model without loss of its accuracy. Such a model has not been proposed yet. Theoretical considerations are validated using experimental data obtained from the real laboratory system. Results of analysis supported by experiments show that the use of various orders together with eliminating of non-controllable and non-observable modes of the model allows to obtain the accurate and relatively low order model.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Oprzękiewicz
ORCID: ORCID
17 On optimising the solution for evaluation of scientific quality in Polish higher education system using a 2D cutting problem representation
Dariusz Horla
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154283 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154283
Keywords: evaluation of scientific quality higher education 2D cutting optimalisation
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Abstract

This paper discusses the problem of optimising the solution to find the possibly the best estimate of the value of C1 criterion in the evaluation process of scientific quality in higher education in Poland, which has been exercised by its author during the evaluation of Polish universities in 2022 as a vice dean for scientific evaluation and teaching quality at his faculty. The second edition of evaluation in Poland is expected to start in 2026, making this task an interesting problem, again. On the basis of the approach described in the paper, it was possible to ensure continuous monitoring and estimation of the effectiveness of the publication policy to make decisions along the way. An adopted strategy used a simple formulation of the problem, allowing one to obtain the close-to-optimal solution in a matter of seconds, in comparison with a tedious computational campaign to adopt, when presenting the precise value for C1 criterion, actually disabling not only the on-demand monitoring capacity, but also making alteration of the result in a-close-to-online manner virtually impossible. The paper actually deploys a 2D cutting problem in strip tasks solver to mimic the steps to be taken to pursue with the scientific evaluation process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Horla
ORCID: ORCID
18 Wind power prediction in Poland using temporal fusion transformers and numerical weather prediction
Weronika Jachuła , Michał Wydra
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e155038 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.155038
Keywords: wind power prediction temporal fusion transformers machine learning
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Abstract

Predicting wind power generation is essential to ensure the stability and efficiency of power systems. Accurate predictions enable better planning and management of energy reserves, minimizing operational costs and helping grid operators mitigate the adverse effects of wind generation fluctuations. The primary objective of the presented study is to develop an accurate wind power prediction method and apply it to Poland’s conditions. Among many emerging methods, the temporal fusion transformers (TFT) method is particularly well-suited for wind power generation forecasting, as it models complex, nonlinear dependencies in time series data. The TFT method combines self-attention mechanisms and recurrent networks, capturing long-term dependencies and short-term changes in input data. Additionally, TFT enables the effective use of contextual information, improving forecast accuracy. The numerical weather data was collected, and the feature extraction was performed. The features, such as time series data, have been used to train and test the different TFT networks. After the training and testing stage, an error analysis was performed. The final results showed similar or improved accuracy in wind generation forecasts compared to other methods in increased variability of weather conditions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Weronika Jachuła
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Wydra
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Mathematics and Applied Computer Science,ul. Nadbystrzycka 38, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
19 Lossless image compression method using vector quantization based on minimizing mean absolute error
Małgorzata Frydrychowicz , Grzegorz Ulacha
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e1554734 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154734
Keywords: entropy coding lossless data compression predictive models vector quantization iterative reweighted Least squares
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Abstract

In this paper, we propose a novel lossless image compression method. During the prediction stage for each block of 8×8 pixels, a mechanism for preselecting one of �� linear predictors from the dictionary is employed. The dictionary is determined individually for each encoded image using vector quantization (initially with a redundant number of vectors in the dictionary) and a fast algorithm that minimizes mean absolute error. In next steps, the prediction errors are encoded in a two-step manner using an adaptive Golomb code followed by an adaptive binary arithmetic coder. In this study, we demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed solution against other competitive codecs, including those based on deep learning. The proposed method offers high compression efficiency and is characterized by a short decoding time.
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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata Frydrychowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Grzegorz Ulacha
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, ul. Zołnierska 49, Szczecin, 71-210, Poland
20 Multimodal drone swarm for search and rescue mission
Antoni Kopyt , Anna Czaplińska
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154731 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154731
Keywords: aerospace control autonomous aerial vehicles drones path planning swarm robotics search and rescue
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Abstract

A drone swarm is a large group of cooperating unmanned aerial vehicles that exhibit some form of autonomy. This structure allows for an increase in the complexity of performed tasks while limiting the mental load put on the operator. One field where drone swarms can prove especially useful is search and rescue – they can reduce the mission time and improve personnel safety. This paper presents an offline mission planning module composed of a set of mission scenarios designed to aid rescuers in a disaster area: internet provision, area search, and patrol. The internet connection is provided by a hexagonal mesh of drones spanning the area. A method for continuous drone replacement and charging is presented. The area search scenarios are based on a cooperative subarea search by groups of drones using a lawnmower pattern. The patrol scenarios feature continuous area patrol by an unstructured flock of drones and formation boundary patrol (circle formation and V-shape). The developed solutions are an easy-to-implement base for multipurpose search and rescue drone swarm solutions. Their functionality can be expanded by the ground control station as desired.
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Authors and Affiliations

Antoni Kopyt
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Czaplińska
1
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Aeronautics and Applied Mechanics, Poland
21 Smart parameterisation for energy-eficient public buildings
Beata Kluczberg , Marek Maj , Robert Geryło
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154727 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154727
Keywords: BMS system fan coil control primary energy smart building building management system energy efficiency sustainability energy monitoring optimization decarbonization of the building
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Abstract

The main goal of the research is effective BMS parameterization based on automatic evaluation systems, both manual and data-based decisions generated by a central automation system. Building management systems, accelerating historical data, may be used as crucial tools to achieve high energy efficiency in a building of high heterogeneity with low cost. The study aims to test innovative mechanisms for automatic group changes in temperature parameters and control of air conditioning and ventilation systems without the involvement of large human resources. This is possible thanks to the use of HMI operator panels and freely programmable controllers, whose control can be changed by modifying comfort parameters (lowering the set temperature in the room, increasing the inertia of the system – hysteresis setting, distinguishing between seasons and weather-based control, reducing the operation of HVAC systems according to a schedule based on building occupancy). Centralized control allows application of parameters with a single click, ensuring stability and speed of the applied settings. The tested public utility building with a heterogeneous purpose consists of many groups of rooms: approximately 700 office rooms, server rooms, conference rooms, meeting rooms including a director’s room, archives, underground parking, VIP rooms, restaurants, technical rooms (heat nodes, gray water tanks, internal patio, monitored elevators, kitchens – two on each floor). Due to their geographical location and the system of opening and closing window frames with reed switches, office rooms are the most complex in terms of thermal comfort control. This is an effect of diverse user needs and different heating and cooling requirements resulting from additional solar heat gain in some offices. Research on such a diverse building ensures that the solutions developed can be applied to other buildings. This article will examine the possibility of zero-cost BMS parameterization using the example of a building with high functionality and safety requirements. The aim is to demonstrate that the parameterization of the building management system, based on historical data and analysis of a 13-storey building (even after 11 years of use, it shows certain design limitations), increases the comfort and energy efficiency of the building and it is the first step to connect buildings in smart cities. Increasing the level of building smartness by integrating all installations creates the highest potential to reduce the carbon footprint over the entire life cycle of a building in cities. Prediction of energy consumption, for each building based on historical data accumulated by BMS, is the first step to conduct cloud-based building integration into an energy cooperative of buildings, within the framework of a smart city.
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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Kluczberg
1
Marek Maj
2
ORCID: ORCID
Robert Geryło
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. EL-PIAST Sp. z o.o., Building Management Department, Poland
  2. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
  3. Building Research Institute, ul. Filtrowa 1 00-611 Warsaw, Poland
22 Tribological properties of plasma sprayed NiAl-Ag-Ta-Cr2O3 composite lubrication coatings from room temperature to 750 °C
Chengqi Yan , Xiaopeng Miao , Zhuying Jia , Fei Zhao , Yong Zhang
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154275 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154275
Keywords: lubricating coatings plasma spraying silver tantalate wide temperature range
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Abstract

With the rapid advances in science and technology, the core parts and techniques in tribosystems rely on solid-lubricating materials at wide temperature ranges for durability, especially for designing and producing materials with low friction coefficient and high wear resistance over wide temperature ranges. In this paper, a series of NiAl-Ag-Ta-Cr2O3 composite coatings with different contents of Ta and Ag were deposited by plasma spraying, and their tribological properties at RT-750°C under dry sliding conditions were investigated by a ball-on-disk tribometer. The friction products and compositions of worn surfaces at different temperatures were investigated. The deposited NiAl-Ag-Ta-Cr2O3 composite coatings exhibited excellent wear resistance at RT (10−7 mm3/Nm), while the friction coefficients were lower than 0.5 at RT to 750°C. The contents of Ta and Ag determined the mechanical properties of coatings and greatly affected the tribological properties by creating a tribo-film (lubricant film and glaze layer). NiAl-10Ag-5Ta-20Cr2O3 coating shows better tribological properties under all temperatures, while the wear rate is reduced to 5.58·10−6 mm3/Nm at 750°C, and the friction coefficient falls to 0.21 at 600°C. Excellent lubrication and wear resistance of composite coatings at high temperatures is mainly attributed to the Ag acting as the lubrication phase, and the top surface of the wear track being covered with a smooth glaze layer, which consisted of Ag, Ta2O5 Cr2O3, and AgTaO3. In addition, the lubrication mechanism of silver tantalate was also briefly discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Chengqi Yan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xiaopeng Miao
1
Zhuying Jia
1 2
Fei Zhao
1
Yong Zhang
1
  1. School of Mechanical and Aviation Manufacturing Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China
  2. College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
23 Investigation of the ability to manipulate light polarization properties in a liquid crystal cell filled with ferronematic material through electric and magnetic fields
Joanna Korec-Kosturek , Michał Niewczas , Jerzy Dziaduszek , Przemysław Kula , Rafał Zbonikowski , Jan Paczesny , Karol A. Stasiewicz
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154724 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154724
Keywords: magnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4 NPs liquid crystal ferronematic polarization measurement in-line sensor
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Abstract

This research paper investigates the integration of liquid crystals doped with magnetic nanoparticles into optical fiber systems to examine changes in light propagation parameters, with emphasis on polarization. The study leverages the unique anisotropic properties of LCs and the tunable characteristics introduced by MNPs for novel sensor applications. Various concentrations of MNPs (from 0.1 to 0.5 wt%) are introduced into the 6CHBT liquid crystal matrix, and the effects of electric and magnetic fields on polarization parameters such as azimuth and ellipticity are analyzed. Results show significant exponential changes in these parameters occurring at a doping concentration of 0.1 wt% and stabilizing above 120 V, while higher concentrations yield smaller linear changes. The polarization direction shifts from left- to right-handed with increasing concentrations of MNPs, and applying a magnetic field intensifies these effects. Overall, this paper demonstrates the potential of the developed system for applications such as tunable optical filters and sensors for temperature, magnetic, and electric fields.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Korec-Kosturek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Niewczas
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jerzy Dziaduszek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Przemysław Kula
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Zbonikowski
3
ORCID: ORCID
Jan Paczesny
3
ORCID: ORCID
Karol A. Stasiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Warsaw University of Technology, A. Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland
  3. Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
24 Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy of GaN-based structures grown on etched and non-etched Si(115) substrates for piezoelectric component separated devices
Mateusz Wosko , Bartłomiej Paszkiewicz , Bogdan Paszkiewicz , Grzegorz Ilgiewicz , Iwona Sankowska , Regina Paszkiewicz
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154728 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154728
Keywords: metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy semi-polar GaN patterned Si substrates
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Abstract

We propose the application of an Si(115) substrate for the growth of the GaN semi-polar layer, the c-axis of which is inclined by an angle of 40 degrees. The calculations concerning built-in polarization fields in AlGaN/GaN heterostructures of various crystal orientations will be presented, focusing on the separation of piezoelectric and spontaneous components for high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) type structures that are insensitive to the applied stress. Two potential ways of growing semi-polar GaN by means of the metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) technique will be presented, including etched (patterned) and non-etched Si(115) substrates. The selected optimized etching solution will be presented along with the GaN growth procedure. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging supported by high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) characterization results of semi-polar GaN will be discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mateusz Wosko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bartłomiej Paszkiewicz
1
Bogdan Paszkiewicz
1
Grzegorz Ilgiewicz
1
Iwona Sankowska
2
Regina Paszkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Janiszewskiego 11/17, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz – Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
25 Levitation of permanent magnet ball
Dariusz Spałek
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154719 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154719
Keywords: permanent magnet levitation force material force
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Abstract

The paper presents approaches to the levitation of permanent magnet levitation in a forced inhomogeneous magnetostatic field. For a permanent magnet ball, the magnetic field distribution is derived in analytical forms using the separation of variables separation method. Distribution is given by power functions and Legendre polynomials. The force (i.e., material force) is caused by the vertical magnetization of a permanent magnet and reluctivity change at the magnet boundary. The levitation force is evaluated using the generalized Maxwell stress tensor, coenergy, material force density, and equivalent magnetic dipole methods. The levitation forces are presented in terms of both magnetic permeabilities. The stability of the equilibrium point is investigated. The frequencies of free and damped oscillations are evaluated.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Spałek
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Silesian University of Technology, Electrical Engineering Faculty, Akademicka 10, 44-100 Gliwice Poland
26 Analytical solution of Atangana-Baleanu fractional viscoelastic relaxation model – Laplacian approach
Muhammad Sabeel Khan , Ayesha Sagheer , Zarafshan Azeem
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154145 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154145
Keywords: viscoelasticity relaxation time fractional derivative analytical solution Laplace transform
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Abstract

In this contribution, a new novel approach based on the Atangana-Baleanu fractional in conjunction with the Laplacian approach is utilized to obtain an analytical solution of a fractional time relaxation viscoelastic model. The fractional time relaxation model is based on the upper convected Maxwell constitutive relaxation equation. Results for the existence and uniqueness of the solution are presented. Analytical expressions of the solutions are obtained for the underlying physical time relaxation viscoelastic model. Two test model problems with prescribed initial conditions are used to investigate the intricate behaviour of the viscoelastic two-dimensional fluid. The influence of key parameters such as relaxation time, Reynolds number and the order of the fractional derivative on fluid flow characteristics is analyzed and discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Muhammad Sabeel Khan
ORCID: ORCID
Ayesha Sagheer
Zarafshan Azeem
27 An innovative pendulum-based absorber exploiting time-varying mass dynamics for vibration damping
Bogumił Chiliński , Rafał Kwiatkowski , Krzysztof Twardoch , Anna Mackojć
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154285 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154285
Keywords: tuned mass damper (TMD) semi-active damper variable mass system dynamics control sweeps frequency response pendulum motion control
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Abstract

Research concerns an innovative semi-active pendulum absorber utilising a varying mass as a way of controlling mechanical system dynamics. An objective of the study is to propose the attenuator concept and its mathematical model – an attachable device mounted to a vibrating system in order to eliminate its pendulum motion. The main advantage of the novel pendulum tuned mass damper (PTMD) is combining features of widely known vibrational energy absorber (TMD), improving and expanding its capability through allowing for adaptable changes to the system characteristics and extending its basic operational range through varying its mass realised by transferring the fluid between the main system and the absorber. The article provides research comparing the results of computer simulations with empirical experiments. The objective was to investigate the effectiveness of mass transfer in process of vibrations mitigating. Various factors were analysed, including the influence of changes in a natural frequency of the structure, the activation time of a tuned mass damper (TMD), and the fluid flow rate within the system. The findings demonstrate that mass transfer is a promising approach to reduce vibrations in both, mechanical systems and civil engineering structures. Presented approach enhances the performance of conventional TMDs by incorporating variable parameters, leading to more effective vibration damping compared to traditional fixed-parameter designs.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bogumił Chiliński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Kwiatkowski
2
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Twardoch
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Mackojć
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Machine Design Fundamentals, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland,
  2. University of Kalisz, Poland
28 Full floating structure underwater explosion with pulsation and cavitation effect FEM simulation case
Leszek Flis
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e155036 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.155036
Keywords: UNDEX underwater explosion detonation blast cavitation pulsation FEM simulation LS-DYNA
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Abstract

This paper investigates the response of a floating structure to an underwater explosion, with particular focus on pulsation effects, using Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation. An extensive literature review revealed no accurate numerical studies addressing this specific scenario in peer-reviewed scientific publications. The results of a study on the impact of an initial shock wave on a floating structure, followed by a subsequent bubble shock wave caused by close underwater explosion, were presented. The findings illustrate the immediate effects of an underwater explosion near a floating structure, including the resulting shock wave and structural deformation. The formation of the bubble shock wave from the explosion-generated gas and the consequent deformation of the floating structure is detailed. Additionally, the phenomena such as cavitation that occur following the re-expansion of explosion-generated gas after the bubble shock wave is examined. This study, conducted using LS-DYNA, showcases the software’s comprehensive capability to tackle these issues.
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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Flis
1
  1. Fundamentals of Ship Machinery Construction Department, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Faculty,Polish Naval Academy, Smidowicza 69, 81-127 Gdynia, Poland
29 Influence of rivet material and squeeze force on the riveting process and residual stresses in riveted joints used in aircraft structures
Adam Korbel , Valeria Manitcaia , Tomasz Machniewicz
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154721 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154721
Keywords: riveting process rivet material finite element analysis (FEA) residual stress fatigue crack initiation site
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of experimental research and finite element analyses (FEA) on the impact of the aircraft rivet installation process and the type of rivet material on the geometric parameters of the driven rivet head, rivet hole expansion (relative interference), residual stresses in sheets, clamping stress and clamping force between sheets in three-row riveted lap joints, as well as linking the obtained results with observations of fatigue crack initiation sites in real riveted joints. The research was conducted for universal head rivets (MS20470AD5-5 and MS20615-5M5) with a shank diameter of 3.96 mm and a length of 7.94 mm, made of two materials, namely aluminium alloy (2117-T4) and nickel-copper alloy (Monel 400), used to join two AA2024-T3 sheets with a thickness of 1.0 mm and 1.6 mm. The experimental tests focused on determining the mechanical properties of sheet and rivet materials (using the digital image correlation DIC technique), geometric parameters of driven rivet heads, and rivet hole expansion, depending on the rivet material and the riveting force level. The results obtained from the numerical models revealed that at the same degree of rivet squeezing, rivets made of Monel 400 generate significantly higher negative residual stresses and residual clamping than rivets made of AA2117-T4, which will affect the contribution of friction to load transfer by a given rivet row and the fretting phenomenon in real riveted joints. The region of compressive residual hoop stress in sheets and the clamping force influence the fatigue crack initiation site and the crack path.
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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Korbel
1
ORCID: ORCID
Valeria Manitcaia
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Machniewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-05 Krakow, Poland
30 Numerical simulation of transient startup characteristics in pump-driven two-phase flow systems
Nianyong Zhou , Jing Li , Jixiang Liu , Kaiming Liu , Feifei Wang , Lianghui Liu
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154202 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154202
Keywords: pump two-phase flow heat transfer evaporative cold plate startup characteristic
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Abstract

The pump-driven two-phase flow system is widely used in electronic cooling due to its high heat transfer efficiency and stable temperature control. However, transient startup behaviors, crucial for reliability in dynamic thermal environments, remain poorly understood. This study addresses this gap by developing a simulation model using AMESim software with R134a as the working fluid, investigating the effects of heat load, pump speed and cooling water temperature on startup dynamics. Results reveal three distinct startup types: Type I rising startup, Type II rising startup, and Type I falling startup. As the heat load increases from 2 kW to 5 kW, the system transitions from Type I to Type II, with the cold plate wall temperature decreasing by up to 27%. At 2 kW and 5 kW, the system exhibits Type I upward and Type II upward startup behaviors, respectively. Type II startup demonstrates reduced overshoot, enabling quicker approach to quasi-steady state. At 2 kW, the system exhibits both single-phase and two-phase heat transfer, with the latter lowering the temperature by 2.26◦C. Excessive subcooling can induce temperature oscillations within the evaporator. At a pump speed of 200 r/min, Type I upward startup is observed; however, increased speeds result in wall temperature overshoot. Furthermore, raising the cooling medium temperature from 10◦C to 40◦C elevates the evaporator wall temperature by 51.67%. By integrating quantitative metrics for overshoot, response time and subcooling effects, this work provides actionable insights for optimizing pump-driven two-phase systems in high-heat-flux electronic cooling applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nianyong Zhou
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jing Li
1
Jixiang Liu
1
Kaiming Liu
1
Feifei Wang
1
Lianghui Liu
1
  1. School of Urban Construction, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
31 Transient analysis of electrodynamic forces in low-voltage compact busbar
Michał Szulborski , Sebastian Łapczyński , Paweł Szulborski , Łukasz Kolimas , Przemysław Berowski , Maciej Owsiński
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154204 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154204
Keywords: electrodyamic forces transient analysis experimental tests FEA busbars
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Abstract

The paper concerns the effects of electrodynamic forces that act on the current paths of the industrial low-voltage busbar. This work is composed of experimental and simulation sections. In the experimental section, the short circuit tests were presented, and the occurrence of electrodynamic forces was demonstrated. The formation of electrodynamic forces in the current circuits of electrical energy distribution systems is related to the flow of high currents, mostly short circuit currents. To highlight those phenomena a detailed specification of parameters during tests was displayed. In the simulation section, the physical phenomenon of electrodynamic forces is captured by employing a detailed real-scale model of a commercial busbar. Therefore, the authors proposed the employment of the FEA (finite element analysis) to obtain values of electrodynamic forces acting on the current paths by executing a detailed 3D coupled simulation. The analysis of the results and aftermath effects of their interactions led to interesting conclusions that concerned the operation of such power distribution circuits under short-circuit conditions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Szulborski
1 2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Sebastian Łapczyński
1 4
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Szulborski
1
Łukasz Kolimas
1
ORCID: ORCID
Przemysław Berowski
5
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Owsiński
6
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Electrical Power Engineering Institute, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Symkom Sp. z o.o. – ANSYS Channel Partner, ul. Głogowa 24, 02-639 Warsaw, Poland
  3. EARC Innovations, ul. Pana Tadeusza 11/31, 06-100, Pułtusk, Poland
  4. ELKO-BIS Systemy Odgromowe Sp. z o.o., ul. Swojczycka 38e, Wrocław, Poland
  5. Institute of Power Engineering – National Research Institute, High Power Department, 8 Mory St., 01-330 Warsaw, Poland
  6. Institute of Power Engineering – National Research Institute, 8 Mory St., 01-330 Warsaw, Poland
32 Direct speed finite control set model predictive control for PMSM drive – robustness analysis
Hubert Lisiński , Tomasz Tarczewski
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154722 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154722
Keywords: model predictive control PMSM drive metaheuristic optiamalization algorithm robustness
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Abstract

Currently, high-performance electrical drives with advanced control schemes are presented in the literature. Many of them will not be used in the industry because of implementation issues or difficulties in the optimal selection of control parameters. In this paper, two different model predictive control (MPC) schemes are developed for PMSM drive and compared in experimental tests both in time and frequency domains. To provide high-performance operation of the drive, a complex cost function is constructed, and a metaheuristic optimization algorithm is utilized for the automatic selection of weighting factors. Developed control schemes were implemented in a microprocessor-based prototype drive and examined in terms of robustness for three different moments of inertia. Trajectory tracking ability for step and ramp reference angular velocity, as well as load torque compensation, have also been investigated. The study makes an important contribution as a reliable and robust model predictive control scheme for PMSM drive with potential for industrial applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hubert Lisiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Tarczewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, ul. Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
33 Study and design of a coaxial magnetic gear with a high torque density in telescopic camera cranes
Piotr Warmuzek , Janusz Kołodziej , Marcin Kowol
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2025 | 73 | 5 | e154203 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.154203
Keywords: telescopic camera cranes magnetic gear magnetic torque torque ripple radial forces
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Abstract

Magnetic gears are slowly becoming a natural alternative to mechanical gears. Providing contactless, frictionless, and low-noise torque conversion, they are finding applications in renewable energy sources and electric vehicles, among others. This paper presents a comprehensive theoretical analysis with numerical calculations of a magnetic gear (MG) design for novel applications in telescopic camera cranes. Based on numerical simulations of selected MG variants, a potential transducer configuration was chosen that would meet the requirements of the drive transmission system – supporting the movement of the telescopic camera crane arm.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Warmuzek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Janusz Kołodziej
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Kowol
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole, Poland

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