Applied sciences

Opto-Electronics Review

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Opto-Electronics Review | 2025 | 33 | 3

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Abstract

This research explores innovative methods for compensating slow drift and measurement errors in fibre-optic gyroscope (FOG) systems, caused by environmental factors, particularly temperature variations. The study focuses on directly measuring the optical path length in FOG systems to mitigate these errors. Three architectures are proposed for implementing optical path measurement: using an optical coupler with an additional pulse laser, employing a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) optical switch with a pulse laser, and utilizing additional multifunction integrated optics chip (MIOC) control. All solutions utilize the time-of-flight (ToF) principle to measure changes in optical path length. The research demonstrates the feasibility of real-time optical path length measurement in FOG systems without significantly disrupting their operation. This approach shows promise for improving the accuracy of FOG-based sensors in applications such as inertial navigation systems, civil engineering, and rotational seismography, where environmental factors can lead to accumulating errors over time. The findings provide a foundation for further research and development in navigation and sensing applications, with the MIOC-based solution considered most promising due to its minimal required changes to existing FOG systems.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy K. Kowalski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Chodnicki
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. KJK Innovations sp. z o.o., ul. Kazimierza Sotta “Sokoła” 9/4, 02-790 Warszawa, Poland
  2. Air Force Institute of Technology, ul. Księcia Bolesława 6, 01-494 Warszawa, Poland
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Abstract

Bis(8-hydroxyquinoline) zinc dispersed in a poly(N-vinylcarbazole) matrix (Znq2:PVK) was characterised for its possible use as an active layer in organic light-emitting diodes. The composition and morphology of Znq2:PVK thin films deposited on quartz substrates was analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and confocal microscopy. Optical properties of the films were characterised by absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence and explained on the basis of calculated molecular properties of gas phase Znq2, N-vinylcarbazole pentamer, and molecular models for the Znq2:PVK interface. FTIR measurements of the Znq2:PVK film revealed the presence of water, likely due to the formation of Znq2-dihydrate during the fabrication process. Water could be removed by annealing films at 130 °C for 1 h and the annealed films showed better photoluminescence in the Znq2 emission region. Finally, two diodes with an ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Znq2:PVK/Al structure were fabricated, where in the second one, the ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Znq2:PVK layers were annealed at 130 °C. The first diode was characterised by a maximum brightness of about 83 cd/m2 and a current efficiency of 0.12 cd/A, while the diode whose structure was annealed had a maximum brightness of about 219 cd/m2 and a current efficiency of 0.26 cd/A.
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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata Sypniewska
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Iulia E. Brumboiu
2
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Kaczmarek-Kedziera
3
ORCID: ORCID
Monika Pokladko-Kowar
4
ORCID: ORCID
Ewa Gondek
4
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Popielarski
5
ORCID: ORCID
Robert Szczęsny
3
ORCID: ORCID
Beata Derkowska-Zielinska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1.  Division of Surface Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Al. Prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
  2.  Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Grudziądzka 5, Toruń 87-100, Poland
  3. Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Gagarina 7, Toruń 87-100, Poland
  4. Department of Physics, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Podchorążych 1, 30-084 Kraków, Poland
  5. Department of Physics, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, ul. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 2, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Abstract

This paper introduces an advanced approach to analysing atmospheric turbulence in subcarrier quadrature amplitude modulation (SC-QAM) free space optical (FSO) systems through a development and application of the exponentiated gamma channel model. The study focuses on FSO systems with multiple receivers, employing Greedy scheduling to optimize link performance. A closed-form expression for the average bit error rate (BER) is derived, leveraging the SC-QAM modulation technique and the exponentiated gamma channel model to characterise turbulence-induced fading accurately. To enhance system robustness, the use of multiple receivers is proposed, and a novel expression for the BER in a multiple-output configuration is developed. Comprehensive simulations are conducted to validate the accuracy of the derived closed-form BER expression and to investigate the influence of key system parameters on performance. The analysis examines factors such as the link distance and the refractive index structure parameter, which are critical in determining the impact of turbulence on FSO links. The results demonstrate the significant benefits of employing multiple receivers, with Greedy scheduling shown to play a pivotal role in mitigating turbulence effects and improving overall BER performance. Furthermore, the findings highlight that increasing the number of receivers substantially enhances the system resilience to fading and turbulence, leading to a robust reduction in BER. This study not only provides valuable insights into the optimization of FSO systems under turbulence but also establishes a framework for future research on advanced scheduling algorithms and modulation techniques. The results underscore the importance of system design parameters and provide practical recommendations for enhancing the reliability and efficiency of the next-generation FSO communication networks.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. R. Kavitha
1
P. Anitha
2
R. S. Sankara Subramanian
3
S. Rajendran
4

  1. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Ponjesly College of Engineering, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, India
  2. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, V.O.C. College of Engineering, Anna University, Thoothukudi Campus, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India
  3. Department of Mathematics, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
  4. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract

Photonics, optics, and optical metrology, as well as quantum optics and photonic engineering and space metrology provide us with empirical knowledge about the Universe. The theoretical description of the Universe is implemented within the framework of the so-called Standard Model. It allows for the explanation of phenomena as exotic to us as processes at distance scales thousands of times smaller than the size of a proton, but also processes in the interiors of stars, or the evolution of matter in the Universe for fractions of seconds after its creation. Thanks to optical research techniques, physical theories are being verified regarding the components of the Universe and its physical nature, as well as the processes occurring in it. It is optical observations that have provided science (and first of all – physics) with facts, the explanation of which requires answers to questions about the nature of Dark Matter and Dark Energy. This work is devoted to the search for answers about the nature of Dark Matter and Dark Energy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Pustelny
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Optoelectronics, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Bolesława Krzywoustego 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) is a promising solution for high-speed data transfer in marine environments. However, underwater turbulence and scattering significantly degrade signal integrity. The objective of this study is to enhance the reliability and efficiency of underwater communication systems by improving signal decoding accuracy in the presence of distortion. In this paper, a novel approach to source data encoding and beam generation in underwater optical communication using Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes is proposed. Initially, the conversion of source data into digital code is followed by mode matching, which encodes data into specific phase modes. A Bessel-Gaussian laser beam is generated to carry the encoded information, which is then transformed into LG beams using a spatial light modulator (SLM). These beams, characterised by their orbital angular momentum (OAM) properties, propagate through various underwater environments, including pure seawater, coastal seawater, and turbid water, which introduce different levels of distortion. Distorted LG beams are captured by an underwater camera and processed by a computer. A deep learning model, Res-GoogleNet, is employed to accurately recognize the mode and decode the distorted OAM patterns. Finally, the decoded mode information is used to reconstruct the original data, ensuring efficient and reliable underwater communication. The efficacy of the proposed technique is assessed using Matlab-2019b, the underwater optical communication system is discovered on a Windows OS using 16 GB of RAM and an Intel Core i7 CPU. The proposed model improves accuracy, evaluation metrics of accuracy, precision, recall, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and bit error rate (BER). The proposed model achieves a high accuracy rate of 99.07%, surpassing the efficiency of existing approaches. The proposed model improves its accuracy by 5.47%, 1.80%, 0.62%, and 2.97% compared to a diffractive deep neural network (DDNN), a multichannel neural network (MCNN), and a deep convolutional neural network radio frequency (DCNN-RF), respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aravind JM
1
Arul Teen YP
2

  1. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mar Ephraem College of Engineering and Technology, Marthandam, Tamil Nadu 629171, India
  2. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, University College of Engineering, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu 629004, India
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Abstract

Multimode interference (MMI) waveguides are favoured for their wide bandwidth, extensive fabrication tolerance, high stability, effective light confinement, and minimal transmission loss. In this study, the authors propose a numerical design of an optical power splitter based on restricted interference (RI) mechanisms using silicon-on-insulator waveguides, where the precise positioning of input pairs and subsequent adjustment of the MMI region length are essential aspects. The RI-MMI configuration facilitates the reduction of the MMI length due to the applied interference theory. The authors’ design undergoes a rigorous simulation and optimization using a highly accurate three-dimensional beam propagation method (3D-BPM) simulation method to ensure optimal performance. Simulation results confirm the authors high-performance design with low excess loss (< 2.7 dB), small relative phase difference (< 2%), negligible residual (< −18 dB), excellent coupling ratio (−0.09 dB to 0.05 dB), and high balance factor (< −17 dB) across the wide range of 100 nm (1500 nm–1600 nm). Furthermore, the authors’ optimized design exhibits a width tolerance of ± 2.1 µm and a height tolerance of ± 10 nm. Notably, the core component of the splitter is housed within an extremely compact footprint area of 6 µm × 65 µm. These exceptional characteristics position the authors’ proposed device as highly promising for large-scale integrated optical circuits, as well as photonic neural networks in ultrawideband telecom applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Thuy Tran Thi Thanh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hien Nguyen Trung
2
Tan Hung Nguyen
3
Dung Truong Cao
1

  1. Faculty of Electronics Engineering 1 & EDA Lab, Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
  2. Faculty of Postgraduate, Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
  3. Advanced Institute of Science and Technology-The University of Danang, Danang, Vietnam
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Abstract

Free space optical (FSO) and radio frequency (RF) communication systems need artificial intelligence (AI) to increase their reliability against cyber threats, as well as the vagaries of bad weather. This paper presents a new AI-decision layer of operation of a hybrid FSO/RF system what dynamically ensures its security and operational stability in case of environmental (fog/dust) and security (eavesdropping/jamming) threats. The authors’ technique fundamentally juxtaposes fuzzy logic rule-based classification with multi-algorithm machine learning (ML) validation (54 actionable rules k-nearest neighbours (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural networks (ANN)) towards 99.9% real-time response optimization, vastly superior to conventional threshold-based applications. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first architecture to accommodate adaptive channel switching/encryption in the < 0.1 ms latency regime while maintaining the high-speed benefits of FSO. Experimental results show that in terms of accuracy, error rate, and the balance between precision and recall, ANN is superior to KNN and SVM. ANN achieves the highest classification accuracy with the fewest false positive rates. The significance of the results lies in their ability to improve the security and efficiency of hybrid FSO/RF systems in a way that requires minimal human intervention.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ali Khwayyir
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mahdi Nangir
1
ORCID: ORCID
Javad Musevi Niya
1

  1. Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Abstract

Organic molecules with extended π-conjugation frameworks are emerging as promising candidates for active media in nanoscale optoelectronic applications. Benzodichalco-genophene (BDC) derivatives, in particular, exhibit rigid planar geometries and tunable electronic properties, making them attractive for use in single-molecule laser devices. This study theoretically examines the structural, electronic, optical, and charge transport properties of several BDC molecules using advanced computational methods. Geometry optimizations were conducted with the Perdew Burke Ernzerhof (PBE) functional via the SIESTA package, while electronic properties were evaluated at the B3LYP/3-21G level. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) was employed to simulate optical absorption spectra, and the GOLLUM code was used to model charge transport through molecular junctions based on non-equilibrium Green’s function formalism. The findings reveal that increasing molecular length narrows the highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO–LUMO) gap, enhances orbital delocalization, and improves electron transmission. Optical simulations revealed red-shifted absorption peaks and increased oscillator strengths, indicating enhanced light-matter interactions. Furthermore, density of states analysis confirmed the transition from HOMO- to LUMO-dominated transport with greater conjugation. Overall, BDC derivatives show strong potential for integration into molecular-scale lasers and optoelectronic devices, paving the way for future experimental and technological advancements.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zainab A. Elzahra
1
Hassan A. Aljaberi
2
Enas M. Al-Robayi
3
Safa Amer
2

  1. Department of Vision Screening Techniques, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, An-Najaf, 54001, Iraq
  2. Optical Techniques Department, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, 51001, Iraq
  3. Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Babylon, Hilla 51001, Iraq
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Abstract

This paper presents a study of gel electrolyte properties that may be applied in electrochromic devices. This research aimed to develop a stable and conductive gel electrolyte capable of dynamically changing light transmission in response to an applied voltage. The tested gels were prepared based on hydroxyethylcellulose, sodium alginate, xanthan gum, sorbitol, glycerol, and conductive salt LiClO4. During the research, the physicochemical properties of the gels were analysed, including mass change, density, ionic conductivity, and resistance. The optical quality of the gels was evaluated based on light transmission measurements. The conducted tests allowed for the selection of an optically homogeneous, transparent soft gel, free from air bubbles and contaminants. The highest ionic conductivity value obtained was 32.7 mS/cm2. The transparency changes observed in the constructed electrochromic device, depending on the type of gel, were from 55% to 90%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Urszula Wawrzaszek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Agata Obstarczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, ul. Janiszewskiego 11/17, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
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Abstract

The paper analyses the performance of avalanche barrier infrared detectors based on the bulk InAsSb ternary compound of AIII-BV materials, lattice-matched to the GaSb substrate for a long-wavelength range operating at thermoelectric cooling conditions. A ternary Al0.2As0.8Sb barrier was assumed. Particular attention was paid to the influence of avalanche multiplication layer parameters on the device current-voltage characteristics and current gain. Numerical simulations were performed using a SimuApsys software for the npBp InAsSb detector operating at the temperature achieved by a two-stage thermoelectric cooler (TE), T  = 230 K. Based on the analysis of the literature data of the avalanche ionisation coefficient and the density of the band-to-band tunnelling currents, the conditions in which the Zener effect does not reduce the multiplication process were determined. The highest gain can be achieved with a low level of multiplication layer doping and a lower molar composition of antimony compared to the absorber composition (larger band gap energy). The gain also increases with the multiplication of layer thickness. The paper discusses the design of the long-wavelength avalanche detectors based on InAsSb with an optimised multiplication process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tetiana Manyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jarosław Rutkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Martyniuk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

This study investigates the propagation of higher-order solitons in lutetium aluminium garnet (Lu3Al5O12 or LuAG) doped with cerium (Ce3+), a material known for its unique nonlinear optical properties. Using the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NSE), the authors analyse the soliton formation and stability within this medium, exploring both normal and anomalous dispersion regimes. Experimental observations confirm the first occurrence of higher-order optical solitons in Lu3Al5O12:Ce3+, highlighting the material potential for advanced photonic applications. The interplay between pulse duration, bandwidth, and material nonlinearities is examined to understand the dynamics governing soliton behaviour. The authors’ findings suggest that the exceptional optical characteristics of LuAG:Ce enable promising prospects for applications in optical communication, ultrafast lasers, and signal processing. The results emphasise the importance of ongoing research into soliton dynamics within this crystal, paving the way for innovative approaches in the development of next-generation photonic devices.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mounir Khelladi
1
Aissaoui Djelloul
2

  1. Telecommunication Department, Faculty of Technology, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
  2. Telecommunications and Smart Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ziane Achour University of Djelfa, Djelfa 17000, Algeria
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Abstract

This paper presents a novel polarisation-optical method for the automated inspection of surface defects in railway rails. The proposed approach is based on the detection of changes in the polarisation state of reflected laser radiation, caused by local anomalies such as cracks, residual stress zones, and surface contamination. A differential signal is generated by separating orthogonal polarisation components using a polarising beam splitter, enabling high sensitivity to surface irregularities while suppressing common-mode noise. To improve the interpretability of the acquired signal, a multi-stage digital processing pipeline is employed. It includes moving average and Gaussian filtering, threshold-based segmentation, and frequency-domain analysis using both discrete Fourier and continuous wavelet transforms. The method was validated through a set of simulated signals, imitating typical rail defects in noisy conditions. The results demonstrate reliable detection and localisation of structural anomalies, with a clear distinction between sharp discontinuities and wide modulations caused by tension. Due to its compatibility with automated processing frameworks, the method is well suited for integration with modern diagnostic platforms, including mobile rail inspection systems. This makes it a promising candidate for predictive maintenance strategies and digital transformation of railway infrastructure monitoring.
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Authors and Affiliations

Oleg V. Angelsky
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Myroslav Strynadko
2
ORCID: ORCID
Claudia Yu. Zenkova
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Jun Zheng
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Taizhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Taizhou, China
  2. Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
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Abstract

In this work, the results of the photoacoustic frequency characteristics research of a series of Cd1-xBexTe crystals, x = 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, after different surface treatments are presented. The samples showed thin surface layers resulting from a mechanical treatment, such as grinding and polishing their surfaces. The presented research aimed to investigate the possibility of determining the thickness of these surface layers resulting from their mechanical processing and to evaluate their thermal parameters with the frequency-domain photoacoustic (PA) method. It turned out that it is possible to simultaneously derive the thickness of the surface layer and its thermal parameters, such as thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity, from fitting theoretical amplitude and phase PA characteristics to the experimental factors.
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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Bychto
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mirosław Maliński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Chrobak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jacek Zakrzewski
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohammed Boumhamdi
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Electronics and Computer Science, Technical University of Koszalin, ul. Śniadeckich 2, 75-453 Koszalin, Poland
  2. Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Grudziądzka 5/7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Abstract

This paper introduces quantum key distribution-as-a-service (QKDaaS) to address the end-to-end security challenges posed by the involvement of multiple orchestrators in 6G networks. These networks require seamless coordination of processes from endpoints to services, with tiered components supporting data-driven and cross-layer predictive procedures. While multi-party (spanning multiple domains, tenants, and providers) enhances local security through advanced controls, it also complicates the implementation of an end-to-end security framework that is essential for mobile network operators. To address this issue, we propose QKDaaS, a secure platform that leverages a fibre transport network for credential and encryption key distribution in multi-party environments. The solution uses wavelength multiplexing to integrate quantum and classical channels within a single fibre. Both C-band and O-band quantum channels are considered, with classical communication in the C-band. The simulation results show that with the currently available experimental setup and mobile network requirements, secure keys can be generated for distances approaching 100 km in the C-band and 60 km in the O-band case. This means that QKDaaS can be deployed in mobile network operators’ current transport infrastructures.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mikołaj Lasota
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jordi Mongay Batalla
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sławomir Sujecki
3
ORCID: ORCID
Azadeh Ahmadian
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Pajewski
4
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Kolenderski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Physics, Department of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziądzka 5/7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
  2. Institute of Telecommunications and Cybersecurity, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15/19, 00-665 Warszawa, Poland
  3. Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warszawa, Poland
  4. Department of Telecommunications and Teleinformatics, Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Stanisława Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland

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Opto-Electronics Review was established in 1992 for the publication of scientific papers concerning optoelectronics and photonics materials, system and signal processing. This journal covers the whole field of theory, experimental verification, techniques and instrumentation and brings together, within one journal, contributions from a wide range of disciplines. Papers covering novel topics extending the frontiers in optoelectronics and photonics are very encouraged. The main goal of this magazine is promotion of papers presented by European scientific teams, especially those submitted by important team from Central and Eastern Europe. However, contributions from other parts of the world are by no means excluded.

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Policies and ethics:

The editors of the journal place particular emphasis on compliance with the following principles:

The use of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in writing for Opto-Electronics Review

Where authors use generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process, these technologies should only be used to improve readability and language of the work and not to replace key authoring tasks such as producing scientific insights or drawing scientific conclusions. Applying the technology should be done with human oversight and control and all work should be reviewed and edited carefully, because AI can generate authoritative-sounding output that can be incorrect, incomplete, or biased. The authors are ultimately responsible and accountable for the contents of the work.

Authors should disclose in their manuscript the use of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies and a statement will appear in the published work. Declaring the use of these technologies supports transparency and trust between authors, readers, reviewers, editors, and contributors and facilitates compliance with the terms of use of the relevant tool or technology.

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The only exception is if the use of generative AI or AI-assisted tools is part of the research design or research methods (such as in AI-assisted imaging approaches to generate or interpret the underlying research data, for example in the field of biomedical imaging). If this is done, such use must be described in a reproducible manner in the methods section. This should include an explanation of how the generative AI or AI-assisted tools were used in the image creation or alteration process, and the name of the model or tool, version and extension numbers, and manufacturer.

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The ethical policy of Opto-Electronics Review follows the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity and is also guided by the core practices and policies outlined by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

Authors must be honest in presenting their results and conclusions of their research. Research misconduct is harmful for knowledge.

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Fabrication, falsification, or selective reporting of data with the intent to mislead or deceive is unethical, as is the theft of data or research results from others. The results of research should be recorded and maintained to allow for analysis and review. Following publication, the data should be retained for a reasonable period and made available upon request. Exceptions may be appropriate in certain circumstances to preserve privacy, to assure patent protection, or for similar reasons.

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All those who have made a significant contribution should be given chance to be cited as authors. Other individuals who have contributed to the work should be acknowledged. Articles should include a full list of the current institutional affiliations of all authors, both academic and corporate.

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All authors, referees and editors must declare any conflicting or competing interests relating to a given article. Competing interests through their potential influence on behavior or content or perception may undermine the objectivity, integrity, or perceived value of publication.

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We are committed to prompt evaluation and publication of fully accepted papers in Opto-Electronics Review’s publications. To maintain a high-quality publication, all submissions undergo a rigorous review process.

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• In addition, Editors will have the option of seeking additional reviews when needed. Authors will be informed when Editors decide further review is required.

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• A reviewer should be alert to potential ethical issues in the paper and should bring these to the attention of the editor, including any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper of which the reviewer has personal knowledge. Any statement, observation, derivation, or argument that had been previously reported should be accompanied by the relevant citation.

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Plagiarism

Reproducing text from other papers without properly crediting the source (plagiarism) or producing many papers with almost the same content by the same authors (self-plagiarism) is not acceptable. Submitting the same results to more than one journal concurrently is unethical. Exceptions are the review articles. Authors may not present results obtained by others as if they were their own. Authors should acknowledge the work of others used in their research and cite publications that have influenced the direction and course of their study.

Plagiarism is not tolerated. All manuscripts submitted to Opto-Electronics Review will be checked for plagiarism (copying text or results from other sources) and self-plagiarism (duplicating substantial parts of authors’ own published work without giving the appropriate references) using the CrossCheck database (iThenticate plagiarism checker).

Duplicate submission

Simultaneous submissions of the same manuscript to different journals will not be tolerated. The submitted article will be removed without consideration.

Corrections and retractions

All authors have an obligation to inform and cooperate with journal editors to provide prompt retractions or correction of errors in published works.

• The journal will issue retractions if:

• There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable, either as a result of misconduct (e.g., data fabrication or honest error - miscalculation or experimental error);

• The findings have previously been published elsewhere without proper cross-referencing, permission or justification (i.e., cases of redundant publication);

• It constitutes plagiarism;

• It reports unethical research.

• The journal will issue errata, if:

• A small portion of an otherwise reliable publication proves to be misleading (especially because of honest error);

• The author list is incorrect.

Other forms of misconduct include failure to meet clear ethical and legal requirements such as misrepresentation of interests, breach of confidentiality, lack of informed consent and abuse of research subjects or materials. Misconduct also includes improper dealing with infringements, such as attempts to cover up misconduct and reprisals on whistleblowers.

The primary responsibility for handling research misconduct is in the hands of those who employ the researchers. If a possible misconduct is brought to our attention, we will seek advice from the referees and the Editorial Board. If there is the evidence, we will resolve the matter by appropriate corrections in the printed and online journal; by refusing to consider an author's future work and by contacting affected authors and editors of other journals.

Human and Animal Rights

If the work involves the use of human subjects, the author should ensure that the work described has been carried out in accordance with The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki) for experiments involving humans; Uniform Requirements for manuscripts submitted to Biomedical journals. Authors should include a statement in the manuscript that informed consent was obtained for experimentation with human subjects. The privacy rights of human subjects must always be observed.

All animal experiments should comply with the ARRIVE guidelines and should be carried out in accordance with the EU Directive 2010/63/EU for animal experiments, and the authors should clearly indicate in the manuscript that such guidelines have been followed.

Plagiarism Policy

All submitted manuscripts are checked against plagiarism using iThenticate software. Using the CRediT taxonomy in the Authors' Statement section is recommended.(https://credit.niso.org/)

CRediT Classification:
Conceptualization: Ideas; formulation or evolution of overarching research goals and aims.
Data Curation: Management activities to annotate (produce metadata), scrub data and maintain research data (including software code, where it is necessary for interpreting the data itself) for initial use and later reuse.
Formal Analysis: Application of statistical, mathematical, computational, or other formal techniques to analyze or synthesize study data.
Funding Acquisition: Acquisition of the financial support for the project leading to this publication.
Investigation:; Conducting a research and investigation process, specifically performing the experiments, or data/evidence collection.
Methodology: Development or design of methodology; creation of models.
Project Administration: Management and coordination responsibility for the research activity planning and execution.
Resources: Provision of study materials, reagents, materials, patients, laboratory samples, animals, instrumentation, computing resources, or other analysis tools.
Software: Programming, software development; designing computer programs; implementation of the computer code and supporting algorithms; testing of existing code components.
Supervision: Oversight and leadership responsibility for the research activity planning and execution, including mentorship external to the core team.
Validation: Verification, whether as a part of the activity or separate, of the overall replication/reproducibility of results/experiments and other research outputs.
Visualization: Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically visualization/data presentation.
Writing – Original Draft Preparation: Creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically writing the initial draft (including substantive translation).
Writing – Review & Editing: Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work by those from the original research group, specifically critical review, commentary or revision – including pre- or post-publication stages.

An example of an Authors’ Contribution statement using CRediT with degree of contribution:

X.Y.: writing – review and editing (equal). A.B.: conceptualization (lead); writing – original draft (lead); formal analysis (lead); writing – review and editing (equal). C.D.: software (lead); writing – review and editing (equal). M.N.: methodology (lead); writing – review and editing (equal). S.T.: conceptualization (supporting); writing – original draft (supporting); writing – review and editing (equal).

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